随钻中子地层孔隙度测量装置设计

传统碾米机靠操作员视觉感官来判断碾米性能,不能实现碾米机的智能自检,其识别精准度差。针对传统碾米机识别精度和智能化程度低等问题,设计了光电监测碾米机性能的在线监测系统,提出了以一种低廉价格芯片STC89C52为微处理器,以硅光电池作为光电传感器对物料品质进行信号采集。工作过程中能周期性计算碾米机碾米性能,根据其效率为碾米机的转速、碾白间隙、进出口流量等提供调整策略。经试验分析,该系统识别准确率可达99.5%以上,同时也为粮食品质检测的数字化、智能化提供了一种新方法。     

Laser optoacoustic measurement of paper porosity

The propagation of broadband ultrasonic pulses in combined media that consist of printing paper of different porosity saturated with different liquids is studied. The experiments are performed with three types of paper, namely, Zoom Ultra (Stora Enso, Finland) with surface densities of 80 and 100 g/m² and Data Copy (Mo Do, Sweden) with a surface density of 160 g/cm², and with two types of saturating liquids: ethanol and transformer oil. To excite ultrasonic pulses and to detect them with a high time resolution, the laser optoacoustic spectroscopy method is used. For each type of liquid-saturated paper, the phase velocity of ultrasound is measured in the frequency range of 5–35 MHz. The absence of any noticeable frequency dispersion of the phase velocity is revealed. The possibility of measuring the porosity of printing paper on the basis of the theoretical model of a two-phase medium with the use of the corresponding experimental data is demonstrated.     

Spatially resolved measurement of rock core porosity

Density weighted, centric scan, Conical SPRITE MRI techniques are applied in the current work for local porosity measurements in fluid saturated porous media. The methodology is tested on a series of sandstone core samples. These samples vary in both porosity and degree of local heterogeneity due to bedding plane structure. The MRI porosity measurement is in good agreement with traditional gravimetric measurements of porosity. Spatially resolved porosity measurements reveal significant porosity variation in some samples. This novel MRI technique should have applications to the characterization of local porosity in a wide variety of porous media.     

Ultra-compact TDLAS humidity measurement cell with advanced signal processing

In this paper, tunable diode laser absorption spectroscopy humidity measurements with an ultra-compact measurement cell are presented. The optical path length is 2 cm. The system uses a vertical cavity surface emitting laser at 1.854 μm. The main limiting factor of the humidity resolution is not the noise but interference fringes produced by reflecting surfaces. Next to the system setup, a novel rejection method to eliminate these fringes, based on Fourier domain analysis of the absorption line, is described. In contrast to other fringe rejection methods, the presented method is able to handle fringes, whose free spectral range is in the range of the half width of the absorption line. The achievable humidity resolution for the presented cell is below 0.25 % relative humidity at room temperature.     

Thermographic studies of plastered mosaics

In this work, different mosaics covered with various plasters (of thickness and composition) were evaluated in lab by means of various thermography approaches with the intention of detecting the tesserae beneath the plastered surface. Thermal images, as well as the thermal contrast curves between plain plastered surfaces and plastered mosaics were recorded. Results from the assessment are presented and discussed, indicating that images seeing through the mortar–plaster on plastered mosaic surfaces can be obtained using numerous thermography approaches.     

探空湿度测量太阳辐射误差修正流体动力学研究

针对太阳辐射加热导致的误差显著限制了相对湿度测量的准确度,提出一种新颖的相对湿度误差修正方法—–基于流体动力学的数值分析法.在流体-固体耦合传热数值模拟分析中考虑探空湿度传感器的外部热环境情况,施加对流-太阳辐射耦合热边界条件,建立了地面到32 km高空不同气压和温度条件下探空湿度传感器的温度误差分析模型.结合Goff-Gratch饱和水汽压逼近公式,进而提出了相应的相对湿度误差流体动力学数值分析模型,并且着重研究了太阳辐射方向、传感器尺寸、反射率和衬底材料热导率等物理参数对相对湿度误差的影响.分析数值仿真结果表明:随着海拨的升高,其与太阳辐射加热引起的相对湿度误差之间存在非线性的单调递增关系;太阳辐射方向对于湿度测量精度的影响显著,当太阳辐射方向垂直于传感器正面时误差最大、传感器顶部时次之、侧面时误差最小;虽然通过减小探空湿度传感器的尺寸、降低衬底材料的热导率以及提高反射率均可以一定程度地降低太阳辐射加热引起的相对湿度误差,但是在低气压高空条件下,太阳辐射加热误差对于湿度准确性的影响仍然十分明显,需加以修正.与实验结果对比表明,基于流体动力学模拟仿真的相对湿度误差数值分析法为辐射误差修正提供了一种新的途径.     

