水热法制备Ni-Sm/SiC催化剂甲烷二氧化碳重整性能的研究

通过水热法制备了Ni-Sm/SiC催化剂（Ni的含量固定为9%,钐的含量固定为5%）。采用XRD、BET、ICP、H₂-TPR、TG-DTA和TEM等技术对催化剂进行表征。对催化剂在甲烷二氧化碳重整反应中的催化活性、不同镍前驱体的影响、催化剂的积炭行为进行了研究。研究结果表明,水热法制备的Ni-Sm/SiC催化剂有着优异的催化活性、稳定性和抗积炭能力。不同镍前驱体对催化剂的性能没有影响。     

Oxidative reforming of methane for hydrogen and synthesis gas production:Thermodynamic equilibrium analysis

A thermodynamic analysis of methane oxidative reforming was carried out by Gibbs energy minimization (at constant pressure and temperature) and entropy maximization (at constant pressure and enthalpy) methods,to determine the equilibrium compositions and equilibrium temperatures,respectively.Both cases were treated as optimization problems (non-linear programming formulation).The GAMS 23.1 software and the CONOPT2 solver were used in the resolution of the proposed problems.The hydrogen and syngas production were favored at high temperatures and low pressures,and thus the oxygen to methane molar ratio (O 2 /CH 4) was the dominant factor to control the composition of the product formed.For O 2 /CH 4 molar ratios higher than 0.5,the oxidative reforming of methane presented autothermal behavior in the case of either utilizing O 2 or air as oxidant agent,but oxidation reaction with air possessed the advantage of avoiding peak temperatures in the system,due to change in the heat capacity of the system caused by the addition of nitrogen.The calculated results were compared with previously published experimental and simulated data with a good agreement between them.     

Hydrogen and syngas production from two-step steam reforming of methane using CeO2 as oxygen carrier

CeO2 oxygen carrier was prepared by precipitation method and tested by two-step steam reforming of methane (SRM). Two-step SRM for hydrogen and syngas generation is investigated in a fixed-bed reactor. Methane is directly converted to syngas at a H2/CO ratio close to 2 : 1 at a high temperature (above 750 °C) by the lattice oxygen of CeO2; methane cracking is found when the reduction degree of CeO2 was above 5.0% at 850 °C in methane isothermal reaction. CeO2?δ obtained from methane isothermal reaction can split water to generate CO-free hydrogen and renew its lattice oxygen at 700 °C; simultaneously, deposited carbon is selectively oxidized to CO2 by steam following the reaction (C+2H2O→CO2+2H2). Slight deactivation in terms of amounts of desired products (syngas and hydrogen) is observed in ten repetitive two-step SRM process due to the carbon deposition on CeO2 surface as well as sintering of CeO2.     

吸收增强式甲烷水蒸气重整制氢实验研究

利用固定床反应器对吸收增强式甲烷水蒸气重整制氢反应进行了考察,研究了温度、甲烷流量、颗粒粒径和吸收剂种类等参数对反应过程的影响。结果表明,吸收增强式制氢反应过程最佳反应温度受热力学和动力学两方面因素影响;常压下以CaO为吸收剂时,最佳反应温度为600℃~700℃;CH4流量的选取要根据反应器内吸收剂的量与吸收增强段持续时间综合比较而定; 颗粒粒径大于90 μm,分析纯CaO和新型钙基CO2吸收剂CaO/Ca12Al14O33 均能达到较好的吸收增强效果。     

Ni-Sm_x/SiC催化剂甲烷二氧化碳重整性能研究

用浸渍法制备了不同钐含量的Ni-Sm_x/SiC催化剂,其中,镍的质量分数为9%,氧化钐的质量分数分别为0、2%、3%、4%、5%、7%。采用常压微型固定床反应器考察了不同催化剂在甲烷二氧化碳重整反应中的催化性能,并用BET、ICP、XRD、H2-TPR、TG-DTA、XPS和TEM等技术对反应前后催化剂进行表征。结果表明,加入钐后,重整反应中甲烷和二氧化碳转化率明显提高。当钐含量为5%时,Ni-Sm5/SiC表现出最好的活性和稳定性,而且反应后催化剂表面积炭量最少。其原因是钐的加入提高了活性组分与载体的相互作用,有效减少了表面积炭、提高了催化剂的稳定性。     

