Highly sensitive interferometric system for optical surface contouring

In the present work we demonstrate a highly sensitive system for optical surface contouring constructed by combining phase conjugation and digital phase shifting interferometry. The phase conjugating mirror in the modified phase conjugate Michelson interferometer is based on degenerate four wave mixing in a photorefractive BTO crystal. Digital phase shifting interferometry is used to decode the interference fringe pattern. An increase in sensitivity and high measurement accuracy are achieved through this new combination due to the interferometric scheme and the phase shifting. Experimental results are presented. The interferometric system is flexible and undergoes further improvement.     

基于双色条纹投影的快速傅里叶变换轮廓术

在实际傅里叶变换轮廓术测量中，获取的条纹图扩展的零频分量对傅里叶变换轮廓术的测量精度和测量范围有很大影响，甚至妨碍正确三维面形的恢复。π相移技术常被用来消除零频分量对测量的影响，但需要在测量系统中安装精密相移装置，并需要采集两帧具有π相位差的条纹图。传统傅里叶变换轮廓术中，完成精密相移需要较长的时间，影响了傅里叶变换轮廓术测量方法的实时性。提出了采用双色正弦光栅投影来实现从一帧条纹图中消除零频对傅里叶变换轮廓术测量的影响。该方法同传统的π相移方法相比，不需要相移装置，测量系统简单，并且能真正实现高速测量。     

Phase retrieval of optical fringe patterns from the ridge of a wavelet transform

A new method for phase retrieval of optical fringe patterns is presented. This method is based on a wavelet transform and is capable of extracting the full 2D phase distribution from a single fringe pattern. An important conclusion that the phase of the optical fringe pattern is equal to the phase of its wavelet transform on the ridge of the wavelet transform is theoretically clarified. The method is compared with the Fourier transform and the integration methods. A numerical simulation and an experimental example of phase retrieval are shown.     

Applications of windowed Fourier fringe analysis in optical measurement: A review

The applications of windowed Fourier fringe analysis in the past decade are reviewed. Because fringe patterns from different optical measurement systems are similar, the reviewed applications are classified according to the functions of the windowed Fourier transform being used in fringe pattern analysis: denosing exponential phase fields, demodulating carrier fringe patterns, getting phase derivatives, and utilizing local properties. From these applications, the windowed Fourier transform is shown to be effective and versatile for fringe pattern analysis.     

基于希尔伯特变换的干涉条纹相位解调新算法

提出了一种新的应用希尔伯特变换解调干涉条纹相位的算法,可以从单幅干涉条纹图中解调出全场相位分布.在实际应用中,常借助傅里叶变换实现希尔伯特变换算法,但是会忽略负频率成分,造成相位信息的丢失.对于相位分布非单调变化的干涉条纹,提出了一种判断函数,用来计算相位信息零频率点的分布.利用相位的零频率点分布构造了一个二元模板,使用该模板对本文提出的两次希尔伯特变换法产生的包裹相位图进行修正.对修正后的包裹相位图进行解包裹处理,可以得到连续的全场相位分布.对该方法用计算机模拟进行了验证.     

Fractional Fringe Order Method Using Fourier Analysis for Absolute Measurement of Block Gauge Thickness

A fringe analysis method, which combines the Fourier transform with the fractional fringe order method for measuring the absolute thickness of a block gauge, is presented. An approximate integer part of the fringe order is estimated by mechanical measurements, and the fractional part is determined by Fourier analysis of the interferometric fringe patterns. The fringe patterns are obtained with a Michelson interferometer by illumination of several selected wavelengths, respectively. The use of the fractional fringe order method can determine accurately more than 2ϖ phase jumps. The measured thickness of a block gauge is 5999115.0 ± 0.7 nm, which is comparable with the standard thickness of 6 mm. The influence of wavelength and approximate integer part of fringe order on the measurement accuracy is discussed.     