One-step method for measuring the effect of humidity on powder resistivity

We present a method for measuring powder resistivity as a function of moisture using a one-step process. The developed new resistivity cell consists of narrow horizontal electrode surrounded by a grounded guard electrode and simultaneous measurement of humidity within the powder bed. The system was modeled using computer simulations. As an example, resistivities of three different lactoses, wheat flour and quartz are presented. Resistivity was found to decrease several orders of magnitude between 10 RH% and 90 RH%. Simulated results showed that if no guard plate is used, measurement errors caused by humidity gradient are of order of magnitude.     

Ultra-longer fiber cantilever taper for simultaneous measurement of temperature and relative humidity

An ultra-longer fiber cantilever taper for simultaneous measurement of the temperature and relative humidity (RH) with high sensitivities was proposed. The structure was fabricated by using the simple and cost-effective method only including fiber cleaving, splicing, and tapering. The length of the cantilever taper is about 1.5 mm. The dip A and dip B were measured simultaneously, owing to the ultra-long length and super-fine size, the temperature sensitivities of the dip A and dip B reached as high as 127.3 pm/℃ and 0 pm/℃ between 25 ℃ and 50 ℃, and the RH sensitivities are -31.2 pm/% RH and -29.2 pm/% RH with a broad RH interval ranging from 20% RH to 70% RH. Besides, the proposed structure showed good linearity in the sensing process and small temperature crosstalk. It will be found in wide applications in environmental monitoring, food processing, and industries.     

运用微波测湿实验对羊绒含水量进行精确测量

设计了微波测湿的实验方案,精确测量了羊绒的含水量,讨论了测量原理及方法,并对传感器设计、样品盒制作等关键性问题作了分析．     

Direct measurement of the Chudakov effect

Experimental results for the restricted energy loss of pairs created from 1-178 GeV photons in a thin Au target and subsequently passing a CCD detector are presented. It is shown that pairs--when detected close to the creation vertex--suffer a reduced energy loss due to the internal screening of the charges constituting the pair. Furthermore, the ability to measure directly the energy of the pair by calorimetry enables a comparison with theory as a function of energy. The observed phenomenon is in good qualitative agreement with general expectations from the Chudakov effect but indicates a quantitative disagreement with either of two mutually disagreeing theories.     

Analysis of the alterations in porosity features of some natural stones due to thermal effect

Three types of commercially available carbonate rocks were used in the study to determine the effect of thermal treatment in the range from 100 °C to 500 °C on porosity features in terms of two different approaches such as pore shape factor and quality index values. The ratio of the ultrasonic velocity measurements before and after water saturation was used to differentiate porosity of pores from porosity of cracks under varying temperatures. It was found that, pores in Burdur Beige and Usak White are in the form of cracks, which are situated through inner structure. On the other hand, pores in Patara Limestone are in the form of porosity with lower pore shape factor values. Quality index calculation is another approach based on the comparison of the measured and theoretical ultrasonic velocity values. When the rocks were subjected to higher temperatures, internal stress was developed, crack lengths and numbers were increased and finally the higher pore shape factor and lower quality index values were obtained. This situation was proven by the higher water absorption values for all the stone types with the higher pore shape factor and lower quality index values depend on the noticeable increase in effective porosity values.     

Thermographic investigation of high-power ultrasonic heating in materials

Results are reported on the use of an infrared thermovision imaging system to observe the surface temperature distribution caused by the application of high-power 20 kHz ultrasound to a variety of metal specimens and one fluoroplastic. Temperature increases of the order of 200°C were found to occur 20 to 30 s after initiation of insonation in resonant specimens of fine-grained polycrystalline brass, copper, and steel. Observation of extremely rapid temperature increases localized to the points of attachment of thermocouples to the test specimens casts strong doubt on all previous thermocouple temperature measurements made during similar experiments by earlier investigators. Fatigue cracks, artificially induced defects, and grain boundaries were also found to be sites of rapid localized heating during insonation.     

