太赫兹波在飞行器等离子体鞘套中的传输特性

针对临近空间飞行器的黑障问题,根据模拟的RAM C-Ⅲ飞行器周围的流场分布结果,计算了等离子体电子密度和碰撞频率,并根据其分布建立了非均匀的等离子体模型。在此基础上,利用散射矩阵方法分析了太赫兹波在等离子体中的传输特性随着等离子体密度、等离子体厚度、等离子体碰撞频率的变化以及外加磁场对传输特性的影响。结果表明,太赫兹波的传输损耗随着等离子体电子密度和等离子体厚度的增加而增加,而碰撞频率的增加会使得透射率先减小后增加。在外加磁场的作用下,左旋太赫兹波的传输特性会得到改善;而对于右旋太赫兹波,磁场的施加会引入吸收峰,并且随着磁感应强度的增加向高频方向移动。     

Electron cyclotron wave propagation, absorption, and backscattermeasurements in a laboratory plasma

Broadband microwave propagation and absorption processes and backscatter from objects immersed in a magnetized, finite, warm plasma column is addressed. In particular, the propagation, absorption, and backscatter of electron cyclotron waves are measured and compared with bounded vacuum hot plasma wave propagation, absorption, and ray tracing theory. The nonreciprocal nature of the transmission and absorption in an anisotropic plasma is measured. A homodyne technique which isolates the scattering from a single object in the plasma from the scattering from all other objects in the plasma and the walls of the containment device is developed and utilized. The range of absorption frequencies and nonreciprocity of the transmission signal are shown to be well correlated with wave trajectories in the associated regions of the Clemmow-Mullaly-Allis (CMA) diagram. It is shown that quasi-parallel propagation of electron cyclotron waves near resonance is present and that the transverse effects of wavenumber on propagation in the cylindrical plasma are small     

垂直入射电磁波在大气压非平衡等离子体层中的传播特性

用数值模拟的方法对大气压非平衡等离子体薄层中，不同的电子密度分布对微波反射、吸收和透射的影响进行了研究。所采用的理论分析方法是分层模型和镶嵌不变原理。计算中考虑了微波在子层间的多次反射和吸收。数值结果表明，对于电磁波的吸收来说，等离子体中具有二次分布的电子密度，其效果要高于线性分布10%左右；而对于反射来说，线性分布效率更高。功率反射系数随波长的增大而增大，功率吸收系数A也不是单调的，当电子密度不变时，A存在一个峰值，随着电磁波波长的增加而增加，达到最大值后，缓慢降低。     

等离子体中相对论性电子回旋波色散关系

推导了一般条件下的相对论性电子回旋波色散关系。其中采用了相对论性修正的分布函数。对奇点作了较好的处理。所得到的公式可直接用于计算一般条件下的相对论性电子回旋波的传播和吸收问题。为高温等离子体波的研究提供了一个很方便的理论公式。 关键词：     

时空非均匀等离子体鞘套中太赫兹波的传播特性

高超声速飞行器再入地面的过程中,其周围等离子体的电子密度是非均匀且随时间变化的.对于不同的再入高度,飞行器周围的温度和压强也会发生改变.因此,研究电磁波在时空非均匀等离子体鞘套中的传播特性意义重大.首先建立了时变非均匀的等离子体鞘套模型,然后通过经验公式得到温度、压强与碰撞频率三者的关系.采用时域有限差分方法计算了太赫兹波段中不同电子密度弛豫时间、温度、压强时的反射系数、透射系数和吸收率.研究结果表明:在太赫兹波段中,电子密度的弛豫时间越长,温度越高,压强越大,电磁波越容易穿透等离子体;弛豫时间越短,温度越低,压强越小,等离子体对电磁波吸收率的变化越明显.这些结果为解决"黑障"问题提供了理论依据.     

THz电磁波在时变非磁化等离子体中的传播特性研究

本文建立了时变非磁化等离子体平板的一维模型,并采用时域有限差分(FDTD)方法对太赫兹(THz)电磁波在时变等离子体中传播时的反射、透射系数及吸收率进行了计算.然后根据计算结果分析了时变等离子体的上升时间、电子密度、温度以及等离子体平板厚度等参数对不同频段THz波在等离子体中传播特性的影响.分析结果表明:THz波在时变等离子体中传播时,其反射系数受等离子体电子密度和上升时间的影响较大;而吸收率则随着上升时间的减小、电子密度及平板厚度的增加而增大;此外,THz电磁波能够穿透量级为1020m-3的高密度等离子体层,可以作为再入段飞行器通信以及高密度等离子体诊断的理想工具.     

