有机胺盐酸盐/B(C6F5)3催化的酸与炔烃选择性加成反应研究

一直以来寻找直接有效的乙烯基官能化合成方法的研究备受关注. 报道了一种新型的有机胺盐酸盐/B(C₆F₅)₃ (BCF)体系催化炔烃与氢氯酸或羧酸的加成反应方法, 可选择性地在炔烃的C(2)位氯代或羧化. 研究了在有机胺盐酸盐/BCF体系催化下, 不同取代的炔烃与无机酸HCl的氢氯化加成反应. 在2,2,4,4-四甲基哌啶盐酸盐/BCF([TMPH]⁺[Cl-B(C₆F₅)₃]^-)催化下, 等物质的量的炔烃和HCl反应时, 端基芳炔的C(2)位一加成产物的比例可高达90%以上, 而端基烷基炔烃的选择性较芳炔差, 叔丁基乙炔的一加成产物只占到67%. 报道了非金属催化剂路易斯酸BCF催化的炔烃与羧酸CF₃COOH的烯醇酯化反应, 端基芳炔的C(2)位烯醇酯化产率可达95%以上, 而二苯基乙炔及非芳香性端基炔的反应活性较低. 首次实现了非金属催化剂FLPs参与催化的炔烃与酸的选择性氢氯化和烯醇酯化加成反应.     

密度泛函理论计算研究表面应力对钯催化乙炔选择性加氢活性与选择性的影响（英文）

在石油催化裂解过程中,除了生成乙烯、丙烯及丁烯等烯烃,还会产生部分炔烃.目前工业上通常采用炔烃选择性加氢转化为对应的单烯烃,以除去其中炔烃.由于产品烯烃中的炔烃等杂质含量需极低,这就对用于加氢催化剂的活性和选择性提出了很高的要求,即催化剂需要选择性吸附炔烃并加氢,而不损失其中的烯烃.经过前期大量的基础研究工作,目前工业中炔烃选择性加氢应用最广泛的催化剂是负载型钯基催化剂.然而,单独的钯金属选择性并不理想,因而对其选择性以及活性进行调控成为了当前关注的研究课题.本文采用密度泛函理论计算结合微观反应动力学模拟手段,研究了钯金属表面应力存在条件下的活性与选择性,以及形成次表层物种的可能性和形成后的活性与选择性.研究发现,改变钯金属的晶格参数与表面应力,反应物、表面反应中间体和产物的吸附能都会产生相应的变化,且吸附能与晶格参数的变化存在线性关系,晶格参数越大,吸附越强.利用表面反应过渡态能量与初始态能量之间的线性关系,相应的乙炔加氢生成乙烯的反应速率可以通过微观反应动力学模拟得到.结果显示,不同晶格参数的钯催化剂催化乙炔加氢生成乙烯的反应活性位于相应火山型曲线的强吸附侧,即减弱乙炔和氢的吸附强度可提高乙烯的生成速率.在此基础上,本文研究了不同表面应力的钯催化剂在次表面吸附不同覆盖度碳原子和氢原子的情况,发现晶格参数越大越有利于碳原子和氢原子在次表面的吸附.同时,研究发现在次表面碳掺杂的条件下,不同表面应力条件下的钯催化剂的活性均有所增强.此外,由于乙烯在所有研究的钯催化剂表面脱附比进一步加氢容易,因而乙烯都可以选择性生成.     

调控炔烃半氢化反应的催化选择性:实验和理论的最新进展（英文）

由于短链烯烃的广泛应用,炔烃选择性加氢制备烯烃是一个非常重要的石油化学催化过程.其中最简单的乙炔半氢化,吸引了众多研究者的广泛研究,是催化选择性调控的一个非常重要反应.工业上,由石油蒸汽裂解得到的乙烯往往混有微量(¹%)的乙炔,它会毒化乙烯聚合反应时所使用的Ziegler-Natta催化剂,因此需要降低乙炔含量至5×10–6以下.这要求加氢催化剂具有很高的乙炔转化率(> 99%)和乙烯选择性(> 80%).Pd基催化剂因低温下的具有高活性,是最常用的炔烃半氢化催化剂,其中Pd-Ag合金催化剂已在工业界应用了数十年.近十几年来,新型的乙炔半氢化催化剂不断被提出,其催化选择性的研究也取得了很大的进展.本文对炔烃半氢化反应的最新研究进展进行了总结.以乙炔加氢为例,介绍了其工业反应的条件、反应的网络以及潜在的副反应.归纳了提高加氢选择性的常见方法,并总结了近十几年报道的性能较好的乙炔半氢化催化剂.重点阐述了近年研究对加氢选择性的深入理解:Pd基催化剂的表面结构会随着反应条件和反应过程动态变化,从而影响加氢选择性.利用程序升温脱附和X射线光电子能谱研究催化剂的表...     

