Experimental Investigation of Thermocapillary Convection Induced by a Local Temperature Inhomogeneity near the Liquid Surface. 1. Solid Source of Heat

The structure and stability of a thermocapillary flow from a concentrated source of heat located near the free surface of the liquid filling a deep reservoir are experimentally studied. For a certain power of the heat source, oscillatory instability leading to formation of surface waves is observed. Possible mechanisms of the observed instability are discussed.     

Experimental Investigation of Thermocapillary Convection Induced by a Local Temperature Inhomogeneity near the Liquid Surface. 2. Radiation-Induced Source of Heat

The structure and stability of a thermocapillary flow from a concentrated source of heat induced by radiation and located near the free surface of the liquid filling a deep reservoir are experimentally studied. Absolute stability of this flow for all depths and powers of the heat source is found. The profile of the liquid surface near the heat spot is considered experimentally.     

旋涡与行进表面水波相互作用的实验研究

采用振动板式造波器在二维水槽中生成近似单色的行进表面水波，采用夹板式涡发生器生成稳定上浮的涡对，在Ｆｒｏｕｄｅ数约为０．５的条件下，得到了水下涡对与不同波长和振幅的行进表面水波相互作用时的干扰图象，以实验方法验证了理论分析和数值计算的结果，并为进一步研究旋涡与行进表面水波的相互作用提供了一种实验研究方法     

Oscillations of a Cylinder Induced by Free Surface Flow

The results of experiments in which a cylinder freely located on a fixed shaft performs small harmonic oscillations driven by a subcritical free stream in an open channel are given. Examples of the strong feedback effect of the cylinder oscillations on the hydrodynamic wake and surface gravity waves are obtained.     

Motion of inviscid fluid tongues and bubbles in a Hele-Shaw cell occupied by a viscoelastic fluid

Problems of steady-state motion of an inviscid fluid tongue or bubble in a Hele-Shaw cell occupied by a viscoelastic fluid are considered. The problems generalize the well-known Saffman-Taylor problems [1, 2] in the approximation in which the pressure jump on the interface between the two fluids depends on the normal velocity of the interface [4]. In the zero approximation the results obtained by means of an iteration technique are in good agreement with the analytic solutions obtained by Saffman and Taylor [1, 2].__________Translated from Izvestiya Rossiiskoi Academii Nauk, Mekhanika Zhidkosti i Gaza, No. 1, 2005, pp. 117–123. Original Russian Text Copyright © 2005 by Entov, Kolganov, and Kolganova.     

狭长直管约束条件水下电爆炸所产生的气泡运动和界面射流

以高速摄影为主要手段,揭示直管中爆炸诱导气泡和射流的典型演变过程,并测试爆炸深度和爆炸能量对该现象的影响。研究发现直管中爆炸诱导的表面射流分为光滑和粗糙的两段,这区别于自由表面射流的形态;爆炸气泡的发展经历一个先膨胀再坍缩的过程,其中封闭坍缩以气泡顶部形成内向射流为特征。表面射流速度主要来自爆炸早期短时间内气泡膨胀赋予水体的冲量,且整体上与起爆能量成正相关,而与爆炸深度成反相关;用准一维的简化模型能够很好地描述它们之间的依赖关系,计算结果不仅在趋势上与实验结果一致,数值上也能很好吻合。

     

Mixing in a stably stratified medium by horizontal shear near vertical walls

Stratified environmental flows near boundaries can have a horizontal mean shear component, orthogonal to the vertical mean density gradient. Vertical transport, against the stabilizing force of gravity, is possible in such situations if three-dimensional turbulence is sustained by the mean shear. A model problem, water with a constant mean density gradient flowing in a channel between parallel vertical walls, is examined here using the technique of large eddy simulation (LES). It is found that, although the mean shear is horizontal, the fluctuating velocity field has significant vertical shear and horizontal vorticity, thereby causing small-scale vertical mixing of the density field. The vertical stirring is especially effective near the boundaries where the mean shear is large and, consequently, the gradient Richardson number is small. The mean stratification is systematically increased between cases in our study and, as expected, the buoyancy flux correspondingly decreases. Even so, horizontal mean shear is found to be more effective than the well-studied case of mean vertical shear in inducing vertical buoyancy transport as indicated by generally larger values of vertical eddy diffusivity and mixing efficiency.     

