Recent advances in fluorescent probes for the detection of reactive oxygen species

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) have captured the interest of many researchers in the chemical, biological, and medical fields since they are thought to be associated with various pathological conditions. Fluorescent probes for the detection of ROS are promising tools with which to enhance our understanding of the physiological roles of ROS, because they provide spatial and temporal information about target biomolecules in in vivo cellular systems. ROS probes, designed to detect specific ROS with a high selectivity, would be desirable, since it is now becoming clear that each ROS has its own unique physiological activity. However, dihydro-compounds such as 2′,7′-dichlorodihydrofluorescein (DCFH), which have traditionally been used for detecting ROS, tend to react with a wide variety of ROS and are not completely photostable. Some attractive fluorescent probes that exhibit a high degree of selectivity toward specific ROS have recently been reported, and these selective probes are expected to have great potential for elucidating unknown physiological mechanisms associated with their target ROS. This review focuses on the design, detection mechanism, and performance of fluorescent probes for the detection of singlet oxygen (¹O₂), hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂), hydroxyl radicals (^.OH), or superoxide anion (O₂ ^−.), a field in which remarkable progress has been achieved in the last few years.     

Recent advances in formaldehyde-responsive fluorescent probes

Formaldehyde is one of the simplest reactive carbonyl species. In view of the harmfulness of formaldehyde in nature and humans, it is of great signifi cance to further elucidate roles and functions of formaldehyde by a noninvasive detection approach. Fluorescent probes have become a popular tool to track and detect formaldehyde in vitro and in vivo, which have attracted more and more interest recently. This review focuses on various reaction mechanisms to design the fluorescent probes for detecting formaldehyde.     

硼酸及硼酸酯类过氧化氢荧光探针的最新研究进展

生物新陈代谢过程中产生的过氧化氢（H2O2）是生命活动所必需的,但是过量过氧化氢的存在可以引发多种疾病,因此对体内过氧化氢的检测具有重要意义.采用荧光探针法,借助激光共聚焦成像技术能够实现对活细胞和组织内的过氧化氢＂实时、可见、定量＂的检测,为深入阐明过氧化氢在生理和病理过程中所起的作用提供了一个重要手段.本文按荧光探针的结构分类,对近几年来以硼酸及硼酸酯基团作为荧光开关的具有高选择性和灵敏度的过氧化氢荧光探针进行了综述,主要探讨其设计思想、作用机制及应用,为过氧化氢探针的设计提供了新思路.     

Recent advances in mitochondria-and lysosomes-targeted small-molecule two-photon fluorescent probes

This review summarized the recent advances in small-molecule two-photon fl uorescent probes for monitoring a wide variety of biomolecules and changes inside micro-environment in mitochondria and lysosomes, or served as mitotracker and lysotracker with the assistance of two-photon microscopy.     

Recent advances in molecular fluorescent probes for organic phosphate biomolecules recognition

Organic phosphate biomolecules (OPBs) are indispensable components of eukaryotes and prokaryotes, such as acting as the fundamental components of cell membranes and important substrates for nucleic acids. They play pivotal roles in various biological processes, such as energy conservation, metabolism, and signal modulation. Due to the difficulty of detection caused by variety OPBs, investigation of their respective physiological effects in organisms has been restrained by the lack of efficient tools. Many small fluorescent probes have been employed for selective detection and monitoring of OPBs in vitro or in vivo due to the advantages of tailored properties, biodegradability and in situ high temporal and spatial resolution imaging. In this review, we summarize the recent advances in fluorescent probes for OPBs, such as nucleotides, NAD(P)H, FAD/FMN and PS. Importantly, we describe their identification mechanisms in detail and discuss the general strategies for these OPBs probe designs, which provide new insights and ideas for the future probe designs.     

Recent advances in molecular fluorescent probes for organic phosphate biomolecules recognition

This review provided a systematic overview of the recent researches on the small-molecule fluorescent probes for recognition various organic phosphate biomolecules (OPBs) including nucleotides, NAD(P)H, FAD/FMN and PS. The general strategies and the recognition mechanisms for these OPBs probe designs were described and emphasized to inspire the better design for fluorescent probes in the future.     

