四硫富瓦烯作为染料敏化太阳能电池有机染料电子给体的理论研究(英文)

为了研究四硫富瓦烯(TTF)基团对有机染料敏化剂光电性能的影响,以咔唑染料Dye 1为原型,引入TTF基团作为电子给体,设计了咔唑染料Dye 2.采用密度泛函理论(DFT)和含时密度泛函理论(TD-DFT)分别计算模拟了纯染料分子和吸附团簇(TiO2)9后的形貌、分子轨道能级以及紫外-可见吸收光谱,采用周期性密度泛函理论计算模拟染料分子在二氧化钛(101)面吸附的表面形貌.结果发现:在有机染料中引入TTF基团有助于有机染料敏化剂在二氧化钛表面的抗团聚作用和分子内的电荷转移;最为重要的是,TTF基团的强给电子能力极大地增强了有机染料敏化剂的光捕获能力.所有的计算结果表明,TTF基团是一种非常有潜力改善染料敏化剂光电性能的给电子基团.     

新型四硫富瓦烯-三苯胺类光敏染料理论研究

在简单结构的D-π-A三苯胺光敏染料(YD1)中引入不同数量的四硫富瓦烯(TTF)单元作为次级电子给体以增强有机光敏染料的给电子能力,设计了两个结构分别为D-D-π-A (YD2)以及2D-D-π-A (YD3)的光敏染料分子,并且采用密度泛函理论(DFT)和含时密度泛函理论(TD-DFT)分别模拟计算了纯光敏剂分子及其吸附二氧化钛团簇后的几何构型、电子结构以及光物理性能。采用周期性密度泛函理论模拟计算光敏染料分子在二氧化钛(101)面吸附的表面形貌以及态密度(DOS)。计算结果表明,TTF单元的引入不仅可以有效减少光敏染料分子的团聚,还可以提升其吸收性能。此外,光吸收效率(LHE)、电子注入驱动力(ΔG^inject)以及DOS的计算结果显示,YD2和YD3理论上可以呈现出比YD1更高的短路电流密度(J_sc)以及开路电压(V_oc)。因此,通过本文的理论研究表明,TTF单元可以作为有机光敏染料中的次级电子给体来改善光敏染料的性能。     

含中氮茚有机太阳能电池染料敏化剂的分子设计

采用密度泛函理论(DFT)和含时密度泛函理论(TD-DFT)方法研究了9个新的中氮茚[3, 4, 5-ab]异吲哚(INI)为给体的染料敏化剂性质.对影响电池效率的光捕获效率、电子注入、染料再生和电荷复合等重要因素与D5和D9染料进行了对比.计算表明,设计的INI系列敏化剂在440-500 nm内有最大吸收峰,表现出明显的电荷分离特征, INI2具有比D9染料更高的最大理论短路电流. Fukui反应指数计算指出INI2的亲核加成最易实现.染料分子在二氧化钛(101)面吸附计算表明,染料INI2以间接注入途径实现电子注入.综合计算结果,中氮茚INI染料有希望作为性能优良的染料敏化剂而得到应用.     

有机染料敏化剂JK16和JK17的几何结构、电子结构及相关性质

运用密度泛函理论中的杂化泛函B3LYP研究了高效太阳能电池新型染料敏化剂JK16和JK17的几何结构、电子结构、极化率和超极化率, 并用含时密度泛函理论(TDDFT)研究了电子吸收谱. 基于含时密度泛函理论计算结果和实验结果的定性符合, 指认了在可见和近紫外区的吸收属于π→π*跃迁. 计算结果还表明JK16和JK17激发能最低的三个跃迁都与光诱导电荷转移过程有关, 而且二-二甲基芴氨基苯并噻吩基团对光电转换过程的敏化起主要作用, 发生于染料敏化剂JK16、JK17和TiO2界面之间的电荷转移是由染料分子激发态向半导体导带的电子注入过程. 此外, 通过对JK16和JK17的比较, 分析了亚乙烯基对几何结构、电子结构和谱学特性的影响.     

