Progress of Thioi-based Click Reaction

巯基参与的点击反应具有简单、快速、无金属催化等优点。本文介绍了巯基点击反应的反应机理,着重对近年来新出现的巯基点击反应的概念、特点进行分类介绍,并综述了巯基点击反应在材料与分子设计方面的应用,最后对其发展前景进行了展望。     

多重点击反应制备拓扑结构聚合物

点击反应由Sharpless提出,是一类具有高效、可靠、高选择性等特点的反应,被广泛用于各种拓扑结构聚合物的制备.目前,应用较为广泛的点击反应主要有Cu(I)催化的叠氮/炔环加成反应(CuAAC)、Diels-Alder(D-A)反应、巯基-烯及巯基-炔点击反应和氮氧自由基偶合反应.近年来,将多种点击反应结合起来,为高效合成拓扑结构聚合物提供了新的思路.本文综述了近几年来采用多重点击反应策略联用制备拓扑结构聚合物的研究进展,并对其发展趋势进行展望.     

巯基-烯点击化学

点击化学自2001年由Sharpless提出后,由于其高效、可靠、高选择性的特点迅速成为药物和高分子材料合成的新方法。随着对点击化学研究的深入,其反应类型在不断增多,应用范围也在不断扩大。自由基或亲核试剂引发的巯基-烯反应作为其中一种新型的点击反应具有点击化学的所有特性。本文从点击化学的概念、特征和类型出发,重点介绍了巯基-烯反应的机理和在合成功能聚合物、制备拓扑结构高分子、表面修饰以及生物药物等方面的应用,并对巯基-烯反应的最新研究成果进行综述,最后展望了巯基-烯的点击化学的发展前景。     

基于点击化学的色谱分离材料研究新进展

自诺贝尔奖获得者Sharpless教授2001年首次提出点击化学概念以来,该类反应凭借条件温和、反应迅速、产量高、副产物少、分离提纯简单等优势,迅速拓展至材料和生命等诸多科学领域,成为一种强大的模块化合成工具。目前,点击化学反应已成为设计制备分离材料的重要手段,展现出蓬勃发展的现状。本文首先简要地回顾了点击化学的发展历程并介绍了其独特优势,然后聚焦于柱色谱和膜色谱两大分离领域,系统地综述了近5年发表的基于点击化学的色谱分离材料相关报道,重点归纳了叠氮-炔、巯基-烯和巯基-炔这3种常见点击反应类型在色谱分离材料研究中的最新进展,最后对点击化学在开发高效分离材料方面的发展前景进行了展望。     

基于巯基点击反应与RAFT聚合的功能性聚合物合成

可逆加成-裂解链转移聚合(RAFT)由于单体适用面广、聚合条件温和、不受聚合方法的限制等特性, 已经成为活性合成聚合物的有效手段之一。点击化学(click chemistry)由于具有良好的选择性、模块性以及官能团耐受性等特点迅速成为许多研究领域,如药物、聚合物、功能材料等合成的有力工具,同时涌现出了多种基于巯基的点击反应。本文综述了近年来基于巯基的点击反应, 如巯基-烯、巯基-炔、巯基-异氰酸酯、巯基-环氧化物以及巯基-卤代烃等新型点击反应与RAFT聚合相结合在功能性聚合物的制备和修饰中的应用, 相信这两种手段的结合将在其中发挥积极的作用。     

巯基-环氧点击化学及其在高分子材料中的应用

巯基-环氧反应作为一类典型的“点击化学”具有反应速度快、选择性高且反应条件温和等优点,近年来备受关注。本文首先阐述了巯基-环氧反应的碱催化机理,并评述了碱性催化剂、取代基团以及溶剂等因素对于巯基-环氧反应速率的影响。归纳认为,无机碱如氢氧化锂以及有机碱如四丁基氟化铵具有较高催化活性,并比较了无机碱和有机碱催化剂的优缺点;与供电子基团连接的巯基化合物以及与吸电子基团连接的环氧化合物具有较高的反应活性,位阻效应也对其有影响;在无溶剂的本体条件下反应活性较高。同时,重点介绍了巯基-环氧反应在高分子材料领域中应用的最新进展,并将其分为在溶剂中合成结构可控的高分子（包括线型或复杂结构高分子的合成和高分子或表面的修饰改性）以及本体条件下制备性能优良且具有应用价值的高分子网络两大类进行讨论。最后,简要展望了其发展前景。     

巯-烯点击反应在毛细管整体柱制备中的应用

毛细管整体柱由于具备高效的传质性能、分离性能以及灵活的可设计性,受到科研工作者的广泛关注。整体柱制备过程中,功能基团的引入是关键点之一。近年来研究者们将一种简单高效、定向性强的反应-“巯-烯点击反应”引入整体柱的制备中,由于含巯基、含烯键的配体和单体具有非常广泛的可选择性,因而使整体柱材料更加多样化。本文从整体柱的特征、分类及制备方法出发,阐述了传统整体柱制备方法的局限性以及引入巯-烯点击反应的优势。并且分别从两个方面重点综述了“巯-烯点击反应”在整体柱制备中的应用：即利用巯-烯点击反应对表面含烯键或者巯基的整体柱进行表面修饰以及基于巯-烯点击反应“一锅法”制备的杂化整体柱。最后展望了巯-烯点击反应在整体柱制备领域的发展前景。     