Recent advance of fluorescent probes for detection of drug-induced liver injury markers

Drug-induced liver injury (DILI) is a common and serious adverse drug reaction. At present, DILI is perfectly diagnozed in clinical settings using Roussel Uclaf causality assessment method (RUCAM) in its original version published 1993 and its updated version published 2016, well established worldwide as a diagnostic algorithm with a high sensitivity and specificity. Nevertheless, the search for additional detection methods supporting RUCAM continues. In recent years, with the development of optical imaging technology, fluorescent probes have gradually shown great advantages in the detection and diagnosis of DILI markers such as high sensitivity, anti-interference, real-time monitoring and non-invasive measurement. In this review, the recent advances of fluorescent probes for evaluation of DILI in experimental studies were summarized according to various markers of DILI. We believe that learning about the design and practical application of these probes will contribute to the further development of detection sensors for DILI markers.     

银纳米簇荧光探针检测L-半胱氨酸

常温下合成了二氢硫辛酸(DHLA)包裹的银纳米簇(AgNCs),并基于L-半胱氨酸对AgNCs的荧光猝灭现象构建了AgNCs荧光探针对Cys的检测方法。结果表明,在优化条件下,AgNCs的荧光猝灭程度和Cys浓度在2.0~100μmol/L范围内呈现良好的线性关系(R2=0.998),检出限为1.77μmol/L(S/N=3)。在人体血清样品中Cys检测的加标回收率为94.0%~102.4%。     

Recent progress in small molecule fluorescent probes for nitroreductase

This review aims to provide a summary of the progress in fluorescent probes for nitroreductase (NTR) in recent years and displays the main fluorescent mechanisms that have been applied to design probes.     

Small-molecule fluorescent probes for the detection of carbon dioxide

This review summarizes the design principles, recognition mechanisms, properties and functions of various kinds of small-molecule fluorescent probes for the detection of carbon dioxide     

Recent advances of AIE light-up probes for photodynamic therapy

As a new non-invasive treatment method, photodynamic therapy (PDT) has attracted great attention in biomedical applications. The advantages of possessing fluorescence for photosensitizers have made it possible to combine imaging and diagnosis together with PDT. The unique features of aggregation-induced emission (AIE) fluorogens provide new opportunities for facile design of light-up probes with high signal-to-noise ratios and improved theranostic accuracy and efficacy for image-guided PDT. In this review, we summarize the recent advances of AIE light-up probes for PDT. The strategies and principles to design AIE photosensitizers and light-up probes are firstly introduced. The application of AIE light-up probes in photodynamic antitumor and antibacterial applications is further elaborated in detail, from binding/targeting-mediated, reaction-mediated, and external stimuli-mediated light-up aspects. The challenges and future perspectives of AIE light-up probes in the PDT field are also presented with the hope to encourage more promising developments of AIE materials for phototheranostic applications and translational research.

AIE fluorogens provide new opportunities for the development of light-up probes for photodynamic therapy.     

荧光探针在羧酸酯酶检测中的研究进展

羧酸酯酶(CES)属于丝氨酸酯酶超家族,它们位于多种组织的内质网和胞质,参与药物、环境毒物和前致癌物的代谢激活或发挥解毒作用。为进一步了解CES生理学和药理学的作用,研发出一种能够在细胞、组织和有机体水平上实时准确监测CES的方法非常有必要。荧光探针具有高选择性、高灵敏度、快速检测、比色明显、操作简便、实时成像等优势,作为一种灵敏的检测手段,被广泛应用于生物检测、光学成像等领域。本文主要对近5年来用于CES检测的荧光探针研究进展进行总结。     

