合金元素Nd对Pb-Ag阳极在H_2SO_4溶液中电化学行为的影响（英文）

采用循环伏安、线性扫描、电化学阻抗和环境扫描电镜对比研究了Pb-Ag和Pb-Ag-Nd阳极的阳极膜和析氧反应.结果表明,合金元素Nd促进了Pb/PbOn/PbSO4(1≤n2)膜层的生长.在高极化电位区间(高于1.20V(vs Hg/Hg2SO4/饱和K2SO4溶液)),Nd有利于低价铅的化合物(PbOn,PbSO4)向α-PbO2和β-PbO2转变.此外,环境扫描电镜形貌和线性扫描分析证明Pb-Ag-Nd表面生成的阳极膜较Pb-Ag的阳极膜更厚且更致密.因此,Pb-Ag-Nd阳极表面的阳极膜可以给合金基底提供更好的保护.另一方面,电化学阻抗测试揭示了两种阳极的析氧反应均受中间产物的形成和吸附控制.Nd可以降低阳极膜/电解液界面处中间产物的吸附阻抗且增加中间产物的覆盖率,从而提高析氧反应活性.综上所述,合金元素Nd可提高Pb-Ag阳极的耐腐蚀性,降低阳极电位进而起到节能降耗的作用.     

离子液体添加剂[BMIM]HSO4对锌电积过程析氧反应动力学的影响

研究了1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑硫酸氢盐([BMIM]HSO₄)离子液体对锌电积过程析氧反应的影响. 研究工作借助于动电位极化, 电化学阻抗谱, 扫描电镜和X射线衍射等测试技术. 动电位极化曲线及对应的动力学参数分析表明, [BMIM]HSO₄对阳极析氧反应具有催化作用,可提高析氧反应速率常数. 电化学阻抗谱数据表明,[BMIM]HSO₄能显著降低阳极析氧电荷传递电阻,在所研究的1.85-2.10 V电位范围内添加5 mg·L^-1 [BMIM]HSO₄, 电阻值至少降低50%. 此外, 添加剂对阳极表面二次反应具有抑制作用, 其在阳极表面的吸附,阻碍了阴离子的阳极活化位点吸附过程. 电化学测试结果与长时间(120 h)阳极极化后所得阳极表面形貌和结晶取向分析结果相一致. [BMIM]HSO₄的添加能有效抑制中间产物β-PbO₂的形成,促进铅银电极表面大块且疏松多孔α-PbO₂的生成,加速阳极析氧的进行.     

IrO2基体上阳极电沉积MnO2的电化学行为

采用极化曲线和循环伏安等电化学方法, 对不同温度下IrO₂电极在MnSO₄镀液与硫酸溶液中的电化学行为进行对比研究, 并以镀液中极化曲线上不同电流密度值进行阳极电沉积, 测量镀速大小. 研究结果表明:IrO₂电极在镀液中同时发生阳极电沉积反应和析氧副反应, 阳极电沉积反应对析氧反应具有明显的抑制作用; MnO₂的阳极电沉积过程较复杂, 存在Mn³⁺中间产物, 既有Mn³⁺→Mn⁴⁺的电沉积过程, 也有Mn³⁺的水解及水解产物的脱附的过程, 水解反应的存在严重降低了MnO₂的阳极电沉积的电流效率; MnO₂的阳极电沉积存在一定的电位区间, 在此区间, 镀速存在最大值.     