进气道内衬筒形等离子体隐身性能三维模拟

针对飞机进气道等离子体隐身问题,建立了三维筒形进气道模型,采用有限元求解波动方程,计算了腔体内壁覆盖均匀等离子体时的雷达散射截面。研究表明:腔体内覆盖等离子体时可以有效吸收入射电磁波能量;吸收随电磁波频率增加而减弱,但由于腔体结构作用,会存在几个吸收峰;吸收随电子数密度增加而增强,但电子数密度过高时,吸收效果会变差;最佳碰撞频率虽然与电磁波频率和电子数密度有关,但其值可约为9GHz;吸收随等离子体厚度增加而变大,但在较大电子数密度时,由于电磁波在等离子体与空气交界面处反射导致厚度增加,从而使得吸收变小;选取合适的入射角度和等离子体数密度可以在1~3GHz频段实现明显的隐身效果。     

Higher-order inertial Alfvén wave dressed solitons,quasiperiodic structures,and chaos in plasmas

The higher-order, low-amplitude inertial Alfvén wave (IAW) dressed soliton and chaos are investigated in a magnetized plasma. In the linear limit, the dispersion relation for propagation of IAWs in plasmas is also obtained in the presence of electron thermal effects and illustrated numerically. It is found that the electron inertial length plays an important role for wave dispersion effects and its phase speed is increased on including the electron temperature in the model. The reductive perturbation method is employed to obtain the first-order IAW Korteweg–de Vries (KdV) soliton and second-order dressed soliton solutions analytically, which gives electron density dip (or rarefactive) structure and moves with super Alfvénic speed in plasmas. The numerical illustrations of the KdV and dressed IAW solitons are also presented by using the laboratory and space plasma parameters given in the literature. Furthermore, a numerical study of quasi-periodicity and chaotic behaviour of IAWs in the presence of external periodic force is also discussed in detail. The effects of plasma beta (which depends on plasma density, electron temperature, and magnetic field intensity) and obliqueness of the wave propagation on the formation of nonlinear Alfvénic wave structures have also been presented.     

Scattering of light waves by electron electrostatic waves in laser produced plasmas

The propagation of light waves in an underdense plasma is studied using one-dimensional Vlasov-Maxwell numerical simulation.It is found that the light waves can be scattered by electron plasma waves as well as other heavily and weakly damping electron wave modes,corresponding to stimulated Raman and Brilluoin-like scatterings.The stimulated electron acoustic wave scattering is also observed as a high scattering level.High frequency plasma wave scattering is also observed.These electron electrostatic wave modes are due to a non-thermal electron distribution produced by the wave-particle interactions.The collision effects on stimulated electron acoustic wave and the laser intensity effects on the scattering spectra are also investigated.     

Numerical analysis of the reflection and absorption of electromagnetic wave in nonuniform magnetized plasma slab

In this paper, a model for calculating the reflection and absorption powers of electromagnetic wave (EM wave) in nonuniform magnetized plasma slab is given out based on layer propagation theory. The effects of various plasma parameters and different values of magnetic field intensity on the reflected and absorbed powers are discussed. The results illustrate that the thickness of plasma seldom affects the reflection of radar wave, but it can broaden or reduce the absorption width. Meanwhile, the background magnetic field intensity has an influence upon the results, and it could change the resonance spectrum of magnetized plasma. We also find out that, with appropriate plasma density, collision frequency and magnetic field intensity, more than 90% of radar wave power can be absorbed and the resonant absorption band is about 2 GHz.     

Propagation and Absorption of ECR Waves in a Low Temperature Toroidal Plasma of Small Size and Magnetic Field

The propagation and absorption of ECR waves in a tokamak plasma with small size and low values of the electron temperature and the toroidal magnetic field is studied numerically. The cold plasma dispersion equation is solved and ray tracing calculations are performed to find the accessibility conditions and the optimal angle of wave launching for maximal ECR absorption. Absorption coefficients are computed in the high density approximation.     