利用格子Boltzmann方法模拟单个气泡在复杂流道内的运动特性

利用格子Boltzmann方法模拟了单个气泡在具有三个半圆形喉部的复杂流道内的上升过程.通过分析气泡运动过程中的形态、运动轨迹及运动速度的变化,研究复杂流道对气泡运动特性的影响.研究结果表明,在上升过程中,由于壁面的影响,气泡的形状发生严重的变形,运动轨迹也发生相应的偏转.通过实验结果的对比,验证了模拟结果的正确性.结果表明格子Boltzmann方法可以用于模拟具有复杂边界的两相流问题.     

近边界三维水下爆炸气泡动态特性研究

模拟了近壁、近自由面的水下爆炸气泡的非线性动态特性,假定水下爆炸气泡脉动阶段的流场是无旋、不可压缩的,采用高阶曲面三角形单元离散三维气泡表面,用边界积分法求解气泡的运动,在计算奇异积分时通过重新构造双层位势的主值积分消除双层奇异积分的奇异性,得到更精确的结果,并通过合理的加权方法精确的求解边界面上各节点的真实速度,结合弹性网格技术（elastic mesh technique, EMT）得到优化速度,在整个模拟过程中不需要采用数值光顺。将本文的三维模型与轴对称模型进行的对比分析表明,两种模型计算结果吻合很好,并用三维模型模拟了气泡与自由表面及圆筒的相互作用,水下爆炸气泡在自由表面及圆筒的联合作用下呈现出强非线性。     

Simulating bubble dynamics in a buoyant system

Multiphase flows are critical components of many physical systems; however, numerical models of multiphase flows with large parameter gradients can be challenging. Here, two different numerical methods, volume of fluid (VOF) and smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH), are used to model the buoyant rise of isolated gas bubbles through quiescent fluids for a range of Bond and Reynolds numbers. The VOF is an Eulerian grid–based method, whereas the SPH is Lagrangian and mesh free. Each method has unique strengths and weaknesses, and a comparison of the two approaches as applied to multiphase phenomena has not previously been performed. The VOF and SPH simulations are compared, verified, and validated. Results using two-dimensional VOF and SPH simulations are similar to each other and are able to reproduce numerical benchmarks and experimental results for sufficiently large Morton and Reynolds numbers. It is also shown that at low Reynolds numbers, the two methods, SPH and VOF, diverge in the transient regime of the bubble rise. Regimes that require simulations capable of representing three-dimensional drag are identified as well as regimes in which results from VOF and SPH diverge.     

Visualization of flow structures in a turbulent boundary layer using a new technique

In this paper, an experimental investigation on the flow structures in a turbulent boundary layer employing a special laser light sheet-Hydrogen bubble flow visualization technique is described. It is observed that the high/low speed streaks are directly related to the hairpin or horseshoe-like vortices. This observation can give a better understanding of the physical mechanism in the turbulent boundary layer. Fluid Mechanic Institute, BUAA     

标准超声振动气蚀孕育期内材料响应与表面形貌

材料在气蚀孕育期内仅发生极轻微的磨损,但以弹/塑性变形和晶粒拔出等方式对气蚀做出响应,具体的响应方式则随材料种类而不同.通过对孕育期内材料响应和磨损表面形貌的研究,探索不同材料响应与磨损表面形貌的关系,从而建立以表面粗糙度测量和光学显微镜观察等方式进行材料孕育期的研究.本文在标准超声振动气蚀试验机上进行了纯铜、镍基合金Hastelloy C-276和Sialon陶瓷共三种材料的气蚀试验,着重考察了它们在各自孕育期内的表面粗糙度参数（表面粗糙度R_a和核心粗糙度深度R_k）以及蚀坑面积比的变化.研究结果表明：纯铜和Hastelloy C-276在孕育期内主要以塑性变形为主.R_k不仅可以更好地反映孕育期乃至整个气蚀过程的材料表面形貌变化,还能反映不同金属在孕育期内塑性变形的程度.Sialon陶瓷在孕育期内以新蚀坑的形成为主,伴随着少量蚀坑的长大,蚀坑面积比很好地表征了陶瓷材料孕育期的变化.     

Tollmien-Schlichting Waves in a Hypersonic Boundary Layer Flow in the Neighborhood of a Cooled Surface

A nonlinear time-dependent model of the development of longwave perturbations in a hypersonic boundary layer flow in the neighborhood of a cooled surface is constructed. The pressure in the flow is assumed to be induced the combined variation of the thicknesses of the near-wall and main parts of the boundary layer. Numerical and analytic solutions are obtained in the linear approximation. It is shown that if the main part of the boundary layer is subsonic as a whole, its action reduces the perturbation damping upstream and the perturbation growth downstream, while a supersonic, as a whole, main part of the boundary layer creates the opposite effects. An analysis of the solutions obtained makes it possible to conclude that the asymptotic model proposed can describe the three-dimensional instability of the Tollmien-Schlichting waves.     