新型四硫富瓦烯-三苯胺类光敏染料理论研究（英文）

在简单结构的D-π-A三苯胺光敏染料(YD1)中引入不同数量的四硫富瓦烯(TTF)单元作为次级电子给体以增强有机光敏染料的给电子能力,设计了两个结构分别为D-D-π-A(YD2)以及2D-D-π-A(YD3)的光敏染料分子,并且采用密度泛函理论(DFT)和含时密度泛函理论(TD-DFT)分别模拟计算了纯光敏剂分子及其吸附二氧化钛团簇后的几何构型、电子结构以及光物理性能。采用周期性密度泛函理论模拟计算光敏染料分子在二氧化钛(101)面吸附的表面形貌以及态密度(DOS)。计算结果表明,TTF单元的引入不仅可以有效减少光敏染料分子的团聚,还可以提升其吸收性能。此外,光吸收效率(LHE)、电子注入驱动力(ΔG~(inject))以及DOS的计算结果显示,YD2和YD3理论上可以呈现出比YD1更高的短路电流密度(J_(sc))以及开路电压(V_(oc))。因此,通过本文的理论研究表明,TTF单元可以作为有机光敏染料中的次级电子给体来改善光敏染料的性能。     

含Ce水滑石基复合氧化物对混合染料的光催化性能

将具有光催化活性的CeO₂和锌锡水滑石进行复合,经焙烧得到光催化性能较高的CeO₂/ZnO/SnO₂复合氧化物。通过X射线粉末衍射(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)和紫外-可见漫反射图谱(UV-Vis DRS)技术对样品的晶体结构、表面形貌和光学性能进行表征,并利用密度泛函理论(DFT)计算样品的态密度,分析其电子能态结构。以甲基橙(MO)和亚甲基蓝(MB)的混合溶液(C_MO:C_MB=1:1)模拟染料废水,研究CeO₂含量和焙烧温度对复合氧化物光催化降解混合染料的影响。结果表明:随着CeO₂含量和焙烧温度的增加,复合氧化物的结晶度及对MO和MB的光催化活性得到增强;同时,复合氧化物对混合染料中MO的降解率优于MB。其中CeO₂含量为20%,焙烧温度为700℃时的复合氧化物表现出最佳的光催化性能,对混合染料中MO和MB的降解率分别达到96.7%和95.0%。结合实验结果和理论计算,推测了混合染料中MO和MB的降解路径。     

苯乙烯基-β-萘噻唑染料电子光谱的含时密度泛函研究

对苯乙烯基-β-萘噻唑染料系列用量子化学密度泛函方法(DFT)在B3LYP/6-31g水平上进行了几何构型全优化, 探讨了苯环对位上不同的取代基CH₃, OCH₃, N(CH₃)₂, 3,4-OCH₂O, NO₂等对分子电荷转移、前线轨道能量和电子光谱等性质的影响规律, 在此基础上采用含时密度泛函方法(TD-DFT)计算了分子第一激发态的电子跃迁能, 得到最大吸收波长λ_max. 计算结果表明, 上述5种取代基的引入, 均导致最大吸收波长红移. 与实验λ_max结果相比, 理论计算最大相对偏差为0.0501, 最小相对偏差为0.0085.     

给电子基团对吲哚染料电子结构和吸收光谱的影响

利用密度泛函理论(DFT)和含时密度泛函理论(TD-DFT), 分别基于B3LYP和PBE1PBE方法研究了一系列含有不同给电子基团的吲哚染料分子(ID1-ID3)的电子结构和吸收光谱性质. 重点比较了不同电子给体对染料的分子结构、吸收光谱以及其在电池中的光伏性能的影响. 结果表明从ID1、ID2到ID3, 随着电子给体中苯环数目的增加, 吲哚分子上的共轭效应逐渐增大, 导致吲哚分子最高占据分子轨道-最低未占据分子轨道(HOMO-LUMO)之间的能隙变窄, 分子的吸收光谱发生红移. 染料分子的吸收光谱和LUMO能级分别影响染料的吸光效率和光电转化过程中电子的注入过程, 从而使其二者成为决定电池光伏性能的重要参数. 综合考虑上述两个参数对电池性能的贡献, 通过理论研究证实, 在ID1-ID3系列染料中, ID3具有较长的吸收谱带、较大的分子消光系数和合适的LUMO能级, 从而表现出最为优越的光伏性能, 这与实验得出的结论很好地吻合.     