载体类型对Ni基催化剂甲烷干重整反应性能的影响

以不同载体负载NiO制备了甲烷干重整催化剂并对所制备的催化剂采用等温氮气吸附、XRD、H₂-TPR、H₂化学吸附等进行了表征。结果表明,载体性质对NiO的存在状态影响较大。SiO₂、TiO₂以及ZrO₂与NiO的相互作用较弱,催化剂易于被还原活化,而正是由于其与NiO的弱相互作用,导致活性金属在反应过程中易迁移聚集而失活。Al₂O₃和MgO均与NiO有强相互作用,易分别生成NiAl₂O₄尖晶石和NiO-MgO固溶体,导致其难以被还原活化。经MgO改性的Al₂O₃载体不仅具有较大的比表面积,而且与NiO的相互作用强度适中,这有利于NiO的分散和稳定,以其为载体制备的催化剂在较高空速下表现出优异的催化反应活性和稳定性,催化剂连续稳定运行100h不失活。     

CH_4-H_2O-CO_2转化制取合成甲醇原料气的研究Ⅲ.镍催化剂活性降低原因的探讨

在变温床中考查了负载型镍催化剂用于ＣＨ４Ｈ２ＯＣＯ２转化制取合成气的活性与稳定性，该过程所制得的合成气勿需分离即可直接用于合成甲醇。本文对催化剂活性下降的原因用比表面、孔结构、ＸＲＤ和ＸＰＳ对不同反应时间的催化剂进行了对比分析，发现镍催化剂活性降低的原因是催化剂表面镍的大量流失。     

热等离子体与催化剂协同重整CH4-CO2

考察了热等离子体与催化剂协同作用于重整反应过程。实验采用三种不同的模式进行:等离子体单独作用、等离子体与催化剂协同作用、等离子体与催化剂协同作用且部分原料气引入等离子体放电区。结果表明,在模式三下,当原料气的总流量为5 m³/h、CH₄/CO₂物质的量比为4/6、等离子体的输入功率为14.4 kW时,CH₄-CO₂重整过程可获得最佳结果,CH₄转化率为77.00%、CO₂转化率为62.40%、H₂选择性为96.70%、CO选择性为88.60%、反应比能为193 kJ/mol、过程的能量转化率为66.4%,该结果已十分接近CH₄-H₂O(g)重整的技术指标。最佳结果主要得益于模式三下的三种不同的反应路径,放电反应、热化学反应与催化反应。     

Influence of MgO in the CO2 – steam reforming of methane to syngas by NiO/MgO/ α-Al2O3 catalyst

Simultaneous steam and CO₂ reforming of methane to syngas (H₂and CO) over NiO/MgO/a-Al₂O₃ catalyst have been investigated at different MgO wt.%. The catalyst has been characterized by temperature-programmed reduction and XRD techniques. Addition of MgO reduced the carbon deposition and energy consumption. The stability and less coking on MgO-promoted catalysts are attributed to the lewis basicity of MgO.     