基于复合光栅投影的快速傅里叶变换轮廓术

在实际傅里叶变换轮廓术测量中,获取条纹图的零频分量对傅里叶变换轮廓术的测量精度和测量范围有很大影响,甚至妨碍三维面形的正确重建。π相移技术常被用来消除零频分量对傅里叶变换轮廓术测量的影响,但它需要采集两帧具有π相位差的条纹图。这影响了傅里叶变换轮廓术测量方法的实时性。提出采用复合光栅投影来实现从一帧条纹图中消除零频对傅里叶变换轮廓术测量的影响,该复合光栅是由两个不同频率的载频分别调制与其方向垂直的两帧具有π相位差的条纹并叠加形成的。实验表明,同传统的π相移方法相比,提出的新方法没有明显降低π相移傅里叶变换轮廓术的的测量精度,因此能真正实现实时高速测量。     

基于快速傅里叶变换的实时相移校正算法

在相移测量剖面术（ＰＭＰ）中,提出了一种基于快速傅里叶变换的相移校正算法,利用最初多采的一幅条纹图的信息和傅里叶变换调制度模板,快速地计算出当前的相移值。采用该算法,能实时准确地控制投影光栅的移动,大大提高了测量系统的工和自动化程度,具有极大的实用价值。     

Single fringe projection profilometry based on sinusoidal intensity normalization and subpixel fitting

A novel fringe projection profilometry using a single sinusoidal fringe pattern projected is proposed. Computer-generated sinusoidal fringe and uniform intensity patterns are firstly projected on a testing object by a liquid crystal display projector. The variable reflection intensity of a fringe pattern is then roughly normalized by division operation applied to the grabbed fringe and uniform intensity patterns projected. Fringe intensity is further normalized by employing an interpolation algorithm. The deformed sinusoidal pattern encoding object shape is converted to a wrapped phase map without using phase-shifting or Fourier transform. Computer simulation and experimental performance are evaluated to demonstrate the validity of the proposed method. The experimental results compared with those of the four-step phase-shifting and fast Fourier transform methods are also presented.     

Phase-shifting windowed Fourier ridges for determination of phase derivatives

Determination of the phase or phase derivative from interferometric fringe patterns is an important task in optical interferometry. The use of wavelet ridges was recently shown to be an effective method for phase retrieval from a single fringe pattern. One necessary requirement in this method is the need for carrier frequency. In cases when carrier frequency is not available, the novel phase-shifting windowed Fourier ridges method can be used. Phase derivatives with the proper sign can be directly retrieved even in the presence of noise. An application for curvature determination from speckle shearographic fringes demonstrates the effectiveness of the method.     

Surface profile measurement of low-frequency vibrating objects using temporal analysis of fringe pattern

A simple and accurate algorithm (phase scanning method) is proposed for 3D surface contouring and dynamic response determination of a vibrating object. A sinusoidal fringe pattern is projected onto a low-frequency vibrating object by a programmable liquid crystal display projector. The fringe patterns are captured by a high-speed CCD camera with a telecentric gauging lens. Phase values are evaluated point by point using phase scanning method. From the phase values of each point on the object, the contour of the specimen at different instants of vibration can be retrieved. In this paper, a small vibrating coin is used to demonstrate the validity of the method and the experimental results are compared with test results on a stationary coin using four-step phase shifting and fast Fourier transform methods. The technique is especially useful in applications where the vibrating object has a complicated shape.     

Comparison of results of interferometric phase extraction algorithms for three-dimensional flow-field tomography

A comparison of the results of interferometric phase information retrieval and subsequent tomographic reconstruction from deformed wavefront projections by phase unwrapping is presented. In interferogram processing, conventional fringe tracking and Fourier transform methods have been utilized for comparison. With these methods by injecting carrier fringes, the projection data of any axial cross section can be extracted in all projection directions to implement three-dimensional tomographic reconstruction. The results of experiments of a simulated temperature field prove that the phase extraction based on the Fourier transform method produces tomographic reconstruction much superior to the conventional fringe tracking technique.     

Application of the FFT method for the quantitative extraction of information from high-resolution interferometric and photoelastic data

This paper describes the application of a digital Fourier transform to phase encoded intensity distribution. Attention is drawn to a method of extracting quantitative information automatically from the interferometric fringe data. To achieve this, a set of carrier fringes has been added to interferometric fringe data. This has made it possible to form a phase map using a FFT (fast Fourier transform) algorithm. A minimum spanning tree (MST) phase unwrapping strategy has been used to create a contiguous map of the whole fringe field. Finally, the measurement parameter related to the fringe field has been calculated from one single image. Experimental results are given for the burner flames, a compressible flow and photoelastic fringe data. It has been shown that the methods developed have the potential for use as reflection analysis systems suitable for applications to non-stationary objects and complicated fringe fields.     