有机染料D-SS和D-ST用于染料敏化太阳能电池光敏剂的比较

为了揭示D-SS和D-ST分子敏化的染料敏化太阳能电池(DSSCs)的物理机制,采用密度泛函理论(DFT)、含时密度泛函理论(TDDFT)和自然键轨道(NBO)分析,模拟计算染料D-SS和D-ST分子的结构、紫外-可见吸收光谱和能级结构.D-SS的紫外-可见吸收光谱相比于D-ST的有明显的红移,而且D-SS分子的摩尔吸光系数也高于D-ST分子的.D-SS分子本应该比D-ST分子拥有更高的俘获太阳辐射光子的能力,但由于D-SS分子的最高占据分子轨道(HOMO)能级位置比氧化还原电解质(|-/|-3)的氧化还原能级高,处于光激发态的D-SS分子向TiO2电极注入电子而被氧化后,不能顺利地从电解质中得到电子而还原,使得D-SS分子俘获光子的能力不能充分发挥,从而严重地降低了由其敏化的DSSCs的光电性能和光电能量转换效率.揭示了D-SS敏化的DSSCs的光电性能,特别是光电能量转换效率比D-ST敏化的DSSCs的低的原因.染料敏化剂分子的HOMO能级的位置对于DSSCs来说也是很重要的,用于DSSCs的有机敏化剂分子的HOMO能级的位置必须低于氧化还原电解质的氧化还原能级.     

染料敏化太阳能电池中二聚噻吩类光敏染料构效关系的理论研究

D-π-A型有机光敏染料结构上的微小差异会引起器件性能的显著不同. 为了合理解释染料分子1和2(给体分别为咔唑和二氢吲哚)结构与性能之间的关系, 采用密度泛函理论(DFT)和含时密度泛函理论(TD-DFT)讨论了包括紫外-可见吸收光谱、 光捕获效率、 电子注入驱动力、 垂直方向偶极矩和电子转移数目在内的一系列影响染料性能的理论参数. 结果表明, 在光捕获效率和电子注入效率差别不大的情况下, 染料分子2较低的染料再生效率可导致其短路电流较小; 同时, 在由光诱导产生的从染料分子转移到半导体的电子数目以及电子复合程度相差不大的情况下, 染料分子1垂直方向上较大的偶极矩则可导致其具有较高的开路电压. 计算结果与实验值相吻合, 有望对今后设计合成高效光敏染料提供一定的理论指导.     

The influence of noncovalent interactions in metal‐free organic dye molecules to augment the efficiency of dye sensitized solar cells: A computational study

The efficiency of dye sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) can be enhanced with achieving better planarity of metal‐free organic dye molecules and thinning of their aggregation on the semiconductor surface. We report that the subtle noncovalent N^…S interaction between the substituted phosphazene group and thiophene spacer unit in dye molecule which induces the desired planarity and avoid aggregation of such molecules on the TiO₂ surface using DFT calculations. DFT results show that phosphazene group increases the maximum absorption wavelength (λ_max), driving force for electrons injection (ΔG_injection), singlet excited state lifetime (τ), dipole moments (μ_normal), and number of electrons transferred from dye to TiO₂ surface (Δq), which are known to augment the efficiency of DSSCs. Further, the lower ΔG_regeneration value of phosphazene containing dyes (e.g., –.37 eV, dye 2 ) than the reported dyes (e.g., –.81 eV, dye 1 ) indicate the faster electron injection rate from the former dye to the semiconductor TiO₂. The role of phosphazene group to prevent the aggregation of dye molecules on the TiO₂ anatase surface was also examined with GGA‐PBE/DNP level of theory. The calculated results suggest that the dye molecules on 1 ‐(TiO₂)₃₈ and 2 ‐(TiO₂)₃₈ anatase clusters avoids the aggregation due to the steric congestion induced by phosphazene group. This work reports to accomplish dual properties with subtle noncovalent interactions in dye molecules to augment the efficiency in DSSCs.     

