Stepwise magnetization of dispersed ferromagnets due to magnetic interparticle interactions

The main features of stepwise magnetization of dispersed ferromagnets caused by magnetic interparticle interactions are studied using a two-particle model. The ranges of values of the magnetic anisotropy constants of particles and of the dipole-dipole interaction between them are determined over which a reproducible jumpwise change in the magnetization of the system occurs in an external positive magnetic field. The proposed model is shown to explain the main specific features of the fine structure of the ferromagnetic resonance spectra.     

Fine structure of ferromagnetic-resonance spectra of disperse magnets

The technique of ferromagnetic resonance (FMR) was used for the investigation of nickel powders dispersed in a diamagnetic solid matrix. The fine structure of FMR was studied, which was observed against a background of broad featureless FMR lines of conventional unoriented polycrystals. A model is suggested according to which the narrow lines observed appear in the FMR spectra because of jumplike changes in the resonance conditions caused by a sharp change in the magnetization of the sample due to a change in the external magnetic field. In contrast to the Barkhausen effect, the fine structure detected in the FMR spectra in this case is observed in stronger fields characteristic of the processes of magnetization rotation. It is shown that the physical origin of magnetization jumps in this case may be magnetic interparticle interactions as well as complex anisotropy of particles.     

Electron spin resonance of impurities in magnetic insulators

It is possible to observe and very useful to study the electron spin resonance of impurities in paramagnetic hosts. Among the interesting phenomena observable and measurable in these studies are: (a) symmetric and antisymmetric exchange interactions between the impurities and the hosts determined from the indirect superhyperfine interactions, pseudo-Zeeman interactions and pseudo crystal field effects, (b) the Jahn-Teller induced random strains effects resulting in the magnetic field dependence of the fine structure linewidths, and (c) the nature of the dynamical interactions of the hosts manifested in the lifetime broadenings of the impurity spectra.     

Residual 31P, 35,37Cl dipolar coupling in 31P MAS spectra of chlorocyclophosphazenes

In ³¹P MAS NMR spectra of chlorocyclophosphazenes, characteristic splittings have been observed for PCl or PCl₂ groups. At different applied magnetic fields, the fine structure and total width of the patterns change in a characteristic way, demonstrating that the splittings are due to indirect spin–spin and residual dipolar interactions with the chlorine nuclei directly bonded to phosphorus. For trans-nongeminal N₃P₃Cl₃(NMe₂)₃ and N₃P₃Cl₆ as examples, the spectra have been analyzed to obtain information on chlorine nuclear quadrupole coupling constants and ^35,37Cl, ³¹P indirect spin–spin coupling constants. Neglect of these interactions may result in misinterpretations of the multiplicity in ³¹P MAS spectra of chlorophosphazenes.     

Ferromagnetic Resonance Fine Structure of Dispersed Magnets: Physical Origin and Applications

An original approach is proposed to study the dipole–dipole interparticle interactions in dispersed magnets. It is the registration and analysis of the noiselike ferromagnetic resonance fine structure, which is caused by the magnetic dipole–dipole interaction between magnetic domains. The features of fine structure formation are discussed. The experimental examples of the possible applications of the fine structure method are given. Authors' address: Oleg N. Martyanov, Boreskov Institute of Catalysis, Russian Academy of Sciences, Prospekt Akademika Lavrentieva 5, Novosibirsk 630090, Russian Federation     

Quantitative analysis of intramolecular interactions of all-trans-α,ω-diphenylpolyenes with one to four double bonds

We have analyzed intensity distributions in fine structure fluorescence spectra of three all-trans-diphenylpolyenes with number of double bonds n = 1?4 in solutions in n-paraffins at 4.2 K. Modeling of spectra by representing each of the vibronic transitions by a zero-phonon line and a phonon wing with certain parameters (width, Debye-Waller factor) made it possible to determine the relative intensities of vibronic transitions. We have calculated and comparatively analyzed the parameters of intramolecular interactions that form fine structure spectra of stilbene and investigated compounds.     

掺有Ni2+的α-Al2O3晶体的基态精细光谱、晶体局域结构和Jahn-Teller效应

应用晶体场理论和不可约张量算符方法构造了3d2/3d8态离子在C3v对称晶场中包含自旋-轨道相互作用、自旋-自旋相互作用、自旋-其它轨道相互作用和其它轨道-其它轨道相互作用四种微观磁效应的45阶可完全对角化的能量哈密顿矩阵.利用该矩阵,计算了Ni2+∶α-Al2O3晶体的光谱精细结构和晶体局域结构,深入研究了Ni2+∶α-Al2O3晶体的自旋-轨道相互作用、自旋-自旋相互作用、自旋-其它轨道相互作用和其它轨道-其它轨道相互作用和它们对光谱精细结构的影响及Jahn-Teller效应.理论计算值和实验值相符合.研究发现,掺杂没有改变晶体的对称性、同时发现并合理解释了Ni2+对α-Al2O3晶体基态精细光谱中Jahn-Teller效应的存在机理.     

