铌钽溶液的性质及其反应特性

有关铌钽的分析化学研究成果已有专著和述评加以介绍。本文试图从铌钽溶液的某些性质及其反应特性来论述铌钽的某些分析化学反应的规律性。一、铌钽的无机配位络合物铌钽在氢氟酸溶液中形成非常稳定的络合离子,而且具有“真溶液”的性质。根据对 Nb_2O_5-HF-KF-H_2O 和 Ta_2O_5-HF-KF-H_2O 体系的     

纸上层析分离-ICP-AES测定稀有金属矿中的铌钽

采用HF、HNO_3溶解样品,纸上层析分离富集铌、钽,焦硫酸钾分解铌钽氧化物,酒石酸浸取,ICP-AES测定稀有金属矿中铌钽。研究了溶样用酸、色层分离展开剂比例及展开温度、焦硫酸钾用量、酒石酸浓度等对测定结果的影响,结果表明,采用纸上层析法可使铌钽与其他干扰元素彻底分离,焦硫酸钾熔融后,用酒石酸浸取使铌、钽完全进入溶液,以电感耦合等离子体光谱仪(ICP-AES)进行测定。在20 g/L的酒石酸介质中,ICP-AES测定铌钽的线性范围为0~50μg/mL,检出限为铌0.14μg/mL,钽0.16μg/mL;相对误差小于8%,精密度(RSD)小于6%,可测定矿石中0.001%~40%的Nb_2O_5,Ta_2O_5。该方法可同时测定稀有金属矿中铌钽原矿、精矿及尾矿中铌钽的含量,适合基体复杂、含量差别大的批量样品的检测。     

离子交换分离与分光光度法测定纯铁中痕量铌和钽

离子交换分离钢铁中铌钽多用HF或矿物酸-H_2O_2(H_2C_2O_4)。Speecke提出了低浓度HCl-H_2C_2O_4中铌钽的Kd值。本文研究了该酸度下Fe(Ⅲ)的阴离子交换行为。据此拟定了纯铁中痕量铌钽分离富集条件:上柱交换酸度为0.2～0.25MHCl-0.02～0.025M H_2C_2O_4;残余铁洗提酸度为0.2MHCl-0.005M H_2C_2O_4;Nb和Ta洗提液分别为40m11NH_2SO_4-0.2％     

溴邻苯三酚红-十六烷基三甲基溴化铵光度法测定钢中钽

文献报导,BPR在H_2O_2存在下能与钽生成紫蓝色化合物。我们发现,在酒石酸和EDTA存在下,Ta(V)与BPR和CTAB也可生成紫蓝色络合物,且草酸可掩蔽一定量的铌。在此基础上研究制定了测定钢中钽的光度法。在620毫微米下测得络合物克分子吸收系数为1.10×10~5。0—60微克Ta_2O_5/50毫升符合比尔定律。 (一)主要试剂 1.钽标准溶液:称取Ta_2O_5(99％以上),用焦硫酸钾熔融和25％酒石酸浸取熔块的方法配制成每毫升含200微克Ta_2O_5     

木质素在不同Ru/Nb基催化剂上解聚和脱氧加氢制芳烃化合物

木质素高效转化为芳烃是木质素利用的一个非常重要的过程,一般通过解聚和脱氧加氢反应来实现.我们曾发现NbOx物种在木质素及其模型化合物的C–O键活化和断裂的过程中发挥了至关重要的作用.本文分别选择两种商业的铌基材料(HY-340和NbPO-CBMM)和实验室自制的具有层状结构的氧化铌材料(Nb_2O_5-Layer)为载体,制备了负载型Ru催化剂,将其用于木质素及其模型化合物的催化转化.同时,为了尽量避免Ru与铌基载体相互作用的影响,制备了较为均匀的Ru纳米胶粒并吸附于铌基载体上,得到Ru@铌基催化剂,并用于木质素模型化合物—对甲酚的催化转化反应中.研究表明,木质素在所有的Ru/铌基催化剂上都可以得到比较高的C7–C9碳氢化合物的收率.其中,在Ru/Nb_2O_5-Layer催化剂上C_7–C_9碳氢化合物的摩尔收率为99.1%,选择性为88.0%.采用X射线衍射、N_2吸附-脱附、热重分析、吡啶吸附红外光谱(Py-FTIR)、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)以及CO化学吸附等技术表征了Ru/铌基催化剂的性能与铌基材料的性质、金属Ru颗粒大小及其表面电子状态之间的关系.Py-FTIR结果表明, Nb_2O_5-Layer材料上几乎没有Br?nsted酸,但含有最多的Lewis酸,而NbPO-CBMM上的Lewis酸量最低.结合催化性能数据发现,单体产物收率与铌基载体的Lewis量成正相关关系,其中以Ru/Nb_2O_5-Layer催化剂上最高.CO化学吸附和XPS结果表明,不同的铌基载体负载的金属Ru的分散度和电子状态都有差异.在Ru/Nb_2O_5-Layer上Ru的分散度最好,颗粒尺寸最小,木质素转化得到的芳烃选择性最好;在Ru/HY-340和Ru/NbPO-CBMM上,虽然Ru的分散度相近,但其表面电子状态不同, Ru/HY-340上的金属态Ru带有更多的正电荷δ+,其得到芳烃的选择性高于Ru/Nb PO-CBMM.由此可见, Ru的颗粒尺寸和表面电子状态会影响芳烃选择性.对甲酚催化转化反应结果表明, Ru颗粒大小相同时,铌基载体性质会影响对甲酚转化率;而同一铌基载体上, Ru颗粒大小则影响芳烃选择性,较小的Ru颗粒有利于芳烃的生成.     

