力学中的守恒定律与时空对称性

本文按照近代物理观点，应用Ｈ函数对时空变换的不变性，导出动量守恒、角动量守恒和能量守恒定律，说明三个守恒定律是时空对称性的表现，从而阐明了三个守恒定律的物理根源和本质．     

V^2＋（aq）／V^3＋（aq）荷移动力学参数的理论研究

基于电子转移过程与离子水化过程中的基本共同特征，提出了一种确定电子转移过程动力学参数的精确水化函数方案，利用实验振动光谱数据及水合热力学数据，建立了两种用于描述反应体系与中心离子－内氛水分子分离和溶剂重组之间能量关系的精确水化函数。在提出新的活化模型基础上，结合水化函数给出了活化能的计算方案。利用原始Ｌａｎｄａｕ－Ｚｅｎｅｒ理论计算了电子发射系数。所涉及到的位能面的斜率及耦合矩阵元，采用水化函数、     

动量、能量守恒定律在原子物理学中的应用

动量守恒定律和能量守恒定律是自然界两大守恒定律．对于原子物理学，尽管这一微观领域有其特殊性，但两个守恒定律仍然是适用的，而且它们还被赋予了新的内涵，如爱因斯坦质能方程E=mc^2指出质量与能量相当，不仅扩展、深化了质量、能量的概念，也扩展、深化了能量守恒定律。     

相对论能量正比于动质量的一般性证明

依据相对性原理,仅仅要求粒子的动量和能量在不同的惯性系中具有相同的函数形式,即可一般性地证明相对论能量必须正比于动质量.这一特性为相对论本身的自洽要求,而与线性时空变换的具体形式无关,也与光速不变的假设无关.依据这一特性,同时也一般性证明了质量守恒定律等价于能量守恒定律.     

牛顿力学形式和相对论力学的协变性

指出若将能量（包括动能）、动量都理解为相对论中的能量和动量，则牛顿力学中的功能原理、动能定理、动量定理、牛顿运动定律及力对物体所作的功率、能量－动量守恒定律及其守恒条件在相对论中都是协变的，并给出了它们的协变形式。     

磁荷存在时的守恒定律及作用于磁荷的电磁力

本文由磁单极子可能存在时的Ｍａｘｗｅｌｌ方程出发得出关于电荷、磁荷、动量及能量的守恒定律，论证了作用于磁荷上的电磁力形式是ｆｍ＝ｍＨ－ＪｍｘＤ     

经典守恒定律的量子力学推导

从量子力学出发,推出了经典动量守恒定律和能量守恒定律,并讨论了在微观领域经典守恒定律适用的条件.     

碰撞中动量守恒定律和能量守恒定律的相对论协变性

以两个小球碰撞为例,验证了动量守恒定律和能量守恒定律在洛仑兹变换下的形式不变性     

碰撞中动量守恒定律和能量守恒定律的相对论协变性

以两个小球碰撞为例,验证了动量守恒定律和能量守恒定律在洛仑兹变换下的形式不变性。     

多普勒效应的研究

以光子假设为前提 ,利用动量守恒定律和能量守恒定律导出了相对论多普勒公式 ,并简单讨论了经典力学的多普勒效应。     

Charged Particle’s Tunneling in a Modified Reissner-Nordstrom Black Hole

In the tunneling framework of Hawking radiation, charged particle’s tunneling in the modified Reissner-Nordstrom black hole from gravity’s rainbow is investigated. To this end, following the Schwarzschild solution in gravity’s rainbow, the metric of the modified Reissner-Nordstrom black hole is given. In the tunneling process, the metric fluctuation is taken into account, due to not only the energy conservation and electric charge conservation, but also the spacetime quantum effects. The calculation shows out that the emission rate satisfies the first law of black hole thermodynamics and is consistent with an underlying unitary theory. In addition, it is found that the entropy of the modified black hole is different to the Benkestein-Hawking entropy and the quantum corrections of the entropy appears.     

The laws of relativistic thermodynamics: II. The density,momentum and energy laws

The conservation laws of particle number, momentum and energy are derived from relativistic kinetic theory. The first law of relativistic thermodynamics is formulated.     

Charged Particles’ Tunneling from Hot-NUT-Kerr-Newman-Kasuya Spacetime

We study the Hawking radiation as charged particles’ tunneling across the horizons of the Hot-NUT-Kerr-Newman-Kasuya spacetime by considering the spacetime background as dynamical and incorporating the self-gravitation effect of the emitted particles when the energy conservation, the angular momentum conservation, and the electric charge conservation are taken into account. Our result shows that the tunneling rate is related to the change of Bekenstein-Hawking entropy and the radiant spectrum is not pure thermal, but is consistent with an underlying unitary theory. The emission process is a reversible one, and the information is preserved as a natural result of the first law of black hole thermodynamics. To my teacher late Prof. Mainuddin Ahmed.     