Propagation characteristics of oblique incidence terahertz wave through non-uniform plasma

The propagation characteristics of oblique incidence terahertz(THz) waves through non-uniform plasma are investigated by the shift-operator finite-difference time-domain(SO-FDTD) method combined with the phase matching condition.The electron density distribution of the non-uniform plasma is assumed to be in a Gaussian profile. Validation of the present method is performed by comparing the results with those obtained by an analytical method for a homogeneous plasma slab.Then the effects of parameters of THz wave and plasma layer on the propagation properties are analyzed. It is found that the transmission coefficients greatly depend on the incident angle as well as on the thickness of the plasma, while the polarization of the incident wave has little influence on the propagation process in the range of frequency considered in this paper. The results confirm that the THz wave can pass through the plasma sheath effectively under certain conditions,which makes it a potential candidate to overcome the ionization blackout problem.     

Effects of Spatial Variation of Thermal Electrons on Whistler-Mode Waves in Magnetosphere

A ray-tracing method is developed to evaluate the wave growth/damping and specifically propagation trajectories of the magnetospherically reflected Whistler-mode waves. The methodology is valid for weak wave growth/damping when plasma is comprised of a cold electron population and a hot electron population, together with background neutralizing ions, e.g. protons. The effect of anisotropic thermal electrons on the propagation of Whistler-mode waves is studied in detail. Numerical results are obtained for a realistic spatial variation model of plasma population, including the cold electron density distribution, and the thermal electron density and temperature distribution. It is found that, analogous to the case of the typical cold plasma approximation, the overall ray path of Whistler-mode waves is insensitive to the thermal electron density and temperature anisotropy, and the ray path reflects where wave frequency is below or comparable to the local lower hybrid resonance frequency flhr. However, the wave growth is expected to be influenced by the thermal electron population. The results present a first detailed verification for the validity of the typical cold plasma approximation for the propagation of Whistler-mode waves and may account for the observation that the Whistler-mode waves tend to propagate on a particular magnetic shell L where the wave frequency is comparable to fthe.     

Quantum plasma effects in the classical regime

For quantum effects to be significant in plasmas it is often assumed that the temperature over density ratio must be small. In this paper we challenge this assumption by considering the contribution to the dynamics from the electron spin properties. As a starting point we consider a multicomponent plasma model, where electrons with spin-up and spin-down are regarded as different fluids. By studying the propagation of Alfvén wave solitons we demonstrate that quantum effects can survive in a relatively high-temperature plasma. The consequences of our results are discussed.     

Two‐dimensional magnetosonic shock wave propagation in dense electron–positron–ion plasmas

Two‐dimensional (2D) magnetosonic wave propagation in magnetized quantum dissipative plasmas is studied. The plasma system is comprised of inertial ions, inertia‐less electrons, and positrons. The multi‐fluid quantum hydrodynamic model is used, in which quantum statistical and quantum tunnelling effects of electrons and positrons are included. Reductive perturbation analysis is performed to derive the Zabolotskaya–Khokhlov equation for the 2D propagation of a magnetosonic shock wave in a magnetized qauntum plasma. The effects of varying the different plasma parameters such as positron density and magnetic field intensity on the propagation characteristics of magnetosonic shock waves are discussed with non‐relativistic degenerate plasma parameters in astrophysical plasma situations.     

Plasma characteristics and broadband electromagnetic wave absorption in argon and helium capacitively coupled plasma

A one-dimensional self-consistent calculation model of capacitively coupled plasma(CCP) discharge and electromagnetic wave propagation is developed to solve the plasma characteristics and electromagnetic wave transmission attenuation.Numerical simulation results show that the peak electron number density of argon is about 12 times higher than that of helium, and that the electron number density increases with the augment of pressure, radio frequency(RF) power, and RF frequency. However, the electron number density first increases and then decreases as the discharge gap increases. The transmission attenuation of electromagnetic wave in argon discharge plasma is 8.5-d B higher than that of helium. At the same time, the transmission attenuation increases with the augment of the RF power and RF frequency, but it does not increase or decrease monotonically with the increase of gas pressure and discharge gap. The electromagnetic wave absorption frequency band of the argon discharge plasma under the optimal parameters in this paper can reach the Ku band. It is concluded that the argon CCP discharge under the optimal discharge parameters has great potential applications in plasma stealth.     