Molecular Engineering of Boryl Oxasmaragdyrins through Peripheral Modification: Structure–Efficiency Relationship

Expanded porphyrins with the absorption profile down to the infrared region through increased π‐conjugation are suitable candidates for a low energy sensitizer. Oxasmaragdyrin boron complexes, a class of aromatic‐core‐modified expanded porphyrin with 22 π‐electrons, have been recently utilized as an efficient low energy sensitizer in dye‐sensitized solar cells. In this paper, we have prepared a series of eight novel boryl oxasmaragdyrins through molecular engineering on the periphery and their overall photovoltaic performances in dye‐sensitized solar cells are evaluated. With the help of photophysical, electrochemical, and photovoltaic studies, it is revealed that molecular structure, especially the number and position of the donor–acceptor groups play a pivotal role in their photovoltaic performance. Presence of the two well‐separated split Soret bands in the 400–500 nm region of UV/Vis spectrum ensures broader coverage of absorption wavelengths. Even though the two‐anchoring‐group dyes ( SM5 – SM8 ) bind strongly to TiO₂ compared to one‐anchoring‐group dyes ( SM1 – SM4 ), the latter have superior photovoltaic performance than the former. Dye SM1 , with two hexyloxyphenyl donors and one carboxylic acid anchor showed the best overall conversion efficiency of 4.36 % (J_SC=10.91 mA cm^?2; V_OC=0.59 V; FF=0.68). This effective modulation of photovoltaic performance through structural engineering of the dyes will serve as a guideline for the future design of efficient low energy light‐harvesting sensitizers.     

Dye‐sensitized solar cells based on zinc(II) phthalocyanines bearing 3‐pyridin‐3‐ylpropoxy anchoring groups

In this study, nonperipherally tetra‐substituted ( 2 ), peripherally tetra‐substituted ( 3 ), and peripherally octa‐substituted ( 4 ) zinc(II) phthalocyanines were synthesized as sensitizers for dye‐sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) in which 3‐pyridin‐3‐ylpropoxy substituent acts as anchoring unit to bind TiO₂ surface. The optical results indicated that there is an interaction between the dyes and the TiO₂ surface. The photovoltaic performances of the DSSCs based on these dyes were found to depend on both the position and number of the substituents. Despite the more red‐shifted absorption, the DSSC based on 2 showed the conversion efficiency of 0.68%, which is lower than 1.36% and 0.92% for 3 and 4 , respectively, under one sun (AM 1.5G). The vertical orientation of the dye on TiO₂ surface could be the main reason for the higher photovoltaic performance of complex 3 , which is beneficial for not only injecting the electrons into the conduction band of TiO₂ but also reducing the charge recombination. Overall, these results demonstrate that the peripherally tetra‐substituted 3‐pyridin‐3‐ylpropoxy zinc(II) phthalocyanine complex ( 3 ) as a sensitizer can more efficiently utilize the photons in the red/near‐infrared region with respect to the other complexes studied.     

Evidence for Interfacial Halogen Bonding

A homologous series of donor–π–acceptor dyes was synthesized, differing only in the identity of the halogen substituents about the triphenylamine (TPA; donor) portion of each molecule. Each Dye‐X (X=F, Cl, Br, and I) was immobilized on a TiO₂ surface to investigate how the halogen substituents affect the reaction between the light‐induced charge‐separated state, TiO₂(e^?)/ Dye‐X⁺ , with iodide in solution. Transient absorption spectroscopy showed progressively faster reactivity towards nucleophilic iodide with more polarizable halogen substituents: Dye‐F < Dye‐Cl < Dye‐Br < Dye‐I . Given that all other structural and electronic properties for the series are held at parity, with the exception of an increasingly larger electropositive σ‐hole on the heavier halogens, the differences in dye regeneration kinetics for Dye‐Cl , Dye‐Br , and Dye‐I are ascribed to the extent of halogen bonding with the nucleophilic solution species.     

