硫酸化氧化锆负载的Ru单原子催化甲烷直接转化制甲醇（英文）

天然气作为一种低碳清洁能源,其储量大、价格低、热值高,被认为是最有前途的石油替代资源之一.甲烷是天然气的主要成分,直接转化为甲醇是有效利用甲烷的一种途径,也是一个极具挑战性的课题.一方面,甲烷的C-H键(439.3 kJ·mol^-1)强度非常高,活化十分困难;另一方面,在反应条件下,甲醇等产物比甲烷更容易被氧化,从而导致目标产物的选择性不高.因此,设计高效催化剂是解决该难题的有效途径之一.研究(J. Catal., 1993, 144.238-253和Catal. Today, 2021, 365,71-79)发现,硫酸化的氧化锆(SZ)负载的贵金属(例如Pt等)等超强酸催化剂能够促进甲烷在脱氢芳构化反应中的活化.受该工作启发,本文通过模拟均相催化设计了固体超强酸负载的Ru单原子催化剂(SAC),并在温和条件(70 ℃)下将其用于甲烷直接转化制甲醇反应.结果发现,在Ru/SZSAC上的含氧化合物(CH₃OH, CH₃OOH和HCOOH)收率(18.32 μmol,≥80 h^-1)显著超过SZ(0.6...     

甲烷无氧芳构化催化剂的活性相生成研究

利用在线质谱分析检测了在各种催化剂上甲烷的程序升温表面反应(TPSR)过程中不同物种的行为.结果表明,MoO₃向Mo₂C的转变阻碍了甲烷的活化及其芳构化.如果这个转变过程在TPSR反应前发生,甲烷活化和苯生成的温度将大大降低(分别为760K和847K).通过比较担载在不同分子筛上钼物种的催化行为发现,甲烷的初始活化是这个反应速率的决定步骤.只有具备合适的钼价态,Bro-nsted酸性以及特殊的分子筛孔道结构的催化剂才能使甲烷芳构化反应高效进行.     

镍基中空纤维催化剂实现甲烷高效电催化转化（英文）

随着天然气以及页岩气为代表的非常规天然气的大规模开采,甲烷作为化工原料的直接转化利用受到了越来越多的关注.然而,甲烷分子具有极其稳定的正四面体结构,其物理化学性质非常稳定,如具有高达439 kJ/mol的C–H键能、极弱的电子亲和力、相当大的离子化能量和低的极化率,这都使得甲烷分子C–H键的活化相当困难.如何实现甲烷直接高效催化转化被誉为催化领域的"皇冠式"课题.与经甲烷重整制合成气,然后通过F-T合成获取化学品的间接转化法相比,甲烷直接转化无论在物料、能量转换效率还是在设备成本、环境保护等方面都有着非常明显的优势.以甲烷氧化偶联以及非氧化偶联(如无氧芳构化等)为典型代表的甲烷直接转化研究不断取得突破,但其各自都存在一定的局限性.相比于热催化转化路径,电催化转化路径在许多方面存在着十分明显的优势:(1)反应条件温和,甚至在常温常压条件下也能实现甲烷电催化转化反应的发生;(2)可调控程度高,仅需调节关键实验参数如电压和电流等,就能实现对反应过程热力学以及动力学的调控;(3)能够利用可再生电能驱动甲烷转化反应的发生,可将低品阶的电能转化并存储为化学能.本文采用Ni中空纤维作为基底,在其表面...     

二-(4-溴-2,5-二烷氧基苯基)甲烷及其类似物的合成

报道二-(4-溴-2,5-二烷氧基苯基)甲烷的一种简便合成方法.1,4-二乙氧基-2,5-二(烷氧基甲基)苯(1)在对甲苯磺酸催化下生成柱形杯[5]芳烃化合物2;2与N-溴代丁二酰亚胺(NBS)反应,生成二-(4-溴-2,5-二烷氧基苯基)甲烷(3).该方法反应条件温和、操作简单、选择性好、收率高.2与硝酸发生硝化反应,生成二-(4-硝基-2,5-二甲氧基苯基)甲烷(4).所合成的二-(4-溴-2,5-二烷氧基苯基)甲烷和二-(4-硝基-2,5-二甲氧基苯基)甲烷经过1H NMR,13C NMR和MS表征确认.     

4,4'-二苯甲烷二异氰酸酯的高效液相色谱分析

用甲醇做衍牛试剂,把4,4'-二苯甲烷二异氰酸酯(MDI)衍生成4,4'-二苯甲烷二氨基甲酸甲酯(MDC),通过高效液相色谱分析MDC的含量来计算MDI的含量.该方法可以将MDI与合成反应中其他化合物完全分离.在测定浓度范围内线性关系良好,方法简单快速,精密度与准确度高.方法既保护了MDI中活泼的异氰酸根,也不需使用运输和储存困难的MDI标准品,能很好地用于化学合成中该产物的分析.     