MoCl5对烯烃歧化和歧化聚合的催化作用

考察了单组元 MoCl_5对己烯-1歧化和歧化聚合的催化性能,低浓度MoCl_5催化剂只有烯烃歧化活性,高浓度的既有烯烃歧化又有歧化聚合活性,而且聚合反应是主要的,同时还发现Bu_4Sn-Ph_2Si(OEt)_2对MoCl_5的烯烃聚合及歧化的催化活性有明显的影响,推测MoCl_5-PhSi(OEt)与烯可能形成钼、硅、烯配合物(实验中发现它是一个深棕色固体),这个配合物在Bu_4Sn的作用下,容易形成金属卡宾络合物,促进了歧化收率的提高。     

有机钼、钨化合物研究 ⅩⅢ六羰基钼、钨体系催化炔烃聚合及其聚合物的性质

本文首次报导M(CO)_6 CX_4(M=Mo,W;X=Cl,Br)和AlCl_3(无水)组成的体系,在光照下对各种取代炔烃的聚合催化作用.发现AlCl_3能明显地提高M(CO)_6 CX_4 hv体系的催化活性.研究了不同聚合条件对聚合反应的影响,提出和讨论了该体系催化炔烃聚合反应的机理:金属卡宾活性中心的产生、金属卡宾稳定化,催化炔烃歧化聚合反应,以及最佳聚合条件.     

纳米SnO2高效催化烯烃与H2O2环氧化反应研究

构建了用于催化烯烃与过氧化氢环氧化反应的高效、 绿色催化反应体系. 首先, 通过水热合成法制备了纳米SnO₂, 并在320 ℃下煅烧. 随后, 对所有催化剂进行X射线衍射(XRD)、 紫外-可见漫反射光谱(UV-Vis)、 傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)、 扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和透射电子显微镜(TEM)表征. 进一步将催化剂用于以H₂O₂水溶液为氧化剂环氧化各种官能化烯烃(包括环烯烃, 苯乙烯和直链烯烃)的反应, 以高转化率和高选择性得到了环氧化物. 在相似的反应条件下, 发现合成的纳米SnO₂-170催化剂在催化1-甲基环己烯与H₂O₂的环氧化反应中的活性最佳, 在2 h内1-甲基环己烯的转化率达到100%, 环氧化物选择性达到100%.     

C1桥联的茂金属化合物(Cp)CR1R2(Flu)MCl2的合成及其催化烯烃聚合活性

合成了6种单碳桥联的含芴(Flu)茂(Cp)基B族茂金属催化剂,研究了它们催化烯烃聚合的能力.通过IR,¹HNMR,EI-MS和元素分析对化合物进行了表征.用所合成的茂金属化合物与MAO所组成的催化体系对乙烯、丙烯的聚合进行了研究.其中金属为Ti的催化剂没有聚合活性或活性极低.金属为Zr的催化剂有一定的催化活性,用不同的催化剂得到的聚合物性质有一定的差异.     

高分子负载的庚烯－1歧化催化剂研究

将烯烃均相歧化催化剂ＷＣｌ６－Ｂｕ４Ｓｎ中的ＷＣｌ６成分用浸渍法负载于各种高分子载体上，用于庚烯－１的催化歧比反应。聚苯乙烯负载体系使庚烯－１歧化反应产率提高了近三倍，歧化反应选择性提高了近一倍，对实验结果分析表明：聚苯乙烯分子中的苯环侧基对钨成分弱的络合作用可能是催化剂活性提高的内在原因。     

高分子负载的庚烯—1歧化催化剂研究

将烯烃均相岐化催化剂ＷＣｌ６－Ｂｕ４Ｓｎ中的ＷＣｌ６成分用浸渍法负载于各种高分子载体上，用于庚烯－１的催化歧化反应，聚苯乙烯负载体系使庚烯－１歧化反应产率提高了近三倍，歧化反应选择性提高了近一倍，对实验结果表明：聚苯乙烯分子中的苯环侧基对钨成分弱的络合作用可能是催化剂活性提高的内在原因。     

一种温和高效的钯催化乙炔的环三聚

乙炔是石油化工的重要产品之一,乙炔分子中存在高活性的π电子体系,具有很高的反应活性。许多催化体系包括过渡金属催化剂、非金属催化剂等可以催化活泼的乙炔发生环三聚反应,得到重要的化工原料苯。作者首次利用氯化钯作为催化剂催化乙炔环三聚,在很温和的条件下高效率地实现了这一反应。     