Electron paramagnetic resonance and magnetic susceptibility of rare-earth hydrazone compounds

The magnetic properties of the rare earth molecular compounds with hydrazone ligands containing Nd³⁺, Gd³⁺, and Yb³⁺ have been investigated by electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) and magnetization measurements. For the Gd-compound, partially resolved fine structure due to Gd³⁺ and exchange narrowing effects at low temperatures are observed in the EPR spectra, suggesting, consistent with the EPR and dc magnetic susceptibility, weak antiferromagnetic exchange interactions. Paramagnetic behavior sustained down to low temperatures is derived for Yb³⁺ ions, whereas substantial ferromagnetic exchange coupling is inferred for the lighter Nd³⁺ ions, indicating significant variations of the exchange integrals along the lanthanide series. Received 29 April 2002 Published online 31 July 2002     

YAG∶Cr3+ 晶体精细光谱结构研究

采用不同的晶体畸变模型，利用CDM(complete diagonalization method)方法对YAG∶Cr3+ 晶体的EPR参量进行了系统研究.通过计算结果对晶格畸变模型进行了分析.结果表明,在三角对称下，对杂质离子电荷与中心离子电荷相等的情况，不适合用杂质离子沿C3轴位移的模型来研究晶体的局域结构，而且由于基态和第一激发态的零场分裂都对局域结构微变非常敏感，因此仅由基态零场分裂来确定晶格局域结构是不可靠的.同时结果表明，Cr3+ 离子进入YAG晶体后，产生了Δθ=1.88°的三角畸变.从而成功统一地解释了YAG∶Cr3+ 晶体的EPR参量和精细光谱结构.     

Hyperfine structure in internal rotor molecules

The theory of magnetic hyperfine interactions in internal rotor molecules with one internal degree of freedom has been developed as basis for the interpretation of hyperfine structure in the microwave spectra of these molecules. It has been shown that the internal rotation modifies the familiar nuclear spin-spin and spin-rotation interactions. Explicit expressions for the hyperfine energy matrix elements and coupling constants are derived for the methanol molecule.     

掺入Ni2+和V3+对α-Al2O3晶体光谱精细结构、晶体局域结构和零场分裂参量的影响

应用晶体场理论和不可约张量算符方法构造了3d2/3d8态离子在C3v对称晶场中包含自旋-轨道相互作用、自旋-自旋相互作用、自旋-其它轨道相互作用和其它轨道-其它轨道相互作用四种微观磁效应的45阶可完全对角化的能量哈密顿矩阵.利用该矩阵,计算了V³⁺∶α-Al₂O₃和Ni²⁺∶α-Al₂O₃晶体的光谱精细结构、晶体局域结构和零场分裂参量,研究了掺入两种互补态离子Ni²⁺和V³⁺对同种晶体的光谱精细结构、晶体局域结构和零场分裂参量的影响,理论计算值和实验值相符.研究发现：掺杂没有改变晶体的光谱精细结构和能级分裂条数,但改变了能级间距|掺杂也没有改变晶体的对称性,但使晶体局域结构发生了一定程度的畸变| Ni²⁺∶α-Al₂O₃晶体局域结构的伸长畸变量大于V³⁺∶α-Al₂O₃晶体,键角的变化量小于V³⁺∶α-Al₂O₃晶体.     

Nanoparticles: Implication of Ligand Choice on Surface Properties,Crystal Structure,and Magnetic Properties of Iron Nanoparticles (Part. Part. Syst. Charact. 3/2013)

The behavior of iron nanoparticles is heavily influenced by their highly reactive surfaces. A better understanding of organic ligand/particle interactions must be achieved in order to synthesize iron nanoparticles with magnetic saturations (σ _sat) equivalent to bulk iron. Even when synthesized using careful, air‐free chemistry techniques and ligands more weakly interacting than those often reported in the literature, the magnetic saturation of iron nanoparticles generally only approaches, but not equals, the magnetic saturation of bulk iron. Here, iron nanoparticles are synthesized using Schlenk line chemistry methods and two different weakly interacting ligands: 2,4‐pentanedione and hexaethylene glycol monododecylether. These particles have saturation magnetizations slightly lower than bulk iron, which is believed to be caused by interactions between the passivating ligands and the surface of the nanoparticles. Using X‐ray absorption fine structure studies, it is shown that oxidized species of iron exist at the nanoparticles’ surface and can be attributed to iron/ligand interaction. The percentage of oxidized species scales with the surface to volume ratio of the nanoparticles, and therefore appears limited to the nanoparticle surface. X‐ray absorption fine structure analysis also shows that the nanoparticles have an expanded crystalline lattice, which can further impact their magnetic properties.     