Photophysical and Electrochemical Properties,and Molecular Structures of Organic Dyes for Dye‐Sensitized Solar Cells

Dye‐sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) based on organic dyes adsorbed on oxide semiconductor electrodes, such as TiO₂, ZnO, or NiO, which have emerged as a new generation of sustainable photovoltaic devices, have attracted much attention from chemists, physicists, and engineers because of enormous scientific interest in not only their construction and operational principles, but also in their high incident‐solar‐light‐to‐electricity conversion efficiency and low cost of production. To develop high‐performance DSSCs, it is important to create efficient organic dye sensitizers, which should be optimized for the photophysical and electrochemical properties of the dyes themselves, with molecular structures that provide good light‐harvesting features, good electron communication between the dye and semiconductor electrode and between the dye and electrolyte, and to control the molecular orientation and arrangement of the dyes on a semiconductor surface. The aim of this Review is not to make a list of a number of organic dye sensitizers developed so far, but to provide a new direction in the epoch‐making molecular design of organic dyes for high photovoltaic performance and long‐term stability of DSSCs, based on the accumulated knowledge of their photophysical and electrochemical properties, and molecular structures of the organic dye sensitizers developed so far.     

A New Mussel‐Inspired Polydopamine Sensitizer for Dye‐Sensitized Solar Cells: Controlled Synthesis and Charge Transfer

The efficient electron injection by direct dye‐to‐TiO₂ charge transfer and strong adhesion of mussel‐inspired synthetic polydopamine (PDA) dyes with TiO₂ electrode is demonstrated. Spontaneous self‐polymerization of dopamine using dip‐coating (DC) and cyclic voltammetry (CV) in basic buffer solution were applied to TiO₂ layers under a nitrogen atmosphere, which offers a facile and reliable synthetic pathway to make the PDA dyes, PDA‐DC and PDA‐CV, with conformal surface and perform an efficient dye‐to‐TiO₂ charge transfer. Both synthetic methods led to excellent photovoltaic results and the PDA‐DC dye exhibited larger current density and efficiency values than those in the PDA‐CV dye. Under simulated AM 1.5 G solar light (100 mW cm^?2), a PDA‐DC dye exhibited a short circuit current density of 5.50 mW cm^?2, corresponding to an overall power conversion efficiency of 1.2 %, which is almost 10 times that of the dopamine dye‐sensitized solar cell. The PDA dyes showed strong adhesion with the nanocrystalline TiO₂ electrodes and the interface engineering of a dye‐adsorbed TiO₂ surface through the control of the coating methods, reaction times and solution concentration maximized the overall conversion efficiency, resulting in a remarkably high efficiency.     

Computational studies on optoelectronic and charge transfer properties of some perylene‐based donor‐π‐acceptor systems for dye sensitized solar cell applications

We report DFT studies on some perylene‐based dyes for their electron transfer properties in solar cell applications. The study involves modeling of different donor‐π‐acceptor type sensitizers, with perylene as the donor, furan/pyrrole/thiophene as the π‐bridge and cyanoacrylic group as the acceptor. The effect of different π‐bridges and various substituents on the perylene donor was evaluated in terms of opto‐electronic and photovoltaic parameters such as HOMO‐LUMO energy gap, λ_max, light harvesting efficiency(LHE), electron injection efficiency (Ø_inject), excited state dye potential (E^dye*), reorganization energy(λ), and free energy of dye regeneration (). The effect of various substituents on the dye–I₂ interaction and hence recombination process was also evaluated. We found that the furan‐based dimethylamine derivative exhibits a better balance of the various optical and photovoltaic properties. Finally, we evaluated the overall opto‐electronic and transport parameters of the TiO₂‐dye assembly after anchoring the dyes on the model TiO₂ cluster assembly.     