以多组分点击化学为基础的高分子合成——高分子合成的新机遇

高分子合成是高分子学科的基础,合理选择有机反应制备新型聚合物是高分子合成方法学的重要研究内容.最近,利用多组分反应合成高分子引起了人们的广泛关注,成为高分子合成中充满活力的新领域.在研究多组分反应的过程中,人们发现了多组分反应与点击反应存在交集,并提出了多组分点击化学的概念,即某些高效、原子经济、环境友好的多组分反应也可视为点击反应.本文将系统介绍多组分点击反应的特点、以多组分点击反应为基础的聚合物合成方法、通过多组分点击反应得到的功能聚合物及其应用等,归纳总结这一新兴领域的初步结果,并对其未来发展提出一些拙见.     

巯基-烯光点击反应辅助合成多官能度蓖麻油基聚氨酯丙烯酸酯

研究巯基-烯光点击反应辅助合成多官能度蓖麻油基聚氨酯丙烯酸酯。首先通过光引发的巯基-烯点击反应,于蓖麻油分子上引入巯基乙醇,形成多羟基化合物,然后加入丙烯酸羟丙酯与异佛尔酮二异氰酸酯,以物质的量为1:1反应得到端异氰酸酯丙烯酸酯,最终得到蓖麻油基聚氨酯丙烯酸酯。通过调节羟基含量可以得到不同官能度的丙烯酸酯。采用红外光谱、核磁氢谱、热重分析等手段表征其结构和性能,并测试了合成的聚氨酯丙烯酸脂的吸水率、附着力等性能,同时考察了它的热稳定性。结果表明, 在紫外光照射下,巯基和不饱和双键之间发生了加成反应;该聚合物的固化膜性能得到提高,尤其是硬度和热稳定性。由本文快速合成方法得到的树脂性能良好,具有较好的应用前景,扩大了巯基-烯光点击反应在高性能UV固化材料方面的应用范围。     

巯基-烯/炔点击化学研究进展

近年来,点击化学以其应用范围广、反应条件简单、速度快,产率高、环境友好、选择性强等诸多优点受到科学家的青睐,点击化学的概念对有机合成领域有很大的贡献,在药物开发和生物医用材料等诸多领域中,它已经成为目前最为有用和吸引人的合成理念之一.而巯基-烯/炔点击化学是近年来发展衍生出来的一类新型的点击化学,它以光引发自由基反应为催化介质,充分将光引发过程的优点和传统的点击反应的特点相结合,在特定的区域和官能团间反应,具有高度的选择性,成为合成材料的又一重要途径.本文着重就巯基-烯/炔点击化学在制备功能性聚合物微球、两亲性的嵌段聚合物、分子器件材料、高度支化聚合物等领域及化学修饰与改性方面进行了评述,并对点击化学在新领域中的应用及其发展方向进行了展望.     

点击化学在拓扑结构聚合物合成中的应用

首先对点击化学进行简述,介绍了点击化学的概况、特征及主要反应类型;随后,重点介绍点击化学在拓扑结构聚合物(包括线形、刷形、星形、环状及树枝状大分子等)合成中的应用,并对这一领域的研究进展进行综述;最后,提出目前点击化学存在的一些问题,并对其发展前景进行展望.     

Thiol–Ene Click Chemistry

Following Sharpless′ visionary characterization of several idealized reactions as click reactions, the materials science and synthetic chemistry communities have pursued numerous routes toward the identification and implementation of these click reactions. Herein, we review the radical‐mediated thiol–ene reaction as one such click reaction. This reaction has all the desirable features of a click reaction, being highly efficient, simple to execute with no side products and proceeding rapidly to high yield. Further, the thiol–ene reaction is most frequently photoinitiated, particularly for photopolymerizations resulting in highly uniform polymer networks, promoting unique capabilities related to spatial and temporal control of the click reaction. The reaction mechanism and its implementation in various synthetic methodologies, biofunctionalization, surface and polymer modification, and polymerization are all reviewed.     

"Clickable" metal-organic framework

We demonstrated the metal-organic framework bearing the azide group in the organic linkers and in situ click reactions with some small alkynes. The XRPD patterns indicated that the click reaction proceeded without any decomposition of the original MOF network. Controlling the organic linkers and incorporation of the azide groups should provide the designer-made MOFs that have controlled molecular cavities with the desired steric dimensions and functionality.     