Mesoporous Molecular Sieves as Advanced Supports for Olefin Metathesis Catalysts

Summary: Siliceous mesoporous molecular sieves MCM-41, MCM-48 and SBA-15 and organised mesoporous alumina represent progressive supports for new heterogeneous catalysts for olefin metathesis and metathesis polymerization. In combination with Mo and Re oxides they provide catalysts of considerably higher activity in comparison with those based on conventional silica and alumina. Immobilization of Mo and Ru alkylidenes on these materials led to the highly active and selective catalysts with negligible leaching of transition metal.     

Ring-Closing Olefin Metathesis Catalyzed by Well-Defined Vanadium Alkylidene Complexes

Vanadium-based catalysts have shown activity and selectivity in ring-opening metathesis polymerization of strained cyclic olefins comparable to those of Ru, Mo, and W catalysts. However, the application of V alkylidenes in routine organic synthesis is limited. Here, we present the first example of ring-closing olefin metathesis catalyzed by well-defined V chloride alkylidene phosphine complexes. The developed catalysts exhibit tolerance to various functional groups, such as an ether, an ester, a tertiary amide, a tertiary amine, and a sulfonamide. The size and electron-donating properties of the imido group and the phosphine play a crucial role in the stability of active intermediates. Reactions with ethylene and olefins suggest that both β-hydride elimination of the metallacyclobutene and bimolecular decomposition are responsible for catalyst degradation.     

钨含量对W/SiO2/Al2O3催化剂上1-丁烯自歧化反应的影响

采用浸渍法制备了一系列钨负载量不同的W/SiO₂/Al₂O₃ 催化剂. 采用X 射线衍射(XRD)、激光拉曼(Raman)光谱、紫外-可见(UV-Vis)光谱、氢气程序升温还原(H₂-TPR)和氨程序升温脱附(NH₃-TPD)等技术对催化剂进行了表征. 实验结果表明: 钨的负载量对催化剂上氧化钨物种的分散程度、还原性以及催化剂的酸性有非常重要的影响. 对该类催化剂上1-丁烯自歧化反应进行了详细考察, 结果表明: 当钨的质量分数为6.0%时,W/SiO₂/Al₂O₃催化剂表现出最佳的歧化活性和稳定性. 原因在于6.0%的钨负载量可以使催化剂上氧化钨物种具有中等程度的分散性、合适的还原性, 并且使催化剂具有一定程度的酸性, 这些因素有利于在催化剂上形成烯烃歧化活性位.     

A new concept for the noncovalent binding of a ruthenium-based olefin metathesis catalyst to polymeric phases: preparation of a catalyst on Raschig rings

A new concept for noncovalent immobilization of a ruthenium olefin metathesis catalyst is presented. The 2-isopropoxybenzylidene ligand of a Hoveyda-Grubbs carbene is further modified by an additional amino group (7) and immobilization is achieved by treatment with sulfonated polystyrene forming the corresponding ammonium salt. In this novel strategy for the immobilization of ruthenium-based metathesis catalysts, the amino group plays a two-fold role, being first an active anchor for immobilization and second, after protonation, activating the catalysts (electron donating to electron withdrawing activity switch). The polymeric support was prepared by precipitation polymerization which led to small bead sizes (0.2-2 microm) and large surface areas. Compared to commercial resins this tailor-made phase showed superior properties in immobilization of complex 7. This concept of immobilization was applied to glass-polymer composite megaporous Raschig rings. Ru catalyst 7 on Raschig rings was used under batch conditions in various metathesis reactions, including ring-closing (RCM), cross- (CM) and enyne metathesis, to give products of high chemical purity with very low ruthenium contamination levels (21-102 ppm). The same ring can be used for up to 6 cycles of metathesis.     

STUDIES ON ORGANO-MOLYBDENUM AND TUNGSTEN COMPOUNDS(Ⅲ)——CATALYTIC POLYMERIZATION OF ACETYLENE BY M-O-C BOND-CONTAINING COMPLEXES OF Mo AND W

Catalytic polymerization of acetylene in the presence of n5-C5H5-M-(CO)3 R (M=Mo,W;R=CH3-,C2H5-) has been studied.The results show that these complexes possess catalytic activities for the polymerization and copolymerization of monosubstituted acetylene.The catalytic mechanism has been preliminarily discussed.It is suggested that the active species be metal-car-bene.In our previous publications we reported the synthesis of some new Fischer's molybdenum and tungsten-carbene complexes and catalytic activity for alkyne polymerization.The results show that the activity of Fischer's molybdenum-carbene is higher than that of tungsten.The catalytic polymerization of alkyne by M-σ-c bond-containing complexes of molybdenum and tungsten has not been reported yet in literature.Therefore,four M-σ-C bondontaining complexes of molybdenum and tungsten were synthesized by using the method reported in the literature,and catalyst polymerization of alkyne by these complexes was examined.     