The effect of conjugated spacer on novel carbazole derivatives for dye‐sensitized solar cells: Density functional theory/time‐dependent density functional theory study

The ground‐state structure and frontier molecular orbital of D‐π‐A organic dyes, CFT1A, CFT2A, and CFT1PA were theoretically investigated using density functional theory (DFT) on B3LYP functional with 6‐31G(d,p) basis set. The vertical excitation energies and absorption spectra were obtained using time‐dependent DFT (TD‐DFT). The adsorptions of these dyes on TiO₂ anatase (101) were carried out by using a 38[TiO₂] cluster model using Perdew–Burke–Ernzerhof functional with the double numerical basis set with polarization (DNP). The results showed that the introduction of thiophene–thiophene unit (T–T) as conjugated spacer in CFT2A could affect the performance of intramolecular charge transfer significantly due to the inter‐ring torsion of T–T being decreased compared with phenylene–phenylene (P–P) spacer of CFP2A in the researhcers' previous report. It was also found that increasing the number of π‐conjugated unit gradually enhanced charge separation between the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) and the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) of these dyes, leading to a high‐efficiency photocurrent generation. The HOMO–LUMO energy gaps were calculated to be 2.51, 2.37, and 2.50 eV for CFT1A, CFT2A, and CFT1PA respectively. Moreover, the calculated adsorption energies of these dyes on TiO₂ cluster were ～14 kcal/mol, implying that these dyes strongly bind to TiO₂ surface. Furthermore, the electronic HOMO and LUMO shapes of all dye–TiO₂ complexes exhibited injection mechanism of electron via intermolecular charge‐transfer transition. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Enhanced Charge Separation Efficiency in Pyridine‐Anchored Phthalocyanine‐Sensitized Solar Cells by Linker Elongation

A series of zinc phthalocyanine sensitizers ( PcS22 – 24 ) having a pyridine anchoring group are designed and synthesized to investigate the structural dependence on performance in dye‐sensitized solar cells. The pyridine‐anchor zinc phthalocyanine sensitizer PcS23 shows 79 % incident‐photon to current‐conversion efficiency (IPCE) and 6.1 % energy conversion efficiency, which are comparable with similar phthalocyanine dyes having a carboxylic acid anchoring group. Based on DFT calculations, the high IPCE is attributed with the mixture of an excited‐state molecular orbital of the sensitizer and the orbitals of TiO₂. Between pyridine and carboxylic acid anchor dyes, opposite trends are observed in the linker‐length dependence of the IPCE. The red‐absorbing PcS23 is applied for co‐sensitization with a carboxyl‐anchor organic dye D131 that has a complementary spectral response. The site‐selective adsorption of PcS23 and D131 on the TiO₂ surface results in a panchromatic photocurrent response for the whole visible‐light region of sun light.     

Enhancing the photoresponse by CdSe-Dye-TiO2-based multijunction systems for efficient dye-sensitized solar cells: A theoretical outlook

This work presents theoretical modeling of some systems, using density functional theory (DFT), for enhancing the photoresponse of a dye-sensitized solar cell. The optimization of the dye (NKX 2587) as well as the dye derivatives was carried out using B3LYP and 6-311g (d,p) level of theory, using DFT as incorporated in Gaussian 03 level of programming. The HOMO–LUMO energy gaps are lower for (CdSe)₁₃-Dye-(TiO₂)₆ multijunction systems in comparison with both the isolated dyes as well as dye-TiO₂ systems. The absorption peaks were found to be mostly red-shifted for (CdSe)₁₃-Dye-(TiO₂)₆ multijunction systems with respect to the Dye-TiO₂ systems, indicating the enhancement of the absorption behavior of the dye sensitizer by its interaction with the CdSe framework. The results thus indicate some sort of co-sensitization of the TiO₂ by the dye sensitizer as well as the CdSe quantum dot and are hence expected to increase the efficiency of the solar device. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.