Application of transcutaneous diffuse reflectance spectroscopy in the measurement of blood glucose concentration

In this paper, the propagation characteristics of near-infrared (NIR) light in the palm tissue are analyzed,and the principle and feasibility of using transcutaneous diffuse reflectance spectroscopy for non-invasive blood glucose detection are presented. An optical probe suitable for measuring the diffuse reflectance spectrum of human palm and a non-invasive blood glucose detection system using NIR spectroscopy are designed. Based on this system, oral glucose tolerance tests are performed to measure the blood glucose concentrations of two young healthy volunteers. The partial least square calibration model is then constructed by all individual experimental data. The final result shows that correlation coefficients of the two experiments between the predicted blood glucose concentrations and the reference blood glucose concentrations are 0.9870 and 0.9854, respectively. The root mean square errors of prediction of full cross validation are 0.54 and 0.52 mmol/1, respectively.     

Optical detection of wound infection in vivo by near infrared diffuse reflectance spectroscopy

Detection of bacterial infection is important for deciding optimal treatment and management for wound. In the paper, near infrared diffuse reflectance spectroscopy is proposed for detection wound infection in vivo with optical properties. A porcine model is used as experimental subject in the detection of wound infection. The spectrally resolved data of the wounds are analyzed to extract the optical properties including reduced scattering coefficient and absorption coefficient. Based on optical properties, an ensemble model of chain-like agent genetic optimized Support Vector Machine is applied to discriminate wound infection. The experimental results demonstrate the feasibility and effectiveness of the method for rapid and noninvasive detection of wound infection using optical properties.     

近红外漫反射光谱法检测小麦粉过氧化苯甲酰

国家已禁止向小麦粉中添加过氧化苯甲酰(BPO),快速检测小麦粉中BPO添加量对于保障食品安全非常重要.BPO在添入小麦粉中后部分会被还原成为苯甲酸,使得对其原始添加量的检测非常繁琐.本文探讨了利用近红外漫反射光谱法进行小麦粉中BPO添加当量检测的可行性.通过向无添加剂小麦粉中添加不同量的过氧化苯甲酰粉末,制备小麦粉样本...     

Evaluation of light scattering properties and chromophore concentrations in skin tissue based on diffuse reflectance signals at isosbestic wavelengths of hemoglobin

Optical Review - We investigate a method to evaluate light-scattering properties and chromophore concentrations in human skin tissue through diffuse reflectance spectroscopy using the reflectance...     

Depth visualization of a local blood region in skin tissue by use of diffuse reflectance images

A simple method is proposed for visualizing the depth distribution of a local blood region in skin tissue by using diffuse reflectance images at two isosbestic wavelengths of hemoglobin, 420 and 585 nm. Monte Carlo simulation of light transport specifies a relation between optical densities and the depth of the region under given concentrations of melanin in the epidermis and blood in the dermis. Phantom and in vivo experiments were performed to show the usefulness of the method.     

Laser-induced photoacoustic spectroscopy investigation of colon phantom tissue

This paper discusses laser-induced photoacoustic investigations; it concerns a non-destructive technique for the determination of the thermal diffusivity of colon phantom tissue employing open photoacoustic cell configuration.     

Determination of photosensitizer concentration in biological tissues from diffuse reflectance and fluorescence

We present a fiber-optic device for noninvasive determination of the optical properties of biological tissues and photosensitizer concentration. The device developed can be used in two modes: the mode for detection of the spatial distribution of diffuse reflectance, and the fluorescence mode. We tested the device in vitro on specimens simulating tissue and on whole blood, and also in vivo on rats. We have shown that with additional modification and adaptation, the device can be used for in vivo monitoring of parameters important for photodynamic therapy.     

Advantages of fluorescence over diffuse reflectance measurements tested in phantom experiments with dynamic inflow of ICG

Time-resolved measurements of diffuse reflectance and fluorescence were carried out using phantom with dynamic inflow of indocyanine green (ICG) in tubes located at different depths. Better sensitivity of fluorescence signals related to the inflow of the dye was observed in comparison to simultaneously acquired diffuse reflectance. Obtained results can be referred to results of in-vivo measurements. We have observed much larger amplitude of changes in relative number of detected photons, mean time of flight and variance of the distributions of times of arrival of fluorescence photons than amplitudes of respective parameters measured from diffuse reflectance distributions of times of flight of photons. The constructed phantom allows us to study influence of concentration of the dye in the tube and the surrounding medium as well as temporal relation between appearance of the boli in deeper and superficial tube. Results of the study were used in optimization of the time-resolved multichannel system for simultaneous monitoring of fluorescence and reflectance.     