Recent progress in two-photon small molecule fluorescent probes for enzymes

Enzymes are macromolecular biological catalysts which can accelerate chemical reactions in living organisms. Almost all the physiological metabolism activities in the cell need enzymes to sustain life via rapid catalysis. Currently, medical research has proved that abnormal enzyme activity is associated with numerous diseases, such as Parkinson’s disease (PD), Alzheimer's disease (AD) and cancers. On the other hand, early diagnosis of those diseases is of great significance to improve the survival rate and cure rate. In the current diagnostic tools, two-photon fluorescent probes (TPFPs) are developing rapidly due to their unique advantages, such as higher spatial resolution, deeper imaging depth, and lower biotoxicity. Therefore, the design and synthesis of two-photon (TP) small molecule enzymatic probes have broad prospects for early diagnosis and treatment of diseases. As of now, scientists have developed many TP small molecule enzymatic probes. This review aims to summarize the TP small molecule enzymatic probes and expound the reaction mechanism.     

Recent progress in two-photon small molecule fluorescent probes for enzymes

This review aims to provide a summary of the progress in TP small molecule fluorescent probes for enzymes in recent years and displays the main fluorescent mechanisms that have been applied to design probes.     

Recent advances in organic-dye-based photoacoustic probes for biosensing and bioimaging

Photoacoustic imaging(PAI) is a non-destructive biomedical imaging technology with broad application prospects. PAI combines the advantages of optical imaging and ultrasound imaging with high selectivity and deep penetration to overcome the high scattering limitation of light in tissues. This emerging technology also achieves high-resolution and high-contrast imaging of deep tissue in vivo. Recently, photoacoustic(PA) probes based on organic dyes have emerged prominently in biosensing and bioimaging due to their excellent optical properties and structural adaptability. This paper gives an outline of the basic PAI principles and focuses on the application of organic-dye-based PA probes for molecular detection and in vivo imaging. The advantages of PAI technology and the drawbacks of current PA probes are then summarized. Finally, the prospects for application are evaluated considering the potential challenges in the biomedical fields.     

共轭聚合物荧光纳米粒子研究进展

近年来,共轭聚合物荧光纳米粒子因其优异的光学性能,在化学、医学和环境科学等研究领域显示了极其广阔的应用前景.相比于传统无机半导体荧光纳米材料,共轭聚合物荧光纳米粒子具有结构多样性、功能可设计性、生物相容性好等显著优势.本文从共轭聚合物荧光粒子的制备方法、光学性能、表面功能化修饰出发,重点讨论了近年来共轭聚合物纳米粒子作为荧光探针在细胞成像及生物化学检测方面的研究进展,阐述了当前研究的主要发展方向和仍需解决的问题.     

Biomarker-targeted fluorescent probes for breast cancer imaging

This review summarized fluorescent probes for breast cancer imaging according to different biomarkers probes recognized.     

多肽荧光探针在蛋白质检测中的应用

荧光探针法是痕量蛋白质检测的重要方法,其中多肽荧光探针得到了广泛的应用.本文综述了3种主要类型多肽荧光探针,即单荧光标记探针、双荧光标记探针和与其他材料形成复合物的探针的结构特点、检测原理以及不同类型多肽荧光探针在蛋白质定性、定量检测和酶活性测定等方面的应用,并对多肽荧光探针的未来发展方向进行了展望.     

Naphthalimide-based fluorescent off/on probes for the detection of thiols

Herein, we report the design and synthesis of two naphthalimide-based fluorescent probes. These probes provided high on/off signal ratios and exhibited good selectivity towards thiols over other analytes. Thus, they were identified as good sensors for the detection of thiols both in living cells and in rabbit plasma samples.     

Recent developments in molecular dynamics simulations of fluorescent membrane probes

Due to their sensitivity and versatility, the use of fluorescence techniques in membrane biophysics is widespread. Because membrane lipids are non-fluorescent, extrinsic membrane probes are widely used. However, the behaviour of these probes when inserted in the bilayer is often poorly understood, and it can be hard to distinguish between legitimate membrane properties and perturbation resulting from probe incorporation. Atomistic molecular dynamics simulations present a convenient way to address these issues and have been increasingly used in recent years in this context. This article reviews the application of molecular dynamics to the study of fluorescent membrane probes, focusing on recent work with complex design fluorophores and ordered bilayer systems.