掺杂F-对PbO2阳极性能和电催化活性的影响

采用热分解-电镀法制备了Ti基PbO₂阳极(PbO₂阳极)和F^-掺杂PbO₂阳极(F-PbO₂阳极)。应用XRD和SEM技术对这两种电极进行了表征，采用加速电解寿命测试研究了其在硫酸溶液中的电解稳定性。结果表明，F-PbO₂阳极的寿命远大于PbO₂阳极的寿命，在4-氯苯酚(4-CP)的电催化降解过程中，F-PbO₂阳极表现出比PbO₂阳极较强的催化活性。本文对F^-掺杂提高PbO₂阳极性能和电催化活性的机理进行了探讨。并应用高效液相色谱确定了4-CP在F-PbO₂阳极上的降解历程。     

一系列由柔性N,N'-双(3-吡啶甲基)胺构筑的螺旋配合物的合成、结构和性质

合成和表征了5个螺旋配位聚合物{[Cu(Hbpma)(H₂O)₄]₂(SO₄)₃·3.5H₂O}_n (1)、{[Ni(Hbpma)(H₂O)₄]₄(SO₄)₆·10.75H₂O}_n (2)、{[Mn(Hbpma)(H₂O)4](SO₄)_1.5·3H₂O}_n (3)、{[Zn(Hbpma)(H₂O)₄]₄(SO₄)₆·4H₂O·4CH₃OH}_n (4)和{[Cu(Hbpma)2(H₂O)₂](SO₄)2·9H₂O}_n (5),其中bpma代表N,N'-双(3-吡啶甲基)胺。晶体结构分析表明配合物1~4为一维链状结构,配合物5为二维层状结构,其中金属离子由质子化的bpma配体桥连。值得注意的是,采取反-反式构象的柔性bpma配体使得配合物1和2为假螺旋链结构,配合物3和4为螺旋链结构,配合物5为螺旋层结构。同时研究了配合物的磁性和热稳定性。     

一系列由柔性N,N'-双(3-吡啶甲基)胺构筑的螺旋配合物的合成、结构和性质

合成和表征了5个螺旋配位聚合物{[Cu(Hbpma)(H₂O)₄]₂(SO₄)₃·3.5H₂O}_n (1)、{[Ni(Hbpma)(H₂O)₄]₄(SO₄)₆·10.75H₂O}_n (2)、{[Mn(Hbpma)(H₂O)₄](SO₄)_1.5·3H₂O}_n (3)、{[Zn(Hbpma)(H₂O)₄]₄(SO₄)₆·4H₂O·4CH₃OH}n (4)和{[Cu(Hbpma)2(H₂O)₂](SO₄)₂·9H₂O}_n (5), 其中bpma代表N,N'-双(3-吡啶甲基)胺。晶体结构分析表明配合物1~4为一维链状结构, 配合物5为二维层状结构, 其中金属离子由质子化的bpma配体桥连。值得注意的是, 采取反-反式构象的柔性bpma配体使得配合物1和2为假螺旋链结构, 配合物3和4为螺旋链结构, 配合物5为螺旋层结构。同时研究了配合物的磁性和热稳定性。     

贵金属掺杂Ti/TiO2电极的制备及其电催化性能研究

采用阳极氧化-阴极电沉积两步法: 先在钛基体上用阳极氧化法制备多孔TiO₂薄膜, 接着在这层多孔状薄膜上采用阴极电沉积方法掺杂Pt, Ir来制备Ti/TiO₂-Pt修饰电极和Ti/TiO₂-Ir修饰电极. 用XRD, SEM分析了掺杂前后的成分、相结构及表面形貌的变化, 结果表明: Pt优先沉积在TiO₂多孔中; 与Pt不同, Ir没有表现出在TiO₂孔中优先沉积的现象, 出现这种现象的原因是这两种贵金属的电沉积电位相对于n-TiO₂的平带电位不同. 使用SIMS分析了在Ti/TiO₂-(Pt/Ir)修饰电极中Ti, Pt, Ir的浓度分布, 大致算出TiO₂薄膜厚度为750 nm左右. 由极化曲线和阻抗谱结果得出: 掺杂Pt, Ir明显改善了Ti/TiO₂ 电极的电催化性能, 且随着Pt沉积时间的增长, 修饰电极在硫酸析氧反应中的电催化活性提高.     