基于多维漫反射光谱技术的复杂混合溶液成分检测

为了进行复杂混合溶液的成分检测,该文提出了一种基于多维漫反射光谱技术的浓度检测方式,通过信号中携带的不同成分的多种光学性质来进行分析。实验设计了基于超连续谱激光光源、精密电控平移台和光谱仪的检测装置,选用Intralipid-20%溶液作为研究对象,用蒸馏水配制体积百分数1%～20%的溶液,分别测量距其入射点1.5～13mm(间隔0.5mm)范围内的24点漫反射光谱信号,以偏最小二乘回归算法对单点和多点漫反射光谱信号进行建模与预测。得到建模精度最高的为距离入射位置最近的1点～13点对应的光谱信号所建立的模型,预测精度最高的为距离入射位置最近的1点～7点对应的光谱信号所建立的模型。结果表明,增加不同位置信息的光谱信号,能够提高光谱的信噪比,与传统光谱技术仅利用吸光度或反射率等单一光学性质的方法相比,增加了被测物质散射特性的影响,利用被测物质多种光学性质的变化提高了建模及预测的精度,为基于多维光谱的复杂混合溶液检测提供了基础。     

Estimation of optical abnormalities in breast phantom by diffuse equation

Optical imaging is an emerging method for bio-imaging. The advantages of this imaging provide non-ionizing and safe radiation, non-invasive and functional medical imaging. Due to diffusion of photons inside biological tissues, its image processing is complicated. So in spite of these advantages, this imaging method has not been progressed like ultrasound imaging and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Also, the penetration depth of photons inside biological phantom is low. To overcome this problem, the complicated diffusion of photons through tissue must be modeled. The diffuse equation can be applied to simulate photons through turbid media like biological tissues. In this paper, the diffuse equation is used to study propagation of diffuse photons. The green function method is applied to solve this equation, and then the optical properties of abnormalities in breast phantom are estimated. This fast method can be applied for image processing.     

Determination of optimal source-detector separation in measuring chromophores in layered tissue with diffuse reflectance

Based on analysis of the relation between mean penetration depth and source-detector separation in a threelayer model with the method of Monte-Carlo simulation, an optimal source-detector separation is derived from the mean penetration depth referring to monitoring the change of chromophores concentration of the sandwiched layer. In order to verify the separation, we perform Monte-Carlo simulations with varied absorption coefficient of the sandwiched layer. All these diffuse reflectances are used to construct a calibration model with the method of partial least square (PLS). High correlation coefficients and low root mean square error of prediction (RMSEP) at the optimal separation have confirmed correctness of the selection. This technique is expected to show light on noninvasive diagnosis of near-infrared spectroscopy.     

几种不同产地高岭土的漫反射傅里叶红外光谱分析

分别采用压片法与漫反射法测得几种不同产地高岭土的红外吸收谱图,解析了各高岭土的结构特征与吸收峰值的关系,发现利用漫反射傅里叶红外光谱技术,经K-M函数校正的红外谱图较压片法灵敏度高,也更准确,解析更简单;依据对高频区3700～3600cm-1波数段高岭石OH基特征吸收峰的吸收情况,可快速判断高岭石结晶度,结果与X射线衍射技术所测Hinckley指数(Hi)一致。     

Effect of pigment packaging on diffuse reflectance spectroscopy of samples containing red blood cells

We present the results of diffuse reflectance measurements made on the surface of a tissue-simulating phantom containing intact human erythrocytes. These measurements indicate that the absorption spectrum of hemoglobin in its natural environment is significantly different from that measured in homogeneous fluid solution, especially in the spectral regions of highest absorption. We show that this difference can be explained by the pigment packaging theory developed by Duysens [Biochim. Biophys. Acta 19, 1 (1956)] and that the adoption of basis spectra that take this effect into account improves the accuracy of fitting diffuse reflectance spectra.     