Sustainable concepts in olefin metathesis

Ruthenium-catalyzed olefin metathesis reactions represent an attractive and powerful transformation for the formation of new carbon-carbon double bonds. This area is now quite familiar to most chemists as numerous catalysts are available that enable a plethora of olefin metathesis reactions. Nevertheless, with the exception of uses in polymerization reactions, only a limited number of industrial processes use olefin metathesis. This is mainly due to difficulties associated with removing ruthenium from the final products. In this context, a number of studies have been carried out to develop procedures for the removal of the catalyst or the products of catalyst decomposition, however, none are universally attractive so far. This situation has resulted in tremendous activity in the area dealing with supported or tagged versions of homogeneous catalysts. This Review summarizes the numerous studies focused on developing cleaner ruthenium-catalyzed metathesis processes.     

H2S/H2硫化温度对MoP/SiO2催化剂硫醚化性能的影响

以负载磷酸钼为前驱体,采用程序升温还原法制备了MoP/SiO₂催化剂,以体积分数3%H₂S/H₂对其进行了硫化处理,利用XRD、CO化学吸附、NH₃-TPD、HRTEM-EDX、ICP-AES以及XPS等手段对催化剂进行了表征,研究了硫化温度对MoP/SiO₂催化剂结构和异戊二烯与正丁硫醇硫醚化性能的影响。结果表明,即使在400℃硫化处理也未改变MoP/SiO₂催化剂中MoP体相结构;随着硫化温度提高,催化剂表面酸量增加、金属位数量减少,降低了催化剂C-S键氢解及异戊二烯深度加氢活性,但同时也提高了催化剂烯烃聚合活性。经120℃硫化处理的MoP/SiO₂兼具较佳硫醚化及异戊二烯选择加氢性能。     

A neutral, water-soluble olefin metathesis catalyst based on an N-heterocyclic carbene ligand

A water-soluble ruthenium-based olefin metathesis catalyst supported by a poly(ethylene glycol) conjugated N-heterocyclic carbene ligand is reported. The catalyst displays greater activity in aqueous ring-opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP) reactions than previously reported water-soluble metathesis catalysts.     

Benchmarked Intrinsic Olefin Metathesis Activity: Mo vs. W

Combining Surface Organometallic Chemistry with rigorous olefin purification protocol allows evaluating and comparing the intrinsic activities of Mo and W olefin metathesis catalysts towards different types of olefin substrates. While well‐defined silica‐supported Mo and W imido‐alkylidenes show very similar activities in metathesis of internal olefins, Mo catalysts systematically outperform their W analogs in metathesis of terminal olefins, consistent with the formation of stable unsubstituted W metallacyclobutanes in the presence of ethylene. However, Mo catalysts are more prone to induce olefin isomerization, in particular when ethylene is present, probably because of their propensity to undergo more easily reduction processes.     

磷含量对NiMo/γ-Al2O3催化剂活性相结构的影响

采用程序升温还原（TPR）、高分辨透射电镜（HRTEM）和X射线光电子能谱（XPS）表征手段对共浸渍法制备的不同磷含量NiMo/γ-Al₂O₃催化剂进行了表征,研究了磷含量对NiMo/γ-Al₂O₃催化剂活性相结构的影响。TPR研究表明,磷能够减少四面体配位Mo物种的数量,增加八面体配位Mo物种的数量,促进高活性Ⅱ型"Ni-Mo-S"活性相的形成。HRTEM研究表明,随磷含量的增加,MoS₂颗粒堆积层数增加,催化剂的加氢选择性提高;适量磷能够增加边角位有效Mo原子的分散度(fMo),增加催化剂表面加氢脱硫（HDS）和加氢脱氮（HDN）活性位的数量。上述结论得到了XPS表征的证实：适量磷增加了催化剂表面Mo原子浓度、提高有效助剂比率（PR）和提升比率（Ni/Mo）,相应催化剂表现出最高的HDS和HDN活性;但过高磷含量能够引起MoS₂颗粒过度堆积,片层长度过长,导致活性位数量减少,催化活性降低。