硫酸镉无机层和原位反应生成的吡啶基四氮唑有机配体构筑的两个层-柱状三维无机-有机杂化材料:合成和表征

以硫酸镉、叠氮化钠和4-氰基吡啶或3-氰基吡啶为反应物,在水热条件下,通过原位反应分别得到了2个基于硫酸根离子和5-(4-吡啶基)四氮唑(4-Hptz)或5-(3-吡啶基)四氮唑(3-Hptz)配体的,具有三维层-柱状框架结构的无机-有机杂化材料,即[Cd₂(H₂O)(OH)(SO₄)(4-ptz)]_n(1)和[Cd₂(OH)(SO₄)(3-ptz)]_n(2)。通过元素分析、红外光谱、热重分析以及单晶和粉末X-射线衍射分析对它们的组成和结构进行了表征。在配合物1和2的结构中,每个镉(Ⅱ)离子的配位数均为6,处于扭曲的八面体配位环境中,SO₄^2-和OH-阴离子连接镉(Ⅱ)离子扩展形成碱式硫酸镉的二维无机阳离子层结构[Cd₂(H₂O)(OH)(SO₄)]_nⁿ⁺(1)或[Cd₂(OH)(SO₄)]_nⁿ⁺(2),相邻的二维无机阳离子层间再通过4-ptz^-(1)或3-ptz^-(2)进一步柱连接,形成三维层-柱状结构的无机-有机杂化框架结构。室温下的固体荧光实验表明,在350nm的光激发下,配合物1和2分别在481和489nm处出现强烈的荧光发射。     

Li＋, Na＋//SO42－, CO32－-H2O交互四元体系288 K介稳相平衡研究

采用等温蒸发法研究了四元体系Li^＋, Na^＋// SO₄^2－, CO₃^2－-H₂O 288 K介稳相平衡及平衡液相的密度、电导率、折光率、粘度和pH值, 测定了该四元体系288 K条件下介稳平衡溶液溶解度及物化性质. 根据实验数据绘制了相应的介稳相图. 研究发现: 该体系介稳平衡中有复盐Na₃Li(SO₄)₂•6H₂O形成. 其介稳相图中有3个共饱点, 7条单变量曲线, 平衡固相为: Li₂SO₄•H₂O, Na₂SO₄, Na₃Li(SO₄)₂•6H₂O, Li₂CO₃, Na₂CO₃•10H₂O. 复盐Na₃Li(SO₄)₂•6H₂O和一水硫酸锂(Li₂SO₄•H₂O)的结晶区较小, 而Li₂CO₃的结晶区最大; 该四元体系介稳平衡条件下未发现Na₂SO₄•10H₂O的结晶区.     

Ni/NiCo2O4电极的制备及其析氧反应性能

采用溶胶-凝胶法制备NiCo₂O₄尖晶石粉体, 然后以多孔Ni 为基体, 通过复合溶胶涂覆结合烧结制备Ni/NiCo₂O₄ 涂层电极. 运用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、能量色散谱(EDS)和X 射线衍射(XRD)表征粉体以及Ni/NiCo₂O₄涂层电极的组成和结构. 采用循环伏安(CV), 稳态极化(LSV), 电化学阻抗谱(EIS), 恒电位阶跃以及恒电位长时间电解研究涂层电极在5 mol·L^-1 KOH溶液中的电催化析氧反应(OER). 结果表明: Ni/NiCo₂O₄涂层电极与多孔Ni 电极对比, 具有低的析氧过电位、高的比表面积和高的稳定性能; 其中比表面积增大了28.69倍,表观活化能在不同过电位分别降低了166.78和162.15 kJ·mol^-1.     