Mo掺杂CeO2催化剂上甲烷的无氧偶联:表面和气相过程(英文)

甲烷无氧偶联是一种很有前景的甲烷转化利用的增值途径.由于高温条件下催化剂表面反应与气相自由基反应共存且均对产物分布具有重要影响,因而很难深入理解该反应的机理.本文采用火焰喷雾热解方法制备了一系列具有高度分散Mo位点的Mo掺杂的CeO₂样品,并用于催化甲烷无氧偶联反应.结果表明,在气相产物中,附加值较高的C₂烃产物(乙烷和乙烯)的选择性可达98%.反应过程中催化剂中高度分散的Mo-oxo物种被还原并转化为Mo(oxy-)碳化物物种,它是甲烷活化的活性位点.通过改变反应器内气相部分(即无催化剂部分)的体积,研究了气相反应对于产物分布的贡献.乙烷是甲烷无氧偶联的初级产物,部分乙烯和大部分苯是通过气相化学形成的.综上,本文为甲烷无氧偶联高效催化剂的设计提供了参考,并明确了减少反应器中自由体积以限制二次气相反应的重要性.     

甲烷直接氧化制甲醇研究进展概述

目前,天然气转化为高附加值化工产品的应用越来越受到人们关注.甲烷作为天然气的主要成分,其转化和应用是天然气化工领域的重要研究方向.而甲烷直接氧化制甲醇长久以来一直是研究重点.甲烷直接氧化制甲醇与传统的甲烷二步法间接转化相比,有节能和工艺简化的突出特点.然而,甲醇直接氧化制甲醇过程所面临的主要问题有：(1)甲烷分子的活化能很高,需要苛刻的操作条件才能活化参与反应;(2)反应进行的程度难以控制,生成的甲醇会进一步被氧化生成较多副产物,大大降低甲醇收率.因此,高效活化甲烷分子和抑制甲醇深度氧化是促进该过程工业化的重要研究内容.本文主要论述了非均相、气相均相和液相体系中甲烷直接氧化制甲醇的研究进展.在甲烷非均相氧化过程中,采用过渡金属氧化物作为催化剂在高温条件下催化甲烷部分氧化反应,其中,钼系和铁系催化剂的研究最为广泛.研究表明, MoO3可作为催化剂的主要活性组分,尤以 MoO3/Ga2O3催化剂性能最好,得到甲醇收率最高.在铁系催化剂中, Fe-ZSM-5 催化反应的甲醇选择性和收率都相对较高;但是每次反应后催化剂都需要重新活化,这种间歇性操作会增加成本,不利于工业化应用.总之,甲烷的非均相氧化过程存在易形成金属聚集体、催化剂选择性低以及甲醇收率低(5%)等问题,需要深入系统地研究解决.然而,与非均相氧化过程相比,操作较为简单的甲烷气相均相氧化作为目前最有工业前景的过程受到越来越多关注.在此过程中,影响反应的主要因素有反应器、反应条件(反应压力、反应温度和反应时间等)以及添加的介质等.反应器的特殊设计需要考虑的方面有反应产物的分离与转移、反应热的移除以有效提高甲烷的转化率,比如膜反应器对物质的分离作用.反应压力对反应过程的影响较为复杂.基于动力学因素,提高反应压力可以较大幅度地增加甲醇收率,同时最佳反应温度降低,但是,当压力高于8.0 MPa时,设备成本消耗大幅增加.另外,研究表明,进料中加入 NOx作为添加介质可以提高甲烷转化率和甲醇选择性,同时降低初始反应温度.与前两个氧化体系相比,液相均匀氧化过程能够获得较高的甲烷转化率与甲醇选择性.但是液相体系中强腐蚀性介质的使用增加了设备成本,阻碍了该过程工业化的应用进程.因此,促进液相体系工业化的关键就是开发绿色高效的催化剂.     

铜纳米颗粒催化的炔、二卤甲烷、胺三组分偶联反应研究

以铜纳米颗粒作为催化剂,Cs2CO3为碱,二卤甲烷为底物和溶剂,发展了一个高效的催化炔、二卤甲烷、胺三组分偶联反应(AHA偶联反应)生成炔丙胺的反应体系.与文献相比,该催化体系具有催化剂廉价易得、反应条件相对温和、底物适应性优良、使用单一溶剂体系后处理方便的特点.同时,以铜纳米颗粒为催化剂,易于实现催化剂的有效循环利用,经5次反应催化活性未见明显下降.     

