密度依赖口袋常数下奇异物质的热力学自洽处理及其对混合星性质的影响

在MTT口袋模型的基础上采用密度依赖口袋常数,给出了奇异夸克物质的热力学关系,并用于描述奇异夸克物质及混合星内的夸克相,研究了奇异星、混合星的性质.结果表明,密度依赖口袋常数下,奇异夸克物质的压强公式中有一个附加项,而能量密度中则没有,从而保证了系统的热力学自洽性.在新的热力学关系下,奇异夸克物质的状态方程变软,相应的奇异星的引力质量和对应的半径均变小;混合星的状态方程也变软,其质量变小,而对应的半径也变小.说明经热力学自洽处理后该模型对中子星的状态方程及相应的质量-半径关系等都有显著的影响.     

“Gluelump” spectrum and adjoint source potential in lattice QCD3

We calculate the potential between “quarks” which are in the adjoint representation of SU(2) color in the three-dimensional lattice theory. We work in the scaling region of the theory and at large quark separations R. We also calculate the masses M_Qg of color-singlet bound states formed by coupling an adjoint quark to adjoint glue (“gluelumps”). Good scaling behavior is found for the masses of both magnetic (angular momentum J = 0) and electric (J = 1) gluelumps, and the magnetic gluelump is found to be the lowest-lying state. It is naively expected that the potential for adjoint quarks should saturate above a separation R_scr where it becomes energetically favorable to produce a pair of gluelumps. We obtain a good estimate of the naive screening distance R_scr. However we find little evidence of saturation in the potential out to separations R of about 1.5R_scr.     

Bag-model quantum chromodynamics at low energy

Gluon-exchange mediating quark-exchange scattering is the mechanism of lowest order in perturbative QCD that contributes to the strong interactions at low energy. When it is dressed with long-range quark-gluon correlations by means of bag-model wavefunctions, this quark interchange force becomes bilocal in the quark-gluon sector involving the whole bag and non-perturbative. When it is Fierz-rearranged, the quark-interchange amplitude takes on the usual local form for each hadron that is expected from the wealth of empirical knowledge at low energy. This quark interchange is calculated here in the MIT bag model, which is supplemented by tunneling rules, and then applied to elastic NN scattering, and subsequently toπN andππ scattering. For each reaction the OBE interaction is obtained in agreement with meson theoretic models. Repulsive axial-vector meson exchanges are predicted for NN scattering at short range. The chiral structure of the quark interchange force in conjunction with its tunneling aspects suggest an interpretation of the strong interactions at low energy as Josephson currents of non-Abelian superconductivity.     

Truncation of QCD with four-quark interaction

We examine conditions for models with fourquark interaction and a finite cutoff to be a reasonable approximation to the QCD at low energies. The flavourdependent part of QCD vacuum energy is identified with an effective potential for quark model. The independence on the cutoff and the scale anomaly of QCD is exploited in the quark sector to establish the scaling law for QCD-motivated effective coupling constants. On the contrary the insensitivity of effective potential in respect to intrinsic field dilatations leads to a selection rule for parameters of quark models to make a truncation of QCD.     

Chiral hyperbags

We construct and studySU (3) chiral bags (called chiral hyperbags) in the scheme of collective-coordinate quantization with chiral symmetry breaking treated as perturbation. We show how the Wess-Zumino constraint arises from the quark-bag sector, complementing the soliton sector, in a manner analogous to what happens in (1+1) dimensional chiral bags. Due to the Wess-Zumino term, all the quantum numbers — baryon charge, isopin, angular momentum, hypercharge etc. are fractionized in a prescribed manner. One notable aspect of the fractionization is that for all ranges of bag radius, there is alwaysmore angular momentum lodged in the soliton sector than in the quark sector. It is shown thatwithin the scheme we have adopted, the symmetry breaking termobstructs the Cheshire Cat principle and that consequently when strange quarks are present, the baryons (i.e. hyperons) favor a bigger bag (say R ? 1 fm) than non-strange baryons; this confirms a phenomenological argument put forward some time ago by Brown, Klimpt, Rho and Weise (at least in the collective-coordinate scheme). Our approach allows us to calculate the strangeness content of the proton — a highly topical issue — and we find that while a perturbative treatment of the symmetry breaking term can be made to work (for a big bag) for hyperon spectroscopy, the strangeness content of the proton is insensitive to the bag radius; for relevant ranges of bag radius, the ¯ss admixture stays significant, say, ?19%. This result is in stark contrast to the Callan-Klebanov Skyrmion — a remarkably successful model for hyperons — which predicts only about 3%. A subtle role of the Wess-Zumino term is suggested.     