有机试剂在铌和钽的检验及光度测定中的应用

用于检验及光度测定铌和钽的有机分析试剂在1950年以前是比较少的,但在近十几年中,由于络合物化学和希有元素分析得到迅速发展,因此分析工作者不断发现铌和钽与有机试剂的新颜色反应。到目前为止,已被发现的有机试剂将近有一百余种,其中一部分已用于铌和钽的检验及光度测定并对某些颜色反应的平衡体系和有色络合物的组成进行了研究。用于检验及光度测定铌和钽的有机试剂主     

铌钽分离方法

铌钽的分离以及铌钽的富集与其伴生元素的分离是铌钽分析化学中引人注目的课题。本文根据铌钽的性质,着重引用近十年来有关铌钽的分离方法及其机理研究的主要结果,系统地总结、介绍了铌钽分离方法,並对铌钽分离的理论基础和规律性作了充分讨论,概述了铌钽分离方法的发展。     

纯铌中钽及钛的光谱化学测定

一、本文叙述纯铌中钽的光谱化学测定方法.钽预先用纸色层“连续挥发”法浓缩.当五氧化二钽含量≥0.025%时,测定的准确度为±6%,察觉界限0.01%. 二、对钽在碳电极孔穴中蒸发过程进行实验,并提出能较快蒸发的方法. 三、用加入法进行纯铌中钛含量的直接光谱测定,准确度±9%,灵敏度约为0.01%.     

4,5-二溴邻硝基苯基萤光酮光度法测定有大量铌存在下微量钽的研究

本文研究了在柠檬酸-TritonX-100存在下,用4,5-二溴邻硝基苯基萤光酮在0.5—5M硫酸介质中光度法直接测定微量钽的高灵敏、高选择性方法。探讨了用过氧化氢-草酸掩蔽铌的最佳体系,铌的允许量可达150倍以上。用本法测定了氧化铌、铌铁,高温镍基合金和含铌钽矿样中的钽含量,结果令人满意。     

因子分析法研究5-Br-PADAP-铌、钽显色体系

文用因子分析法对5-Br-PADAP-铌、钽显色体系进行研究,提出以浓度乘积因子rC_(Nb)C_Ta表示配合物间的交互作用。并以铌、钽混合液的已知浓度组成为目标进行变换分析,对铌、钽混合液进行了测定。     

An aqueous route to [Ta6O19]8- and solid-state studies of isostructural niobium and tantalum oxide complexes

A new soft chemical route to [Ta6O19]8- has been developed by the dissolution of [Ta(O2)4]3- in conditions alkaline enough to arrest formation of Ta2O5, followed by [VO4]3--catalyzed decomposition of the peroxide ligands and crystallization of the salt. An average of bond lengths and angles from isostructural salts of [Ta6O19]8- and [Nb6O19]8- indicate there is an increase in terminal M(eta=O) bond lengths and M-micro2-O-M angles and a decrease in bridging micro2-O-M bond lengths in [Ta6O19]8-, although the central micro6-O-M bond lengths are identical within experimental error. Two new structures of Na7[HNb6O19].15H2O () and Na8[Ta6O19].15H2O () are exemplary of the fact that protonated micro2-OH are observed exclusively in the niobates. In these structures, the metal-oxide framework, seven sodium atoms, and all fifteen water molecules are located in identical unit cell positions, but in an eighth charge-balancing sodium is located in close proximity to the protonated micro2-OH in . Differences in the basicity of Nb(v)- and Ta(v)-bound oxygen atoms are also manifested at the surfaces of 17O-enriched powders of Nb2O5 and Ta2O5. Oxygen exchange at the surface of these materials readily takes place at both terminal and bridging sites in Nb2O5 but only at terminal sites in Ta2O5.     