三(4-硝基苯基)甲醇及其氯化物的合成与表征

以三苯甲烷为原料,经硝化、氧化和氯化三步反应合成了三(4-硝基苯基)甲烷(TNPM),三(4-硝基苯基)甲醇(TNPMO)和三(4-硝基苯基)氯甲烷(TNPMCl)等一系列三芳基甲烷类化合物.三苯甲烷经混酸硝化制备TNPM;然后经CrO3/冰醋酸氧化生成TNPMO,最后与乙酰氯反应得到TNPMCl.各步产物的结构经核磁共振与红外光谱进行了表征.     

甲烷直接氧化制甲醇研究进展概述（英文）

目前,天然气转化为高附加值化工产品的应用越来越受到人们关注.甲烷作为天然气的主要成分,其转化和应用是天然气化工领域的重要研究方向.而甲烷直接氧化制甲醇长久以来一直是研究重点.甲烷直接氧化制甲醇与传统的甲烷二步法间接转化相比,有节能和工艺简化的突出特点.然而,甲醇直接氧化制甲醇过程所面临的主要问题有:(1)甲烷分子的活化能很高,需要苛刻的操作条件才能活化参与反应;(2)反应进行的程度难以控制,生成的甲醇会进一步被氧化生成较多副产物,大大降低甲醇收率.因此,高效活化甲烷分子和抑制甲醇深度氧化是促进该过程工业化的重要研究内容.本文主要论述了非均相、气相均相和液相体系中甲烷直接氧化制甲醇的研究进展.在甲烷非均相氧化过程中,采用过渡金属氧化物作为催化剂在高温条件下催化甲烷部分氧化反应,其中,钼系和铁系催化剂的研究最为广泛.研究表明,MoO_3可作为催化剂的主要活性组分,尤以MoO_3/Ga_2O_3催化剂性能最好,得到甲醇收率最高.在铁系催化剂中,Fe-ZSM-5催化反应的甲醇选择性和收率都相对较高;但是每次反应后催化剂都需要重新活化,这种间歇性操作会增加成本,不利于工业化应用.总之,甲烷的非均相氧化过程存在易形成金属聚集体、催化剂选择性低以及甲醇收率低(5%)等问题,需要深入系统地研究解决.然而,与非均相氧化过程相比,操作较为简单的甲烷气相均相氧化作为目前最有工业前景的过程受到越来越多关注.在此过程中,影响反应的主要因素有反应器、反应条件(反应压力、反应温度和反应时间等)以及添加的介质等.反应器的特殊设计需要考虑的方面有反应产物的分离与转移、反应热的移除以有效提高甲烷的转化率,比如膜反应器对物质的分离作用.反应压力对反应过程的影响较为复杂.基于动力学因素,提高反应压力可以较大幅度地增加甲醇收率,同时最佳反应温度降低,但是,当压力高于8.0MPa时,设备成本消耗大幅增加.另外,研究表明,进料中加入NO_x作为添加介质可以提高甲烷转化率和甲醇选择性,同时降低初始反应温度.与前两个氧化体系相比,液相均匀氧化过程能够获得较高的甲烷转化率与甲醇选择性.但是液相体系中强腐蚀性介质的使用增加了设备成本,阻碍了该过程工业化的应用进程.因此,促进液相体系工业化的关键就是开发绿色高效的催化剂.     

Metal-Oxo Electronic Tuning via In Situ CO Decoration for Promoting Methane Conversion to Oxygenates over Single-Atom Catalysts

Direct methane conversion (DMC) to oxygenates at low temperature is of great value but remains challenging due to the high energy barrier for C−H bond activation. Here, we report that in situ decoration of Pd₁-ZSM-5 single atom catalyst (SAC) by CO molecules significantly promoted the DMC reaction, giving the highest turnover frequency of 207 h⁻¹ ever reported at room temperature and ~100 % oxygenates selectivity with H₂O₂ as oxidant. Combined characterizations and DFT calculations illustrate that the C-atom of CO prefers to coordinate with Pd₁, which donates electrons to the Pd₁−O active center (L−Pd₁−O, L=CO) generated by H₂O₂ oxidation. The correspondingly improved electron density over Pd−O pair renders a favorable heterolytic dissociation of C−H bond with low energy barrier of 0.48 eV. Applying CO decoration strategy to M₁-ZSM-5 (M=Pd, Rh, Ru, Fe) enables improvement of oxygenates productivity by 3.2–11.3 times, highlighting the generalizability of this method in tuning metal-oxo electronic structure of SACs for efficient DMC process.     