Effect of antimony on the reduction of anodic Pbo_2 film on Pb-Sb alloys in sulfuric acid solution

The reduction processes of anodic PbO2 films formed on Pb-Sb alloys in 4.5mol·dm-3 H2SO4 solution at 1.4 V(vs.Hg/Hg2SO4) for 1 h have been investigated by pho-tocurrent method,chronoamperometry,linear sweep voltammetry as well as X-ray diifractornetry.It was found that the reduction of most of the β-PbO2 and part of the α-PbO2 to PbSO4 can be completed within I s between 0.9 V and 1.0 V(vs.Hg/Hg2SO4) and proceeds much faster than that of the remaining a-PbO2 into photoactive α·PbOx (1相似文献   

Kinetics of the transformation process of PbSO4 to PbO2 in a lead anodic film

The kinetics of the nucleation and growth of PbO₂ during the potentiostatic oxidation of PbSO₄ in a lead anodic film was studied using linear sweep voltammetry, potential-step and ac impedance tracing methods. The film investigated is the partially reduced anodic PbO₂ film formed by polarizing a lead electrode in 4.5 M H₂SO₄ solution first at 1.3 V vs. Hg|HgSO₄ for 20 min and then at 0.9 V for 5 min. The nucleation and growth process begins some time after the potential step and is completed within 60 s. The pre- and post-nucleation and growth processes correspond to the growth of the anodic film formed by the oxidation of the lead substrate. The mathematical equations representing the current-time and capacitance-time transients are derived taking the background oxidation current into account. The experimental results are well fitted by these equations. The process obeys the laws of two-dimensional instantaneous nucleation and growth.     

A study of the faradaic impedance of lead in 5 M H2SO4 in the anodic region

The faradaic impedance of Pb/PbSO₄·H₂SO₄ (5 M) and Pb/PbO₂ · PbSO₄, H₂SO₄ (5 M) as well as a system which probably corresponds to Pb/PbO · PbSO₄, H₂SO₄ (5 M) have been investigated using a Schering bridge. The effect of incorporation of 2% and 6% of antimony in the lead was also studied. The results show that in addition to charge transfer and Warburg impedances, crystallisation, nucleation and adsorption impedances are also present.     

Fundamentals of lead acid cells part V. The oxidation of porous PbSO4/PbO2 on a pure lead base in sulphuric acid

Potentiostatic experiments are described in which porous electrodes of PbO₂ containing PbSO₄ are oxidised to PbO₂ in 5 M H₂SO₄. The process is analogous to the constant potential recharging of a lead acid cell. The form of the current transient depends upon the balance of PbSO₄ and PbO₂. For relatively small amounts of PbSO₄ a simple falling transient is obtained. For larger amounts the transient becomes more complicated and may be deconvoluted using a novel computer technique. Processes corresponding to various modes of electrocrystallisation are identified. The behaviour of newly prepared electrodes is compared and contrasted with the behaviour of electrodes stabilised by repeated cycling in 5 M H₂SO₄.     

Electrochemical behavior of PbO2/PbSO4 electrode in the presence of surfactants in electrolyte

The electrochemical behavior of PbO₂/PbSO₄ electrode is investigated in 4.5 M H₂SO₄ in presence of three surfactants, Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate (SDS), Cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) and Sodium tripolyphosphate (STPP), using cyclic voltametry, electrochemical spectroscopy impedance and galvanostatic discharge as techniques. The micro morphology of the surface of the modified PbO₂ electrodes is examined by scanning electron microscopy. The results show that SDS and CTAB when added in the electrolyte could refine the coating particles and change the roughness of the surface of the electrode leading to a thin film of PbO₂ with amorphous character. In addition, SDS and CTAB shift the hydrogen evolution potential towards more negative values, improve the discharge capacity of the anodic layer and accelerate the charge transfer. Under cathodic polarization, CTAB presents the lowest value of the charge transfer resistance R_ct. In the contrary, STPP shifts the oxygen evolution potential towards more positive values, passivates the surface of the electrode and inhibits completely the reaction of PbO₂ formation.     