In situ diffuse reflectance IR spectroscopy and X‐ray absorption spectroscopy for fast catalytic processes

A new instrument for synchronous in situ investigations of catalytic materials by IR and X‐ray absorption spectroscopies was designed and built at the X18A beamline of the National Synchrotron Light Source of Brookhaven National Laboratory. It provides analytical tools for solving structural, electronic and kinetic problems in catalysis science by two complementary methods. Among the features attractive for catalysis research are the broad range of catalytically active elements that can be investigated (starting with Ni and beyond), the wide range of reaction conditions (temperatures up to 873 K, various reactive gases) and time scales (starting from tens of seconds). The results of several representative experiments that illustrate the attractive capabilities of the new set‐up are discussed.     

Investigating the chromophore composition of wood pulps in thermoaging by diffuse reflection

Translated from Zhurnal Prikladnoi Spektroskopii, Vol. 62, No. 1, pp. 81–85, January–February, 1995.     

Rapid evaluation of the salt content of canned sardines in brine using near-infrared diffuse reflectance spectroscopy

ABSTRACT

In this study, the evaluation of the salt content of canned sardines in brine using near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy with a Fourier transform NIR spectrometer in diffuse reflectance mode over a range of 12,500–4000?cm^?1 was investigated. The reference salt content of the samples was measured using an autotitrator. The optimum partial least squares regression model was developed using vector normalization spectra in the ranges of 9403.8–5446.3?cm^?1 and 4605.4–4242.9?cm^?1 with seven factors. The model provided a coefficient of determination for a prediction of 0.82, a root mean square error of prediction of 0.069%, a bias of ?0.019%, and a ratio of prediction deviation of 2.5. NIR spectroscopy has great potential as an alternative method for measuring the salt content of canned sardines in brine, and the calibration model is useful for the off-line quality control of canned sardines in brine processing. In addition, the oxygen–hydrogen bond stretch and deformation and the carbon–hydrogen bond stretch and deformation had obvious effects on the prediction of the salt content of canned sardines in brine.     

漫反射近红外光谱法同时测定液体咖啡中的速溶咖啡、植脂末、糖含量

采用傅里叶变换近红外光谱仪结合积分球附件对20个液体咖啡样品以漫反射方式采集近红外光谱,分别针对速溶咖啡、植脂末、糖建立定量校正模型。结果表明,速溶咖啡、植脂末、糖的模型因子数分别为4,5和4;测定系数(R2)分别为98.97%,99.94%和99.18%;校正均方根误差(root mean square error ofcalibration,RMSEC)分别为1.62,0.42和1.58;交互验证均方根误差(root mean square error of cross vali-dation,RMSECV)分别为2.12,0.72和2.01;F检验结果表明,三个模型的预测值-化学值之间存在极显著的相关关系。研究表明,近红外光谱法可以快速、准确地对液体咖啡中的三种主要成分同时进行定量测定,可为液体咖啡质量控制以及液体配方食品中具有一定组成的混合物的定量测定提供一定的参考。     

Far-infrared diffuse reflectance spectrum of kaolinite

Diffuse reflectance spectra of kaolinite have been obtained in the 100–700 cm⁻¹ region. Above 200 cm⁻¹, spectra were obtained for samples diluted in powdered polyethylene; for very low frequencies neat kaolinite was used. The observed frequencies are compared with existing IR transmission data, with Raman spectra and with the results of published normal coordinate calculations.     

近红外漫反射光谱技术快速预测蒸汽压片玉米常规成分含量的研究

应用近红外漫反射光谱分析技术(NIDRS),采用偏最小二乘法,建立了蒸汽压片玉米4个常规成分的近红外定量预测校正模型。研究中选用62个品种玉米的蒸汽压片为样本,光谱扫描范围为950～1650nm,采用中心化+导数+多元散射校正的预处理方法。研究得出粗蛋白(CP)、中性洗涤纤维(NDF)、酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)和粗脂肪(EE)的校正模型交叉验证决定系数(R2VAL)分别为0.9511,0.9032,0.7143,0.9082,交叉验证误差(SECV)分别为1.53,1.89,2.45,0.50。本研究建立的模型可以用来准确、快速地预测蒸汽压片玉米的CP,NDF和EE的含量,为蒸汽压片饲料工业提供了一种快速、经济和绿色的质量检测技术。