Identifying the Types and Characterization of the Active Sites on M−X−C Single-Atom Catalysts

Single atom catalysts (SACs) have attracted much attention in recent years. As an essential group in SACs, M−X−C (X=nonmetallic element) materials have been demonstrated to be efficient in many reactions. However, identifying the active sites on M−X−C, especially under working conditions, is still challenging, which is crucial for chemists to further understand the mechanism underlying the reaction and better design proper SACs for specific reactions. Herein, the types and characterization of M−X−C are comprehensively summarized and discussed in this review. In addition to the basic information above, the challenges and opportunities remaining in this field will be also proposed to present a perspective to the research on the next step.     

热稳定单原子催化剂的理性构筑:从原子级结构到实际应用

80%以上的工业生产过程涉及催化,如化工生产、能源转换、制药和废物处理等等.催化剂的使用显著提高了生产效率,降低了生产成本,为国民经济、地球环境和人类文明的可持续发展做出了很大贡献.为了满足日益增长的生产需求和最大的经济效益,开发高效、稳定、低成本的新型催化剂已成为当务之急.金属中心负载在载体上的负载型金属催化剂因其较好的催化活性和相对较低的金属用量而受到广泛关注.研究发现,负载型结构可增强传热和传质并增加活性金属中心的分散度,从而影响催化性能.此外,负载金属的颗粒尺寸对催化剂的性能有很大影响.迄今为止,科学家们一直在通过减小金属颗粒尺寸和提高原子利用效率来提高催化剂的活性.原子级尺寸的颗粒通常表现出与大尺寸颗粒显着不同的物理和化学性质,而当活性位点的尺寸缩小到单个原子时,单原子催化剂的概念应运而生.对于单原子催化剂,金属原子中心通过配位被载体中的缺陷锚定,从而调整金属原子的电子云分布.这种配位调整使得单原子催化剂拥有与传统催化剂不同的性能.作为催化领域的新前沿,单原子催化剂已经在许多催化反应中表现出前所未有的活性和选择性.然而,许多报道的单原子催化剂在高温环境或长期催化应用中容易受到奥斯特瓦尔德熟化过程的影响,从而导致催化剂烧结和失活.而烧结的原因在于金属原子和载体之间较弱的相互作用.失活催化剂的再生和回收将大大增加工业生产的时间和经济成本.因此,开发具有优异热稳定性的单原子催化剂以满足工业需求是十分必要的.本综述首先总结了近年来关于热稳定型单原子催化剂合成方法的基础研究,并从原子尺度上分析了这些方法所构建的金属中心的结构形态和配位环境.此外,结合近些年的研究中新的表征技术与理论计算手段解释了热稳定性的来源.重点讨论了热稳定单原子催化剂的实际催化应用.分析了热稳定单原子催化剂在热催化应用中的独特作用机理、并尝试为确定催化过程中真正的活性中心以及通过原子级调控手段进行高活性热稳定单原子催化剂的合成提供理论指导.最后总结了热稳定单原子催化剂发展的主要问题,并简要分析了单原子催化领域的研究挑战和发展前景.     

Single-atom site catalysts supported on two-dimensional materials for energy applications

Single-atom site catalysts (SACs) and two-dimensional materials (2DM) have gradually become two hot topics in catalysis over the past decades. Their combination with each other can further endow the derived SACs with extraordinary properties such as high loading, identical active sites, uniform coordination environment, distinctive metal-support interaction, and enhanced catalytic activities. In this review, we highlight the recent development in this specific research topic according to the types of substrates and focus on their applications in energy conversion field. Additionally, we also make a brief introduction to the synthesis and characterization methods for SACs supported on 2DM (SACs/2DM). Finally, the challenges and perspectives are summarized based on the current development status. It is believed that this work will make contributions to the rational design and fabrication of novel SACs/2DM, promoting their practical energy applications in the future.     

单原子催化的关键进展与未来挑战

单原子催化剂(SACs)兼具均相与多相催化剂的双重优势, 表现出最大化的原子利用率、 超高的本征活性与选择性以及易与产物分离的特点, 受到人们的广泛关注. 然而, 由于单个原子较高的表面能以及不稳定性, 设计与制备单原子催化剂仍是一大挑战. 本文综合评述了近年来单原子催化剂的稳定化策略、 高载量催化剂的制备方法以及批量制备技术等方面的关键研究进展, 并简要分析了单原子催化剂未来发展所面临的问题与挑战, 最后对单原子催化的发展方向进行了展望.     