微细腔内甲烷湿空气低温重整积炭特性的热力学分析

微细腔内重整积炭会引起催化剂失活和孔道堵塞,甲烷低温自热重整技术的提出,既有利于实现微燃烧器中甲烷的持续稳定燃烧,又能有效降低热点和减少积炭。通过热力学分析,探讨常压下反应温度低于973K时微细腔内自热重整积炭的影响因素及重整特性。结果表明,温度、空碳比及水碳比对积炭生成有重要影响。微细腔内积炭含量随温度升高先增大后减小;贫氧环境下,空碳比和水碳比的增加不仅对减少积炭有效,对氢气产生也有利;同时,甲烷自热重整系统与无水系统相比减碳性能优越。甲烷质量流量为6.6g/h、空碳比和水碳比分别为2和1时,积炭产生的温度为680K~850K,并在785K达到积炭质量分数的最大值为0.66%,此时甲烷转化率和氢气质量含量分别为53.43%和2.37%;且消碳对应的空碳比和水碳比分别约为2.4和1.1。     

CH4—CO2重整反应镍催化剂的积碳性能研究

用热分析技术结合现代仪器分析，对不同条件下制备的ＣＨ４／ＣＯ２重整反应镍催化剂上的积碳量及积碳类型进行了研究。发现反应过程中镍催化剂上形成了３种不同反应活性的碳物种，积碳量的大小与所生成这三种碳物种的相对量有关。ＸＰＳ，ＳＥＭ，ＥＰＭＡ对三种不同碳物种的结构进行初步确定，为ＣＨ４／ＣＯ２重整反应镍催化上积碳机理研究提供了有用信息。     

Kinetic behaviour of commercial catalysts for methane reforming in ethanol steam reforming process

Ethanol steam reforming has been studied in a fluidized bed （in order to ensure bed isothermicity） on commercial catalysts for methane reforming. The results allow analyzing the effect of temperature （in 300-700℃ range）, and both metal and support nature on the reaction indices （ethanol conversion, yields and selectivities to H2 and byproducts （CO2, CO, CH4 and C2H4O））. Special attention has been paid to catalysts＇ stability by comparing the evolution of the reaction indices with time on stream at 500°C （minimum CO formation） and 700℃ （minimum deactivation by coke deposition）. Although they provide a slightly lower H2 yield, the results evidence a good behaviour of Ni based catalysts, indicating that they are an interesting alternative of more expensive Rh based ones.     

制备方法对 Ni-Al2O3催化剂在 CO2-CH4重整反应中 催化性能的影响

为提高镍基催化剂的干法重整活性,采用溶液燃烧法、等体积浸渍法、胶体磨循环浸渍法和水热-沉积法制备了SCM、IMP、T310和HTP四种催化剂,在800 ℃考察了其在CO₂-CH₄重整反应中的催化性能,并结合ICP-AES、N₂吸附-脱附、XRD、H₂-TPR和TEM等表征手段对催化剂进行分析。结果表明,水热-沉积法和胶体磨循环浸渍法制备的催化剂比表面积较大,分别为190.83和182.21 m²/g,可为反应提供较多的接触面积,进而提高催化剂的初始活性(HTP试样CH₄和CO₂初始转化率相对较高,分别达85.15%和90.84%);而溶液燃烧法和等体积浸渍法制备的催化剂具有较多的NiAl₂O₄尖晶石,其还原峰面积占总还原峰面积90%以上,还原后可获得更多晶粒粒径更小的稳定活性组分Ni(SCM和IMP试样稳定性更好,反应50 h后活性超过HTP和T310试样,100 h后CH₄转化率方降至50%以下)。因此,决定催化剂稳定活性的更重要的因素应该是活性组分Ni晶粒粒径的大小及其抗烧结能力的强弱。     

Methane reforming With CO2 to syngas over CeO2-promoted Ni/Al2O3-ZrO2 catalysts Prepared Via a direct sol-gel process