包钴对α-Fe2O3粉末Morin相变的影响

用穆斯堡尔谱,磁性测量,中子衍射和X射线光电子能谱(XPS)等方法对纯的和包钴α-Fe₂O₃粉末Morin相变的影响以及有关性质进行了研究,发现包钴会使α-Fe₂O₃的Morin温度降低,相变温度的区域扩大,矫顽力明显增大,3d能带变化,假设包钴可使α-Fe₂O₃的单离子各向异性常数K_FS下降来解释上述实验结果。 关键词：     

Zur Theorie der kantenfernen Feinstruktur von Röntgenabsorptionsspektren

The extended fine structure of the X-ray absorption spectra of an atom in a chemical system depends on its orientation with respect to a polarized and nonpolarized X-ray beam. General equationes are developed to describe these dependences without consideration of spin-orbital interactions. Evidence is given for the validity of KOZLENKOV 's equation for the fine structure of polycrystalline solids, liquids, and gases. For the case of K absorption we obtain the equations formerly published by IZRAILEVA . Further, the explicite formulae for the L_III and L_III absorption fine structures are presented.     

不均匀场下基于分子间双量子相干核磁共振技术的果肉检测

核磁共振（NMR）谱图可在不破坏生物样品的状态下提供组织成分组成及其含量的信息,已被广泛应用于生物、医学和食品检测等领域.NMR谱图分辨率越高,提供的与组织成分相关的信息越丰富、越准确,也越有利于未知成分的定性和定量分析.传统的高分辨NMR谱图通常要在均匀磁场下采集.但在实际应用中,均匀的磁场较难获得.这就使得我们采集的NMR谱图的分辨率,以及由此获得的生物组织成分组成和含量等信息的准确性受到影响.源于远程偶极相互作用的分子间双量子相干（iDQC）技术对磁场均匀度不敏感,可在不均匀场下获得高分辨率NMR谱图.本文采用基于iDQC技术的IDEAL-Ⅱ序列对甲基丙烯酸丁酯、蕃茄和西瓜三种样品进行了NMR实验,结果证明基于iDQC技术在不均匀场下获得水果的高分辨NMR谱图是可行的,这对食品科学以及食品检测具有积极的意义.     

Mixed hyperfine interactions in amorphous materials: A model study

⁵⁷Fe Mössbauer absorption profiles were calculated supposing distributions of all hyperfine parameters: hyperfine magnetic fields, isomer shifts, and electric field gradients. The effect of mixed hyperfine interactions was taken into account in all orders of perturbation theory. The shapes of the spectra were systematically studied for varying average values and widths of the hyperfine magnetic field distribution (HMFD). From the simulated spectra, the shapes of the HMFD were reconstructed using standard techniques of Mössbauer spectra processing which neglect the effects of random isomer shifts and electric field gradients. It has been shown that the reconstructed shapes of the HMFD differ qualitatively from the original single-peaked distributions and exhibit a double-peaked structure similar to the distributions found in many experiments on amorphous alloys with low iron content. A brief review of various mechanisms responsible for either apparent or real double-peaked structure of HMFD has been given.     

Fine structure extraction without analyser function measurement

A method for fine structure extraction from spectra of charged particles is described. Two experimental spectra are registered from the same object but with different and unknown analyser functions. The relation between these two analyser functions is known. The method is illustrated by fine structure extraction from silver Auger electron spectra.     

Origin of magnetic interactions and their influence on the structural properties of Ni2MnGa and related compounds

In this work, we perform first-principles DFT calculations to investigate the interplay between magnetic and structural properties in Ni(2)MnGa. We demonstrate that the relative stability of austenite (cubic) and non-modulated martensite (tetragonal) phases depends critically on the magnetic interactions between Mn atoms. While standard approximate DFT functionals stabilize the latter phase, a more accurate treatment of electronic localization and magnetism, obtained with DFT+U, suppresses the non-modulated tetragonal structure for the stoichiometric compound, in better agreement with experiments. We show that the Anderson impurity model, with Mn atoms treated as magnetic impurities, can explain this observation and that the fine balance between super-exchange RKKY type interactions mediated by Ni d and Ga p orbitals determines the equilibrium structure of the crystal. The Anderson model is also demonstrated to capture the effect of the number of valence electrons per unit cell on the structural properties, often used as an empirical parameter to tune the behavior of Ni(2)MnGa based alloys. Finally, we show that off-stoichiometric compositions with excess Mn promote transitions to a non-modulated tetragonal structure, in agreement with experiments.     

FMR determination of the period of an incommensurate magnetic structure in chiral organometallic crystals

A sequence of maxima of microwave absorption has been found in the ferromagnetic resonance (FMR) spectra of the chiral molecular ferrimagnet [Mn{(R/S)-pn}]₂[Mn{(R/S)-pn}₂(H₂O)][Cr(CN)₆]₂, which, as is shown, corresponds to the spin-soliton resonance. It has been established that this sequence corresponds to an incommensurate magnetic structure induced by the competition between the symmetric and antisymmetric exchange interactions. On the basis of the FMR spectra and their dependence on the temperature, the parameters of the modulated magnetic structure have been estimated.