Strange Quark Matter and Strangelets in a Strong Magnetic Field

We study the stability properties of magnetized strange quark matter and strangelets under a strong magnetic field in the MIT bag model. The free energy per baryon of strange quark matter feels a great influence from the magnetic field. At the field strength about 10¹⁷G, the magnetized strange quark matter becomes more stable. Considering the finite size effect, the magnetic influence on strangelets becomes complicated. For a given magnetic field, there exists a critical baryon number, below which the magnetized strangelets have lower energy than the non-magnetized strangelets. For the field strength of 5× 10¹⁷G, the critical baryon number is A_c ～ 100. Generally, the critical baryon number increases with the decreasing external magnetic field. When the field strength is smaller than 10¹⁷G, the critical baryon number goes up to A_c～ 10⁵. The stable radius, electric charge, and quark flavor fractions of magnetized strangelets are shown.     

MIT袋模型的一种束缚能跑动形式修正

最近,文献[1]在MIT袋模型的基础上引入了一种强耦合常数跑动形式和重夸克束缚能,较好地计算了所有已确认的基态强子谱。考虑到束缚能的贡献之一为重夸克间的短程束缚作用,即色电相互作用,其跑动形式将会取代之前的拟合参数。此跑动形式为类库仑势,随着袋半径R变化,并且在质量公式中参与变分。结果表明,色电相互作用的引入同样会将基态强子质量计算误差控制在大致40 MeV以内,且与拟合参数的方法相比得到了较为准确的结果。这为重夸克色电相互作用的研究提供了参考依据。     

Equation of state in hybrid stars and the stability window of quark matter

Properties of hybrid stars with a mixed phase composed of asymmetric nuclear matter and strange quark matter are studied. The quark phase is investigated by the quark quasiparticle model with a self-consistent thermodynamic and statistical treatment. We present the stability windows of the strange quark matter with respect to the interaction coupling constant versus the bag constant. We find that the appearance of the quark–hadron mixed phases is associated with the meta-stable or unstable regions of the pure quark matter parameters. The mass–radius relation of the hybrid star is dominated by the equation of state of quark matter rather than nuclear matter. The contour plots of the maximum mass of the hybrid star are shown in the plane of the coupling constant and the bag constant.     

Phenomenological sizes of confinement regions in baryons

Standard order of magnitude estimates from QCD indicate that the radius of the quarkgluon core in the nucléon is Λ _QCD ^?1 ?1 fm. However, in work with the chiral bag model, we have found that the effective confinement size for low energy reactions can be as small as ～ 1/2 fm or smaller. This shrinking of the effective confinement size has been attributed to the pressure of the pion cloud surrounding the quark core. The concept of confinement size is evidently subtle in light-quark systems, due to the chiral vacuum structure. This is indicated by the “Cheshire Cat” phenomenon, in which physical observables tend to be insensitive to the bag radiusR. In four dimensions, no exact Cheshire Cat principle has yet been established but it is likely to involve infinitely many mesons. We suggest that when strange quarks are present, a qualitative change occurs in the Cheshire Cat picture; in particular, we propose that strangeness provides an obstruction to this picture. We present a phenomenological indication that when strange quarks are present, the bag radiusR is frozen at a value substantially larger than 0.5 fm by as much as a factor of two. Roughly speaking, the Cheshire Cat picture emerges from a near cancellation between repulsive quark kinetic and attractive pion-cloud energies in the case of the nucleon. In theΛ andΣ particles, however, replacement of one up or down quark by a strange quark removes ～ 1/N_c of the attraction from the coupling of the quarks to the pion cloud. This upsets the balance needed for the Cheshire Cat phenomenon and makes larger strange baryons more favorable energetically than the 0.5 fm ones appropriate for pureu- andd-systems. Since the above argument is crude, we appeal strongly to phenomenology. We find that magnetic moments of strange baryons favor a bag radius R?1.1 fm. We find that the excited states of theΛ-hyperons favor similarly large bag radii. Somewhat less convincingly, we argue that — due to perturbative effects — the bag radius appropriate to the Δ(1232) lies intermediate between that of the nucleon and of the strange baryons.     

SELF-ENERGY IN THE BAG MODEL

Based on the many-body theory of confined quarks and gluons^[l], the ultraviolet divergence of the self energy in the bag model is discussed. It is shown that for massless quark the self energy is finite and it is 1ogarithmically divergent for massive quark. The numerical calculation is performed for m=0 and m=1.0(in unit 1/R). The self energy has important effects on the bag model and changes the parameters in this model considerably. Furtherstudy of selfenergy and mass renormalization is necessary.     

Chiral Bag Model at Finite Temperature

By taking the thermodynamical contributions of the pion mesons cloud outside the bag into account,the chiral bag model is extended to finite temperature.The temperature dependence of the radius of the chiral bag and the critical temperature of quark deconfinement are given.     