CeO2-promoted Ni/Al2O3-ZrO2 (Ni/Al2O3-ZrO2-CeO2) catalysts were prepared by a direct sol-gel process with citric acid as gelling agent. The catalysts used for the methane reforming with CO2 was studied by infrared spectroscopy (IR), thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), microscopic analysis, X-ray diffraction (XRD) and temperature-programmed reduction (TPR). The catalytic performance for CO2 reforming of methane to synthesis gas was investigated in a continuous-flow micro-reactor under atmospheric pressure. TGA, IR, XRD and microscopic analysis show that the catalysts prepared by the direct sol-gel process consist of Ni particles with a nanostructure of around 5 nm and an amorphous-phase composite oxide support. There exists a chemical interaction between metallic Ni particles and supports, which makes metallic Ni well dispersed, highly active and stable. The addition of CeO2 effectively improves the dispersion and the stability of Ni particles of the prepared catalysts, and enhances the adsorption of CO2 on the surface of catalysts. The catalytic tests for methane reforming with CO2 to synthesis gas show that the Ni/Al2O3-ZrO2-CeO2 catalysts show excellent activity and stability compared with the Ni/Al2O3 catalyst. The excellent catalytic activity and stability of the Ni/Al2O3-ZrO2-CeO2 are attributed to the highly, uniformly and stably dispersed small metallic Ni particles, the high reducibility of the Ni oxides and the interaction between metallic Ni particles and the composite oxide supports.     

Nickel ferrite spinel as catalyst precursor in the dry reforming of methane:Synthesis,characterization and catalytic properties

Dry reforming of methane by CO2 using nickel ferrite as precursor of catalysts was investigated.Nickel ferrite crystalline particles were prepared by coprecipitation of nitrates with NaOH or ammonia followed by calcination,or by hydrothermal synthesis without calcination step.The textural and structural properties were determined by a number of analysis methods,including X-ray diffraction (XRD),Raman spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS),among which X-ray diffraction (XRD) was at room and variable temperatures.All synthesized oxides showed the presence of micro or nanoparticles of NiFe2O4 inverse spinel,but Fe2O3 (hematite) was also present when ammonia was used for coprecipitation.The reducibility by hydrogen was studied by temperature-programmed reduction (TPR) and in situ XRD,which showed the influence of the preparation method.The surface area (BET),particle size (Rietveld refinement),as well as surface Ni/Fe atomic ratio (XPS) and the behavior upon reduction varied according to the synthesis method.The catalytic reactivity was investigated using isopropanol decomposition to determine the acid/base properties.The catalytic performance of methane reforming with CO2 was measured with and without the pre-treatment of catalysts under H2 in 650-800 C range.The catalytic conversions of methane and CO2 were quite low but they increased when the catalysts were pre-reduced.A significant contribution of reverse water gas shift reaction accounted for the low values of H2 /CO ratio.No coking was observed as shown by the reoxidation step performed after the catalytic reactions.The possible formation of nickel-iron alloy observed during the study of reducibility by hydrogen was invoked to account for the catalytic behavior.     

三维有序大孔钙钛矿型氧化物LaFe_(0.7)Co_(0.3)O_3的合成及甲烷化学链水蒸气重整性能

采用无皂乳液聚合法制备聚苯乙烯(PS)微球,通过自组装得到排列均匀有序的聚苯乙烯(PS)胶晶模板,然后经过浸渍和煅烧得到三维有序大孔(3DOM)钙钛矿型氧化物LaFe_(0.7)Co_(0.3)O_3。通过扫描电镜、透射电镜和X射线衍射等手段对制备的3DOM钙钛矿型氧化物LaFe_(0.7)Co_(0.3)O_3的物理化学性能进行表征。在固定床反应器上考察3DOM LaFe_(0.7)Co_(0.3)O_3的甲烷化学链水蒸气重整性能。结果表明,聚苯乙烯(PS)微球粒径受苯乙烯单体使用量的影响,随着苯乙烯单体使用量的增加聚苯乙烯(PS)微球粒径呈增大的趋势;煅烧温度对三维有序大孔结构有显著影响,浸渍后模板在500℃煅烧下即能形成三维有序大孔结构比表面积达到19.820 m2/g,随着煅烧温度的升高三维有序大孔结构遭到部分破坏,在900℃煅烧下三维有序大孔结构遭到完全破坏。在氧载体与甲烷的反应前期,气体产物中CO2含量较高,是表面吸附氧将甲烷完全氧化所致,在表面吸附氧消耗完后体相晶格氧将甲烷部分氧化生成H2与CO。在水蒸气氧化阶段,水蒸气与还原态的氧载体发生反应生成氢气,产氢率为4.0-5.0 mmol/g。同时水蒸气氧化阶段气相产物中CO和CO2含量很低,说明3DOM LaFe_(0.7)Co_(0.3)O_3具有优秀的抗积炭性能。     