基于后向散射法测量蒸汽湿度反演算法的优化

为了精准测量汽轮机末级蒸汽湿度，提出在激光后向异轴角散射法的基础上建立蒸汽湿度测量模型和湿蒸汽参数反演优化模型。根据该优化模型采用粒子群算法对加入高斯白噪声的仿真数据和模拟汽缸的实验数据进行反演寻优，并将得到的反演结果与人工鱼群算法和传统的均匀搜索方法进行了对比。采用粒子群算法时r_0.5、K、N的反演结果误差为0.05、0.66和0.51%，反演时间为306.41 s；采用鱼群算法时r_0.5、K、N的反演结果误差为2.96、19.98和4.68%，反演时间为411.05 s；采用均匀搜索算法时r_0.5、K、N的反演结果误差为5.00、27.14和7.95%，反演时间为246.42 s。结果表明:粒子群算法能够克服人工鱼群算法和均匀搜索方法两者的不足，可以在较短时间内获得精度高且稳定可靠的反演结果，为湿蒸汽参数测量提供了更加准确的数据，并对其他颗粒物参数测量反演提供了理论依据。     

光声光谱气体检测系统中气体湿度的影响研究

工作环境是光声光谱气体检测系统在工业现场应用的重要影响因素.实验发现,待测气体湿度对电容式微音器灵敏度影响显著,导致现有光声光谱气体榆测系统测试结果漂移.文章提出一种气体湿度影响消除方法,在光声腔中安装扬声器,以扬声器信号幅值作为声感应器件灵敏度的自适应表征,对光声信号幅值作自行修正,有效克服电容式微音器声信号榆测中灵...     

辐射测量中的成像效应

明确了辐射的非成像测量和成像测量之间的差异并给出数学表述, 才能够把已经成熟的非成像辐射测量方法推广至成像测量. 本文从辐射测量的基本公式以及成像下目标微元与传感阵列像素的对应关系出发, 分别建立了关于辐射的非成像和成像测量式.根据成像面的存在不会改变辐射传输的事实, 比较非成像测量式和成像测量式后, 可得到成像效应的数学表述. 把成像效应与针孔和透镜两种成像技术结合后的分析指出: 成像效应的主因是成像光轴角, 辅因是测量天顶角; 辅因作用的大小取决于测量天顶角与发射天顶角的差异度. 关键词： 辐射测量 辐射测温 成像效应     

Study of porosity and stiffness measurement of nanoporous aerogel films with wideband ultrasonic surface waves

Nanoporous aerogel films are of great scientific and commercial interest because of their outstanding potential for application to microelectronic interconnect, associated with low dielectric constant. Of the parameters which describe such aerogel films, density/porosity and stiffness are two of the most critical, but are difficult to measure. This paper shows how measurement of the dispersion of laser-generated surface acoustic wavepackets travelling on submicron-thick aerogel films on silicon substrates allows the density and Young's modulus to be extracted reliably. Particular attention is paid to accuracy of measurements and sensitivity to input data; and a method for extracting measurements on very thin films (<300 nm) is presented.     

打靶谱测量中的表面效应

通过电子、X射线混合源和X射线源打源照镁靶谱的对比实验,论证了放射源打靶谱的测量中存在着表面效应。它除和电子打靶有关外,也反映了靶表面的一些特性。为此,做了放电源打源照镁靶谱随存放时间变化的实验。实验结果表明:源照镁靶表面可能存在一层阻挡层,阻止新态氢原子向外扩散。根据打磨和未打磨源照镁靶打靶谱的对比实验,推测靶表面的阻挡层可能是一层新态氢原子富集层。为此,又做了镁铼靶打靶谱的对比实验,照射打磨和未打磨镁靶打靶谱的对比实验,根据实验结果,估计新态氢原子富集层可能是一层以氧为核的氢原子和新态氢原子团。由此推测阻挡层是一层以氧为核的新态氢原子团组成的新态氢原子富集层。这种新态氢原子富集层产生了打靶谱测量中的表面效应。