A chiral bag model with a soft surface : structure and solutions of the Fuzzy and the modified Fuzzy Bag Model

In the present work we propose a new bag model for hadrons, called the modified fuzzy bag model (MFBM). The distinguishing feature of this model is the suppression of the pion field, as it enters the bag, by means of a scalar potential for the pions, while still preserving chiral symmetry. The mechanism of pion suppression in the MFBM is similar to the mechanism of quark suppression in the fuzzy bag model (FBM). The standard chiral transformation for the pion field suffers a natural alteration in the MFBM, and as a result the model is chiral invariant. We present also a discussion of the FBM and study, in the quark sector, the implications of the soft surface of the bag on the expectation value of the mass operator. In the pion-quark sector, we study the effects of the suppression of the pion field on the form factor for the pion-nucleon interaction, on the pion-nucleon coupling constant and on the nucleon axial charge . Calculations of the pion-nucleon form factor exhibit, in particular, an improvement over previous results. The pionic axial current induces, in the MFBM, a nonvanishing and orientation dependent contribution to axial charge. An analysis of the asymptotic behaviour of the axial charge shows that the role of the surface is to increase the difference of the contributions associated to different orientations. Received: 10 March 1997 / Revised version: 14 October 1997     

Influences of the bag constant on properties of hybrid stars

Influences of the bag constant on the properties of hybrid stars are investigated by using relativistic mean field theory and the MIT bag model to describe the hadron phase and quark phase in the interior of neutron stars, respectively. Our results indicate that the onset of hadron-quark phase transition is put off and the appearance of hyperon species is increased with the increase in bag constant. As a result, the hybrid star equation of state for a mixed phase range stiffens whereas that of the quark phase range softens, and the gravitational mass as well as the corresponding radius of hybrid stars are increased obviously. The gravitational mass of a hybrid star is increased from 1.42 Mo (M<,⊙> is solar mass) to 1.63M<,⊙> and the corresponding radius is changed from 9.1 km to 12.2 km when the bag constant (B<'1/4>) is increased from 170 MeV to 200 MeV. It is interesting to find that hybrid star equations of state become non-smooth when the TM2 parameter sets in the framework of relativistic mean field theory used to describe the hadronic matter, and consequently, the third family of compact stars appear in the mass-radius relations of hybrid stars in the narrow scope of the bag constant from 175 MeV to 180 MeV. These show that the choice of the bag constant in the MIT bag model has significant influence on the properties of hybrid stars.     

Bag-model quantum chromodynamics for hyperons at low energy

In a non-perturbative bag model framework, gluon exchange which mediates quark exchange scattering in conjunction with quark interchange is shown to be the basis of the OBE interactions of hyperons at low energy.     

Discrete gauge symmetry anomalies

It has been recently argued that quantum gravity effects strongly violate all non-gauge symmetries. This would suggest that all low energy discrete symmetries should be gauge symmetries, either continuous or discrete. Acceptable continuous gauge symmetries are constrained by the condition they should be anomaly free. We show here that any discrete gauge symmetry should also obey certain “discrete anomaly cancellation” conditions. These conditions strongly constrains the massles fermion content of the theory and follow from the “parent” cancellation of the usual continuous gauge anomalies. They have interesting applications in model building. As an example we consider the constraints on the Z_N “generalized matter parities” of the supersymmetric standard model. We show that only a few (including the standard R-parity) are “discrete anomaly free” unless the fermion content of the minimal supersymmetric standard model is enlarged.     

Unparticle physics with jets

Using methods of effective field theory, we show that after resummation of Sudakov logarithms the spectral densities of interacting quark and gluon fields in ordinary quantum field theories such as QCD are virtually indistinguishable from those of “unparticles” of a hypothetical conformal sector coupled to the Standard Model, recently studied by Georgi. Unparticles are therefore less exotic that originally thought. Models in which a hidden sector weakly coupled to the Standard Model contains a QCD-like theory, which confines at some scale much below the characteristic energy of a given process, can give rise to signatures closely resembling those from unparticles.     

模型参数对奇异星性质的影响

用有效质量口袋模型描述奇异夸克物质,研究了耦合常数和口袋常数的选取对奇异夸克物质的状态方程及奇异星性质的影响.结果表明,随着耦合常数和口袋常数的增大,奇异夸克物质的状态方程变软,相应的奇异星的引力质量和对应的半径均变小.当耦合常数从0.5增大到2.0时,奇异星的质量从1.43M_⊙(M_⊙=1.99×10³⁰ kg)减小到1.25M_⊙,相应的半径由8.3 km减小到7.7 km;当口袋常数B^1/4由160 MeV增大到175 MeV时,奇异星的质量和半径分别由1.47M_⊙和8.6 km减小到1.22M_⊙和7.4 km.这说明奇异夸克物质及奇异星的性质明显依赖于模型参数的取值. 关键词： 模型参数 奇异星 状态方程 质量-半径关系     

baryon observables in the chiral bag model

Using cranking techniques a variety of baryon observables are calculated within the framework of the chiral bag model. Effects from valence quarks, mesons and the quark Dirac sea are included. Results for the NΔ mass splitting and nucleon magnetic moments are found to be relatively insensitive to the bag radius.