Recent advances in photo-enhanced dry reforming of methane: A review

Converting methane and carbon dioxide into hydrogen and carbon monoxide is significant and attractive because it can mitigate the greenhouse effect and produce useful chemical intermediate. However, these two greenhouse gases are challenging to convert due to their high bond energy and chemically inert. Although thermocatalytic dry reforming of methane (DRM) achieves high efficiency, it requires high energy and often causes deactivation due to carbon deposition. Recently, a lot of research results show that photo-enhanced DRM is a promising and green route for this reaction under relatively mild conditions. This review first introduces the importance and challenge of CH₄ and CO₂ conversion. Then, we summarize the related reports of photo-enhanced dry reforming of methane in detail, including material preparation, experimental conditions and results, and mechanism study. In particular, the related studies have been classified according to types of input energy and the types of catalyst. Finally, we provide insightful perspectives and prospects for the future development of this field.     

Yb_2O_3助剂对Ni/SiC催化剂甲烷二氧化碳重整性能的影响

采用浸渍法制备了Ni/SiC和Ni-Ybx/SiC(x=2%、4%、6%、10%,质量分数)催化剂,在固定床反应装置中考察了催化剂在甲烷二氧化碳重整反应中的性能。利用BET、ICP-AES、XRD、H2-TPR、TG-DTA、XPS和TEM等技术对催化剂进行了表征。实验结果表明,Yb的适宜添加量为4%~6%。在800℃条件下Ni-Yb4/SiC和Ni-Yb6/SiC催化剂具有优异的催化活性和稳定性,在100 h的重整反应中,甲烷和二氧化碳的转化率始终保持在90%以上。Yb2O3助剂能够抑制镍颗粒的生长和减少碳沉积量,因此,Ni-Yb/SiC催化剂在连续反应中表现出稳定的活性。     

载体对镍基催化剂CH4／CO2重整制合成气性能的影响

在Ｎｉ／ＭｇＯ、Ｎｉ／ＣａＯ和Ｎｉ／ＣｅＯ催化剂上,ＣＨ４／ＣＯ２重整制事成的活性测试表明ＭｇＯ是一种较好的载体,ＴＰＲ实验显示,Ｎｉ－ＭｇＯ之间的相互作用比Ｎｉ－ＣａＯ和Ｎｉ－ＣｅＯ２强,现场ＣＯ岐化和ＣＨ４解离实验表明, 经剂表面吸附的氢会促进ＣＯ歧化和ＣＨ４解离积炭。     

Reinforced nickel catalysts for steam reforming of methane to synthesis gas

XRD, mercury porosimetry, low-temperature nitrogen adsorption and electron microscopy were used to study peculiarities of the formation of reinforced composite nickel catalysts. The catalysts were prepared by sintering powdered metallic nickel with a supported nickel catalyst (GIAP-3 or NIAP-18) applied to a reinforcing stainless steel gauze. It was found that a metal matrix, in the pores of which supported catalyst particles were distributed, was formed in the composite catalysts. The NIAP-18-based catalyst exceeded the GIAP-3-based catalyst in activity toward the methane steam reforming. The NIAP-18-based catalyst was as active as the Cr₂O₃-doped NIAP-18-based catalyst, but showed a worse coke-resistance. A chromium oxide additive increased the activity of the GIAP-3-based catalyst.