Microscopic diagonal entropy and its connection to basic thermodynamic relations

We define a diagonal entropy (d-entropy) for an arbitrary Hamiltonian system as S_d=-∑_nρ_nnlnρ_nn with the sum taken over the basis of instantaneous energy states. In equilibrium this entropy coincides with the conventional von Neumann entropy S_n = −Trρ ln ρ. However, in contrast to S_n, the d-entropy is not conserved in time in closed Hamiltonian systems. If the system is initially in stationary state then in accord with the second law of thermodynamics the d-entropy can only increase or stay the same. We also show that the d-entropy can be expressed through the energy distribution function and thus it is measurable, at least in principle. Under very generic assumptions of the locality of the Hamiltonian and non-integrability the d-entropy becomes a unique function of the average energy in large systems and automatically satisfies the fundamental thermodynamic relation. This relation reduces to the first law of thermodynamics for quasi-static processes. The d-entropy is also automatically conserved for adiabatic processes. We illustrate our results with explicit examples and show that S_d behaves consistently with expectations from thermodynamics.     

Onsager-Machlup Theory for Nonequilibrium Steady States and Fluctuation Theorems

A generalization of the Onsager-Machlup theory from equilibrium to nonequilibrium steady states and its connection with recent fluctuation theorems are discussed for a dragged particle restricted by a harmonic potential in a heat reservoir. Using a functional integral approach, the probability functional for a path is expressed in terms of a Lagrangian function from which an entropy production rate and dissipation functions are introduced, and nonequilibrium thermodynamic relations like the energy conservation law and the second law of thermodynamics are derived. Using this Lagrangian function we establish two nonequilibrium detailed balance relations, which not only lead to a fluctuation theorem for work but also to one related to energy loss by friction. In addition, we carried out the functional integral for heat explicitly, leading to the extended fluctuation theorem for heat. We also present a simple argument for this extended fluctuation theorem in the long time limit. PACS numbers: 05.70.Ln, 05.40.-a, 05.10.Gg.     

Insights into the Second Law of Thermodynamics from Anisotropic Gas-Surface Interactions

Thermodynamic implications of anisotropic gas-surface interactions in a closed molecular flow cavity are examined. Anisotropy at the microscopic scale, such as might be caused by reduced-dimensionality surfaces, is shown to lead to reversibility at the macroscopic scale. The possibility of a self-sustaining nonequilibrium stationary state induced by surface anisotropy is demonstrated that simultaneously satisfies flux balance, conservation of momentum, and conservation of energy. Conversely, it is also shown that the second law of thermodynamics prohibits anisotropic gas-surface interactions in “equilibrium”, even for reduced dimensionality surfaces. This is particularly startling because reduced dimensionality surfaces are known to exhibit a plethora of anisotropic properties. That gas-surface interactions would be excluded from these anisotropic properties is completely counterintuitive from a causality perspective. These results provide intriguing insights into the second law of thermodynamics and its relation to gas-surface interaction physics. Sandia National Laboratories is the author’s employer, but is not officially affiliated with this work.     

核温度的动力学计算

介绍了测量热力学微正则系综中哈密顿动力学系统温度的一种新的动力学途径,即在各态历经性的假设下,温度可作为函数（Ｈ／‖Ｈ‖２）在能量面上的时间平均算出．这一方法不仅给出了确定温度的一种有效的计算途径,而且也提供了动力学系统理论和哈密顿系统的统计力学之间的内在联系． A new dynamical approach for measuring the temperature of a Hamiltonian dynamical system in the microcanonical ensemble of thermodynamics is presented. It shows that under the hypothesis of ergodicity the temperature can be computed as a time average of the function, ·(H/‖H‖ 2) , on the energy surface. This method not only yields an efficient computational approach for determining the temperature, but also provides an intrinsic link between dynamical system theory and the statistical...     

Generalization of the second law for a nonequilibrium initial state

We generalize the second law of thermodynamics in its maximum work formulation for a nonequilibrium initial distribution. It is found that in an isothermal process, the Boltzmann relative entropy (H-function) is not just a Lyapunov function but also tells us the maximum work that may be gained from a nonequilibrium initial state. The generalized second law also gives a fundamental relation between work and information. It is valid even for a small Hamiltonian system not in contact with a heat reservoir but with an effective temperature determined by the isentropic condition. Our relation can be tested in the Szilard engine, which will be realized in the laboratory.     

The density of energy flow of quasiparticles with arbitrary energy–momentum relation

In this paper, we consider the energy conservation law in a continuous medium with arbitrary energy–momentum relation. We use a new theoretical approach in which both the long wavelength and short wavelength thermal excitations are described in a unified way. The theory is based on the fact that in a quantum fluid, the thermal de Broglie wavelengths of the atoms overlap each other. In this case, the atoms are delocalized in space and we can treat a quantum fluid as a continuous medium without any restriction on length scale. So, in quantum liquids, we can determine the probabilistic values of the parameters of the continuous medium in every mathematical point of space. From the Hamiltonian of this system, we derive a system of linear equations for the general case of an ideal liquid, which has a nonlocal relationship between pressure and density. In the frame of this model from the energy conservation law, a general expression for the energy density flow is obtained. It is shown that for the wave packet, it is not affected by the freedom in its definition. A clear relation for the energy density flow of a wave packet is derived that generalizes the ordinary form of it to the case of arbitrary dispersion.     

Hawking radiation as tunneling and the unified first law of thermodynamics at the apparent horizon of the FRW universe

Relations between the tunneling rate FRW universe are investigated. The namics in such a dynamical system. first law of thermodynamics through and the unified first law of thermodynamics at the apparent horizon of the tunneling rate arises as a consequence of the unified first law of thermodyAnalysis shows how the tunneling is intimately connected with the unified the principle of conservation of energy.