过渡金属氧化物(M2O5)+m=1,2(M=V, Nb, Ta)与C2H4气相反应机理的密度泛函研究

采用密度泛函理论研究了过渡金属钒族氧化物阳离子团簇(M2O5)+m=1,2(M=V, Nb, Ta)与C2H4气相反应机理. 反应为(M2O5)m++C2H4→(M2O5)m-1M2O4++C2H4O, 反应物先化合生成C—O键相连的化合物, 经过过渡态后M—O键断裂, 从而发生氧原子转移到碳氢化合物上的反应. 对于V2O5+与C2H4的反应, 存在经顺式和反式两种过渡态结构路径, 从能量上看, 经反式过渡态结构的路径更有利. 计算结果表明, 发生反应时C2H4与钒氧化物阳离子反应大量放热, 而与铌、钽氧化物阳离子反应却放热较少甚至不放热, 这与实验结果一致. 钒、铌、钽氧化物阳离子团簇发生氧转移反应活性不同的原因是金属-氧键的强弱不同所致.     

Stoichiometric and oxygen-rich M2O(n)- and M2O(n) (M = Nb, Ta; n = 5-7) clusters: molecular models for oxygen radicals, diradicals, and superoxides

We investigated the structures and bonding of two series of early transition-metal oxide clusters, M(2)O(n)(-) and M(2)O(n) (M = Nb, Ta; n = 5-7) using photoelectron spectroscopy (PES) and density-functional theory (DFT). The stoichiometric M(2)O(5) clusters are found to be closed shell with large HOMO-LUMO gaps, and their electron affinities (EAs) are measured to be 3.33 and 3.71 eV for M = Nb and Ta, respectively; whereas EAs for the oxygen-rich clusters are found to be much higher: 5.35, 5.25, 5.28, and 5.15 eV for Nb(2)O(6), Nb(2)O(7), Ta(2)O(6), and Ta(2)O(7), respectively. Structural searches at the B3LYP level yield triplet and doublet ground states for the oxygen-rich neutral and anionic clusters, respectively. Spin density analyses reveal oxygen radical, diradical, and superoxide characters in the oxygen-rich clusters. The M(2)O(7)(-) and M(2)O(7) clusters, which can be viewed to be formed by M(2)O(5)(-/0) + O(2), are utilized as molecular models to understand dioxygen activation on M(2)O(5)(-) and M(2)O(5) clusters. The O(2) adsorption energies on the stoichiometric M(2)O(5) neutrals are shown to be surprisingly high (1.3-1.9 eV), suggesting strong capabilities to activate O(2) by structural defects in Nb and Ta oxides. The PES data also provides valuable benchmarks for various density functionals (B3LYP, BP86, and PW91) for the Nb and Ta oxides.     

Lindqvist型[M6-nMonO19]p-阴离子（M=W,Nb,Ta）电子性质的密度泛函理论研究

采用密度泛函理论方法探讨了取代Mo原子对[W6-nMonO19]2-,[Nb6-nMonO19]p-和[Ta6-nMonO19]p-体系的M—Ot(M=W,Nb,Ta)键的活化作用.计算结果表明,随着取代Mo原子数的增多,[M6-nMonO19]2-(M=W,Nb,Ta)中M—Ot键的键能逐渐减小,因此Mo原子的引入使M—Ot键活化.在[W6-nMonO19]2-中,Mo—Ot键的键能小于W—Ot键的键能,因此,Mo—Ot键比W—Ot键易断裂,与实验结果一致.而在[Nb6-nMonO19]p-和[Ta6-nMonO19]p-体系中,Mo—Ot键的键能大于M—Ot(M=Nb,Ta)键的键能.Nb和Ta原子的端氧Ot的电荷大于Mo原子的端氧Ot的电荷,初步预测,当[Nb6-nMonO19]p-和[Ta6-nMonO19]p-与有机胺反应时,Nb—Ot和Ta—Ot键优先断裂,易与有机胺的氮原子成键.     