加注稀土元素铒改善轴承表面性能的研究

在Ｍｏ＾＋＋Ｎ＾＋注入模式的基础上，应用电子能谱、卢瑟福背散射谱、扫描电子显微镜和ＭＨＫ－５００型摩擦磨损试验机等研究了加注稀土元素铒正离子Ｅｒ＾＋对轴承表面摩擦学性能和耐蚀性能的影响。结果表明，在合理配置Ｍｏ＾＋、Ｎ＾＋、Ｅｒ＾＋之能量和剂量的情况下，加注Ｅｒ＾＋既能更好地改善轴承的表面性能，又能使重离子的强韧化效果提高２－４倍以上，表明ＭＯ＾＋＋Ｎ＾＋＋Ｅｒ＾＋注入模式是一种具有良好应用前景的     

Surface effects of internal wave generated by a moving source in a two-layer fluid of finite depth

IntroductionInternalwaves,whichcanbeexcitedbymanykindsofdisturbancesfromthesurface,bottomorinteriorofastratifiedocean ,suchasthewindstrain ,theflowoverunevenbottomsandthemovingbodyatthesurfaceorunderwater,areremarkablyobviousasthereexistsapycnoclineorathermoclineintheocean[1,2 ] .ThepropagationofgravitysurfacewaveindeepwatergeneratedbyasteadilymovingdisturbanceisrestrictedinaV_shapedregionwithahalfangleθc =19.5°,whichiswell_knownKelvinshipwave[3 ] .Thewaveinducedbyamovingunderwaterobjectisa…     

用激光三角法重构混凝土断裂面三维轮廓与断裂能分析

采用基于激光三角法的测试方法对混凝土断面表面轮廓进行了三维重构,初步的断面分析结果表明,相对于传统断面分析方法,本试验方法实现了断面的无损、快速和准确的测量分析,在测量到的断面基础上,给出了本试验所得到的混凝土材料断裂能与分维的关系。     

SH波入射时垂直半空间中双相介质界面附近圆孔的动力分析

利用复变函数和Green函数法研究了垂直半空间中双相介质界面附近圆孔对SH波的散射与动应力集中问题。该问题的解答采用镜像法,首先构造出含有圆孔的直角平面区域出平面问题的Green函数,然后利用契合技术,并根据界面处位移连续性条件将解答归结为具有弱奇异性的第一类Fredholm积分方程组的求解,结合散射波的衰减特性,直接离散该方程组,把积分方程组转化为线性代数方程组可得到该问题的数值结果。最后,通过算例分析了圆孔的动应力集中情况。结果表明,与全空间中界面附近圆孔对SH波的散射相比,由于垂直半空间自由边界的存在,孔边动应力集中系数明显增大;另外,入射波由硬介质(波速大)进入到软介质(波速小)时,与均匀介质相比,孔边动应力集中更显著,最不利的参数组合,孔边动应力集中系数几乎提高了一倍,入射波由软介质进入到硬介质时,情况相反。     

Asymptotics of stresses and strain rates near the tip of a transverse shear crack in a material whose behavior is described by a fractional-linear law

An approximate solution of the problem of determining the fields of stresses and strain rates due to creep near the tip of a transverse shear crack in a material whose behavior is described by a fractional-linear law of the theory of steady-state creep is given. It is shown that the strain rates have a singularity of the type ∼ r^−α near the crack tip; the order of singularity α changes discretely, depending on the polar angle, and takes the values 1, 2/3, and 1/2. __________ Translated from Prikladnaya Mekhanika i Tekhnicheskaya Fizika, Vol. 50, No. 1, pp. 165–176, January–February, 2009.     

Control of separation phenomena in a high-speed flow by means of the surface electric discharge

The results of an experimental and theoretical investigation of the interaction between a surface electric discharge and a supersonic air flow in a constant cross-section channel are given. The features of the generation of the surface discharge in the flow are described. A model of the interaction is proposed. The regime of gasdynamic screening of a mechanical obstacle on the channel wall is investigated. Data on the change in the main flow parameters as a result of the generation of a surface discharge are given. The experimental results are compared with the results of calculations based on a simplified model of the interaction.