Click chemistry as a reliable method for the high-density postsynthetic functionalization of alkyne-modified DNA

[reaction: see text] We report the development of the Cu(I)-catalyzed Huisgen cycloaddition (click) reaction for the multiple postsynthetic labeling of alkyne-modified DNA. A series of alkyne-modified oligodeoxyribonucleotides (ODNs) of increasing alkyne density were prepared, and the click reaction using various azide labels was investigated. Complete high-density conversion was observed for ODNs containing up to six consecutive alkyne functions. Compatibility of the click conditions with long DNA strands was shown using a PCR product obtained with an alkyne-modified primer.     

硫醇-烯/炔点击化学合成功能聚合物材料

点击化学具有反应条件温和、产率高、速率快、产物容易分离以及高度选择性等优点,成为国内外研究的热点之一。硫醇-烯/炔光化学反应作为新型高效的点击反应近年来备受关注,通过这种方法制备高性能及功能性聚合物材料也是新材料领域的前沿研究内容。本文综述了近年来硫醇-烯/炔点击化学在功能聚合物材料合成中的研究成果,详细介绍了硫醇-烯/炔点击化学的特点、优势及其反应机理,重点归纳了利用硫醇-烯/炔点击化学合成线型、超支化、交联等分子结构的功能聚合物材料的研究进展,并对由这种方法合成功能聚合物的单体特点、反应路线及产物应用进行了阐述,最后对硫醇-烯/炔点击化学的进一步应用前景做了展望。     

Versatile site-specific conjugation of small molecules to siRNA using click chemistry

We have previously demonstrated that conjugation of small molecule ligands to small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) and anti-microRNAs results in functional siRNAs and antagomirs in vivo. Here we report on the development of an efficient chemical strategy to make oligoribonucleotide-ligand conjugates using the copper-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC) or click reaction. Three click reaction approaches were evaluated for their feasibility and suitability for high-throughput synthesis: the CuAAC reaction at the monomer level prior to oligonucleotide synthesis, the solution-phase postsynthetic "click conjugation", and the "click conjugation" on an immobilized and completely protected alkyne-oligonucleotide scaffold. Nucleosides bearing 5'-alkyne moieties were used for conjugation to the 5'-end of the oligonucleotide. Previously described 2'- and 3'-O-propargylated nucleosides were prepared to introduce the alkyne moiety to the 3' and 5' termini and to the internal positions of the scaffold. Azido-functionalized ligands bearing lipophilic long chain alkyls, cholesterol, oligoamine, and carbohydrate were utilized to study the effect of physicochemical characteristics of the incoming azide on click conjugation to the alkyne-oligonucleotide scaffold in solution and on immobilized solid support. We found that microwave-assisted click conjugation of azido-functionalized ligands to a fully protected solid-support bound alkyne-oligonucleotide prior to deprotection was the most efficient "click conjugation" strategy for site-specific, high-throughput oligonucleotide conjugate synthesis tested. The siRNA conjugates synthesized using this approach effectively silenced expression of a luciferase gene in a stably transformed HeLa cell line.     

Cooperative perfunctionalization and partial labeling of 6-azido-6-deoxy-α-cyclodextrin through copper(I)-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition

In a microwave and ligand-assisted cyclodextrin click cluster synthesis, we observed the cooperative perfunctionalization in the click reaction of 6-azido-6-deoxy-α-cyclodextrin under our optimized reaction conditions. MALDI-MS data and partial fluorescein labeling via the one-pot/stepwise methods confirmed the occurrence of cooperative perfunctionalization: the fully triazole-functionalized cyclodextrin click cluster became the major product with limited alkyne equivalents. To the best of our knowledge, this work constitutes the first example of a ‘cooperative’ click reaction of an azido-cyclodextrin. This cooperative perfunctionalization of cyclodextrin click clusters offers useful synthetic insights into the partial reporter labeling strategy using azido-cyclodextrin.     

A One‐Pot Tandem Ugi Multicomponent Reaction (MCR)/Click Reaction as an Efficient Protecting‐Group‐Free Route to 1H‐1,2,3‐Triazole‐Modified α‐Amino Acid Derivatives and Peptidomimetics

By a one‐pot tandem Ugi multicomponent reaction (MCR)/click reaction sequence not requiring protecting groups, 1H‐1,2,3‐triazole‐modified Ugi‐reaction products 6a – 6n (Scheme 1 and Table 2), 7a – 7b (Table 4), and 8 (Scheme 2) were synthesized successfully. i.e., terminal, side‐chain, or both side‐chain and terminal triazole‐modified Ugi‐reaction products as potential amino acid units for peptide syntheses. Different catalyst systems for the click reaction were examined to find the optimal reaction conditions (Table 1, Scheme 1). Finally, an efficient Ugi MCR+Ugi MCR/click reaction strategy was elaborated in which two Ugi‐reaction products were coupled by a click reaction, thus incorporating the triazole fragment into the center of peptidomimetics (Scheme 3). Thus, the Ugi MCR/click reaction sequence is a convenient and simple approach to different 1H‐1,2,3‐triazole‐modified amino acid derivatives and peptidomimetics.