Coadsorption Interfered CO Oxidation over Atomically Dispersed Au on h-BN

Similar to the metal centers in biocatalysis and homogeneous catalysis, the metal species in single atom catalysts (SACs) are charged, atomically dispersed and stabilized by support and substrate. The reaction condition dependent catalytic performance of SACs has long been realized, but seldom investigated before. We investigated CO oxidation pathways over SACs in reaction conditions using atomically dispersed Au on h-BN (AuBN) as a model with extensive first-principles-based calculations. We demonstrated that the adsorption of reactants, namely CO, O₂ and CO₂, and their coadsorption with reaction species on AuBN would be condition dependent, leading to various reaction species with different reactivity and impact the CO conversion. Specifically, the revised Langmuir–Hinshelwood pathway with the CO-mediated activation of O₂ and dissociation of cyclic peroxide intermediate followed by the Eley–Rideal type reduction is dominant at high temperatures, while the coadsorbed CO-mediated dissociation of peroxide intermediate becomes plausible at low temperatures and high CO partial pressures. Carbonate species would also form in existence of CO₂, react with coadsorbed CO and benefit the conversion. The findings highlight the origin of the condition-dependent CO oxidation performance of SACs in detailed conditions and may help to rationalize the current understanding of the superior catalytic performance of SACs.     

Promotion of Ionic Liquid to Dimethyl Carbonate Synthesis from Methanol and Carbon Dioxide

Introduction Dimethyl carbonate (DMC) is an important carbon-ylating and methylating agent substituting dimethyl sul-fate and toxic phosgene, and an intermediate for higher carbonates and carbamates.1 In addition, it is also a promising octane enhancer.2 The widely used method of its preparation is the oxidative carbonylation of metha-nol by carbon monoxide with copper(II) or palladium(II) catalysts.3 Recently, the utilization of carbon dioxide as the raw material for DMC synthesis has bee…     

Promotion of Ionic Liquid to Dimethyl Carbonate Synthesis from Methanol and Carbcn Dioxide

Promotion of ionic liquid, 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bromide (emimBr), to the synthesis of dimethyl carbonate (DMC) from methanol and carbon dioxide in the presence of potassium carbonate and less amount of methyl iodide under mild conditions was investigated. The results showed that the high selectivity and raised yield of DMC was achieved due to the addition of emimBr in the reaction system. And effect of several reaction conditions such as temperature, pressure and amount of emimBr was discussed.     

Photocatalytic non-oxidative coupling of methane: Recent progress and future

The importance of effectively converting methane to hydrogen and high value-added hydrocarbons chemicals is becoming more significant due to the huge resources of methane and increasing demands for chemicals. However, it is hard to convert methane into more useful hydrocarbons and hydrogen due to the enormous thermodynamic barrier, which often needs high energy and often results in catalyst deactivation and unsatisfactory product selectivity. Recently, a growing number of researches focusing on photocatalytic methane conversion under mild conditions have attracted much attention, demonstrating that photocatalytic non-oxidative coupling of methane (PNOCM) is a prospective and green method for methane conversion under mild conditions. Herein, we provide a review of the recent advance, remaining challenges, and prospects in PNOCM. Moreover, this review provides considerable guidance for rational design of efficient and stable photocatalysts towards PNOCM by theory predictions and experiment results. We hope this review can attract more attention to the important research field of energy conversion.     

Phosphorene Supported Single-Atom Catalysts for CO Oxidation: A Computational Study

Single-atom catalysts (SACs) have attracted extensive attention owing to their high catalytic activity. The development of efficient SACs is crucial for applications in heterogeneous catalysis. In this article, the geometric configuration, electronic structure, stabilitiy and catalytic performance of phosphorene (Pn) supported single metal atoms (M=Ru, Rh, Pd, Ir, Pt, and Au) have been systematically investigated using density functional theory calculations and ab initio molecular dynamics simulations. The single atoms are found to occupy the hollow site of phosphorene. Among the catalysts studied, Ru-decorated phosphorene is determined to be a potential catalyst by evaluating adsorption energies of gaseous molecules. Various mechanisms including the Eley-Rideal (ER), Langmuir-Hinshelwood (LH) and trimolecular Eley-Rideal (TER) mechanisms are considered to validate the most favourable reaction pathway. Our results reveal that Ru−Pn exhibits outstanding catalytic activity toward CO oxidation reaction via TER mechanism with the corresponding rate-determining energy barrier of 0.44 eV, making it a very promising SAC for CO oxidation under mild conditions. Overall, this work may provide a new avenue for the design and fabrication of two-dimensional materials supported SACs for low-temperature CO oxidation.