高温等离子体中太赫兹波的传输特性

通过解析方法研究了高温等离子体的太赫兹波传输特性.研究发现,高温等离子体对太赫兹波高频频段透过率较高,表现为通带;对低频频段透过率较低,表现为阻带.这与冷等离子体中电磁波的传输特性是一致的.但其透射率还受到温度与磁场的影响,当改变高温等离子体的电子温度与磁场时,在阻带内会产生一尖锐的透射峰.这种现象在冷等离子体模型中从来没有出现过.本文主要对电子温度和外加磁场两个影响因素进行讨论.研究发现,禁带内出现的透射峰频率受磁场影响,而峰值幅度受温度影响.计算得到了不同外加磁场条件下产生高透过率(透射率约为1)时的电子温度.基于该结果进一步研究了透射峰出现的规律,并通过曲线拟合的方法得到了透射峰频率所遵循的计算公式.数值结果表明透射峰频率与外磁场之间为正比例函数关系,而峰值电子温度取值与外磁场的关系表现为指数规律.最后对拟合得到的方程采用时域有限差分法进行了验证,数值结果与解析解符合较好,证明了该研究的正确性.     

高功率微波作用下等离子体中的雪崩效应研究

研究高功率微波作用下等离子体中的雪崩效应,对于研究等离子体防护技术具有重要意义.通过采用等离子体流体近似方法,建立等离子体中的波动方程、电子漂移-扩散方程和重物质传递方程,表征电磁波在等离子体中的传播以及等离子体内部带电粒子的变化情况,分析研究了高功率微波作用下雪崩效应的产生过程和变化规律.研究表明,入射电磁波功率决定了雪崩效应的产生;初始电子密度能够影响雪崩效应产生的时间;入射电磁波的激励作用初始表现为集聚效应,当激励能量积累到一定阈值时,雪崩效应才会产生;在雪崩效应产生过程中,等离子体内部电子密度的变化非常迅速并且比较复杂.雪崩效应产生后,等离子体内截止频率会远超过入射波频率,电磁波不能在等离子体中传播,从而起到防护高功率微波的效果.     

Electron exchange-correlation effects on dispersion properties of electrostatic waves in degenerate quantum plasmas

Based on the quantum Magnetohydrodynamic (QMHD) model, the obliquely propagation of electrostatic waves in degenerate magnetized quantum plasmas with electron exchange-correlation effects are theoretically investigated. The modified linear dispersion relations of electrostatic waves are obtained and discussed in some specific cases. The analytical results clearly show that the dispersion properties of the high frequency electron waves (including the Langmuir wave and upper-hybrid wave) and the low frequency ion acoustic wave are modified by the quantum effects together with the electron exchange-correlation effects. The numerical results depict that the Langmuir wave and upper-hybrid wave can be unstable in the presence of the electron exchange-correlation effects, and it is also evidently indicated that the electron exchange-correlation effects can reduce the phase velocity of the waves, especially in the high wave number region. The corresponding results should be of relevance for identifying electrostatic fluctuations which transport in an inhomogeneous and magnetized quantum plasmas.     

General scaling of pulse shortening in explosive-emission-drivenmicrowave sources

Microwave generation in devices that depend on synchronization between an electron beam and a resonant cavity or slow wave structure can be disrupted by changes in either. Explosive-emission-driven microwave sources use plasma as the electron source in the diode. This plasma is conductive enough to act as the boundary for both the applied diode voltage and the microwave electric field. The motion of this plasma can effectively change the dimensions of either the electron beam diode or the cavity and will thereby cause resonance destruction. This shortens the microwave pulse length τ_μ. A general model of the process predicts that, for a Child-Langmuir diode, microwave power falls as P∝τ_μ^-5/3 and that pulse energy falls as E∝τ_μ^-2/3. Therefore, energy efficiency declines as the pulse length is extended. We compare with data from magnetrons, MILO's and BWO's, and find that over some regions of operation the pulse length and energy from these explosive-emission-driven microwave sources agree with the plasma motion model scaling. At these applied drive voltages and output powers the microwave pulse length can be increased by finding cathode materials that generate slower plasmas