Effects of Samarium on the Properties of the Anodic Pb（Ⅱ） Oxides Film Formed on Pb in Sulfuric Acid Solution

The effects of samarium on the properties of the anodic Pb(II) oxides films formed on lead at 0.9 V (vs. Hg/Hg₂SO₄) in 4.5 mol/L H₂SO₄ solution were studied using linear sweep voltammetry (LSV), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and scanning electron micrographs (SEM). The experimental results show that adding Sm to lead metal can inhibit the growth of the Pb(II) oxides film effectively, and reduce the resistance of the PbO oxides film obviously. The addition of Sm increases the porosity of the anodic film, which may cause the increase of the ionic conductance produced by the interstitial liquid among the PbO particles in the film and lead to the decrease of the resistance of the anodic film.     

Antimony Doped Tin Oxide Nanoparticles Deposited onto Nb−TiO2 Nanotubes for Electrochemical Degradation of Bio‐refractory Pollutions

To improve the service life of SnO₂?Sb electrodes in degradation of refractory wastewater, we report anodic information of tin oxide antimony on top of Nb?TiO₂ nanotubes (Nb?Ti/Nb?TiO₂?NTs/ATONPs) prepared through screen‐printing. It was found that the Nb?Ti/Nb?TiO₂?NTs/ATONPs anodes presented a significantly enhanced in electro‐catalytic oxidation performance (in Acid Red 73) compared to titanium‐based tin antimony electrodes (Ti/ATONPs). Additionally, the electrochemical properties and the stability were further studied by the electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), linear sweep voltammetry (LSV), cyclic voltammetry (CV), chronoamperometry (CA) measurements and accelerated life test, respectively. These results indicated that Nb?TiO₂?NTs/ATONPs anode possessed Nb?TiO₂ nanotubes which exhibited a higher oxygen evolution potential (2.24 V vs. Ag/AgCl), as well as a better wettability, a larger current at constant potential and 2.1 times longer lifetime than the conventional Ti/ATONPs anode.     

B-Co3O4/C复合纳米材料的制备及其电催化析氧性能

本文以雪莲果为碳源,采用热解法制备碳材料(C),以硝酸钴、四硼酸钠和碳材料为原料,通过热解法合成硼掺杂四氧化三钴/碳(B-Co₃O₄/C)复合纳米材料。运用XRD、FTIR、SEM、XPS等手段对其结构、形貌和组成进行表征。利用线性扫描(LSV)和Tafel曲线等电化学测试方法研究了B-Co₃O₄/C复合纳米材料的电催化析氧反应(OER)性能。结果表明,该材料具有较好的电催化OER活性。在1.0mol/L的KOH电解液和10mA·cm^-2的电流密度下,B-Co₃O₄/C复合纳米材料的过电位为293mV,Tafel斜率为45.0mV·dec^-1。在10mA·cm^-2电流密度下连续测试10h, B-Co₃O₄/C的电位变化不大,通过法拉第效率测试该催化剂的产氧效率为94%,说明硼原子的掺入改变了B-Co₃O₄...     

The elementary physicochemical processes during the first stage of formation of the negative lead-acid battery plate

During the first formation stage of the negative plate in H₂SO₄ solution lead monoxide and tribasic sulphate transform into Pb and PbSO₄ giving rise to a Pb?PbSO₄ zone. It was established that these processes take place within a thin layer (the δ-layer) situated between the Pb?PbSO₄ zone and the paste. The rate determining step is the transport (by diffusion and migration) of H⁺ and SO₄^2? ions from the bulk of the electrolyte towards the δ-layer. An equation is derived for the dependence of the concentration of the H₂SO₄ in the Pb?PbSO₄ zone on the thickness of this zone. It was found that during formation until a limiting thickness of the Pb?PbSO₄ zone, PbSO₄ originates mainly at the expense of the H₂SO₄ present in the bulk of the electrolyte. When the formation rate of PbSO₄ becomes very small the reaction of PbSO₄ reduction to Pb takes place. This reaction proceeds in a second reaction layer (the α-layer) which is located in the Pb?PbSO₄ zone at the plate surface. Subsequently, the formation of PbSO₄ in the δ-layer takes place at the expense of H₂SO₄ generated in the α-layer. The model is confirmed by the experimentally determined distribution of PbSO₄ across the cross-section of the plate during formation.