Fourier transform profilometry based on composite structured light pattern

In Fourier transform profilometry (FTP), the zero frequency of the imaged patterns will influence the measurement range and precision. The π phase shifting technique is usually used to eliminate the zero order component, but this method requires the capture of two fringe patterns with a π phase difference between them, which will impede the real time application of the method. In this paper, a novel method is proposed, in which a composite structured light pattern is projected onto the object. The composite structured light pattern is formed by modulating two separate fringe patterns with a π phase difference along the orthogonal direction of the two distinct carrier frequencies. This method can eliminate the zero frequency by using only one fringe pattern. Experiments show that there is no decrease in the precision of this novel method compared with the traditional π phase shifting technique.     

An improved windowed Fourier transform for fringe demodulation

A modified algorithm of windowed Fourier transform (WFT) for phase retrieval from electronic speckle-shearing fringe patterns with carriers is proposed. The algorithm is based on the introduction of a fast Fourier transform (FFT) in WFT to reduce computation time for fringe demodulation. Since boundary effects in FFT will influence the accuracy of phase retrieval, the Gerchberg method is employed to extrapolate the fringe pattern at the boundaries to reduce boundary effects. A theoretical analysis of the algorithm is presented. Both simulated and experimental results show that the proposed method has reduced the computation time significantly compared with the convolution method of WFT without sacrificing measurement accuracy.     

基于波长移相调谐的多表面干涉研究

为了解决不同厚度下平行平晶的多表面干涉效应对光学元件面形检测的影响,提出了基于波长移相调谐原理的多表面干涉面形检测方法。根据波长移相调谐原理,推算出不同厚度下被测元件与测试腔长的比例关系,通过对多表面干涉图进行离散傅里叶变换,进而提取出平行平晶前后表面面形的相位信息。实验结果表明:与ZYGO公司GPI干涉仪测量结果对比,厚度分别为10mm和40mm的两块平行平晶,测试结果偏差很小,验证了算法的有效性。     

Application of the holographic carrier fringe and FFT technique for deformation measurement

This paper describes a holographic system based on the use of fibre optics and automatic spatial carrier fringe pattern analysis. Carrier fringes are generated by simply translating the object beam between two exposures. Single-mode optical fibres are used to transfer both the object and reference beams. The fast Fourier transform method is used to process the interferograms: it extracts phase from fringe patterns resulting from the interference of tilted wavefronts. The method is illustrated by measuring the deformation of an arbitrarily clamped, uniformly loaded circular plate. The results are given for the perspective plot of the out-of-plane deformation field, the maps of wrapped and unwrapped phase, and a contour map of the unwrapped phase.     

Parameter estimation of optical fringes with quadratic phase using the fractional Fourier transform

Optical fringes with a quadratic phase are often encountered in optical metrology. Parameter estimation of such fringes plays an important role in interferometric measurements. A novel method is proposed for accurate and direct parameter estimation using the fractional Fourier transform (FRFT), even in the presence of noise and obstacles. We take Newton׳s rings fringe patterns and electronic speckle pattern interferometry (ESPI) interferograms as classic examples of optical fringes that have a quadratic phase and present simulation and experimental results demonstrating the performance of the proposed method.     

干涉仪移相器相位移π/2标定方法的研究

干涉仪移相器的相位标定在很大程度上决定了移相干涉仪的测量精度。本文是用傅里叶变换的原理,测量出推动移相器移动的压电陶瓷堆(PZT)的微位移量,并在此基础上提出了一种用空域滤波法得到干涉因光强分布,并判断其移相误差从而校正移相器步进π/2的方法。本文组建了一套数字平面干涉仪,对干涉仪移相器进行实验,在5步法情况下其移相误差在0.5%以下。     

A novel fringe adaptation method for digital projector

Aimed to obtain high-quality sinusoidal fringe projection, a new method to correct the output fringe of digital projector is presented. The method is based on the proposed fringe transform model, which describes the relationship of the input and output fringe pattern. Firstly, a series of fringe patterns are projected and from the fringe images, the transform function is calculated by the pattern shifting method. At last, by modifying the input fringe pattern, a standard sinusoidal output fringe can be achieved. Different from the previous methods, the waveform nonlinearity is estimated by varying the intensity of the projected fringe pixel by pixel; thus the waveform nonlinearity can be estimated precisely and the time cost is considerably reduced. Experimental results show that by modification of the input projection patterns the projector can project fringe with high-quality sinusoidal waveform leading to high performance of the projection system.