17O and 15N solid state NMR studies on ligand-assisted templating and oxygen coordination in the walls of mesoporous Nb, Ta and Ti oxides

A multinuclear solid state NMR approach is applied to four templated mesoporous oxides (silica, titania, niobia and tantala) to include (15)N and (17)O magic angle spinning (MAS) NMR and double resonance (15)N-(93)Nb, (17)O Rotational-Echo Adiabatic Passage Double Resonance (REAPDOR). The templated samples were ramped in steps of 20 degrees C for 2 days up to typically 110 degrees C where the samples were left for 2-4 days. (15)N MAS NMR shows that amines are the only species present in the TiO2, Nb2O5, and Ta2O5. In SiO2, amines are only present as a minor coordination (10 +/- 2%), but there are several strong ammonium (15)N resonances. The REAPDOR experiments show that the nitrogen interacts with niobium, confirming a ligand interaction between the Nb and N, as previously believed. In the case of silica, the amine is quaternized and there is apparently no interaction with the Si, suggesting a RNH3(+) (-)O-Si- hydrogen-bonding interaction with the walls. (17)O MAS NMR provides the clearest indication of the local wall structure. In the aged, templated samples in all cases only OM2 coordinations are present which is very different from the pure bulk oxides (apart from SiO2) and must be due to the effects of amine coordination at the metal centers. On removal of the template, these oxides behave differently, with Ta2O5 showing a mixture of OTa2 (85 +/- 5%) and OTa3 (15 +/- 5%) which is similar to the types of coordination found in the bulk oxide. The previously reported (17)O MAS NMR data from heat-treated mesoporous niobia shows only ONb2, which is very highly ordered. In contrast for titania, the OTi2 coordination is immediately lost on removal of the template to be replaced by a mixture of OTi3 (60 +/- 5%) and OTi4 (40 +/- 5%), with the OTi4 becoming dominant above 250 degrees C, very different behavior from the corresponding bulk oxide. In summary, this NMR study shows that the local oxygen coordination in amine-templated mesoporous transition metal oxides is present as OM2 which is relatively rare in bulk oxides. The data indicates that the template interaction is largely controlled by the N-M dative bond to the wall, suppressing higher oxygen coordination numbers. Qualitatively it appears that the strength of this interaction varies greatly in the different mesoporous oxides.     

Photodissociation of vanadium, niobium, and tantalum oxide cluster cations

Transition-metal oxide clusters of the form M(n)O(m) (+)(M=V,Nb,Ta) are produced by laser vaporization in a pulsed nozzle cluster source and detected with time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Consistent with earlier work, cluster oxides for each value of n produce only a limited number of stoichiometries, where m>n. The cluster cations are mass selected and photodissociated using the second (532 nm) or third (355 nm) harmonic of a Nd:YAG (yttrium aluminum garnet) laser. All of these clusters require multiphoton conditions for dissociation, consistent with their expected strong bonding. Dissociation occurs by either elimination of oxygen or by fission, repeatedly producing clusters having the same specific stoichiometries. In oxygen elimination, vanadium species tend to lose units of O(2), whereas niobium and tantalum lose O atoms. For each metal increment n, oxygen elimination proceeds until a terminal stoichiometry is reached. Clusters having this stoichiometry do not eliminate more oxygen, but rather undergo fission, producing smaller M(n)O(m) (+) species. The smaller clusters produced as fission products represent the corresponding terminal stoichiometries for those smaller n values. The terminal stoichiometries identified are the same for V, Nb, and Ta oxide cluster cations. This behavior suggests that these clusters have stable bonding networks at their core, but additional excess oxygen at their periphery. These combined results determine that M(2)O(4) (+), M(3)O(7) (+), M(4)O(9) (+), M(5)O(12) (+), M(6)O(14) (+), and M(7)O(17) (+) have the greatest stability for V, Nb, and Ta oxide clusters.     

Homo- and heterobimetallic niobium(v) and tantalum(v) peroxo-tartrate complexes and their use as molecular precursors for Nb-Ta mixed oxides

New water-soluble bimetallic peroxo-tartrato complexes of niobium(V) and/or tantalum(V) have been prepared, characterized from the structural and spectroscopic point of view, and used as molecular precursors for Nb-Ta mixed oxides. Two new homometallic complexes, (gu)5[Nb2(O2)4(tart)(Htart)] x 4H2O (1a) and (gu)6[Ta2(O2)4(tart)2] x 4H2O (2a), and the corresponding heterometallic complex, (gu)5[NbTa(O2)4(tart)(Htart)] x 4H2O (3), have been obtained. The crystal structures of the homometallic compounds, (gu)5[Nb2(O2)4(tart)(Htart)] x 6H2O x 1H2O2 (1b) and (gu)6[Ta2(O2)4(tart)2] x 6H2O (2b), have been determined, showing, for both cases, two 8-fold-coordinated metal atoms, each surrounded by oxygen atoms belonging to two bidentate peroxides, two monodentate carboxylato, and two alkoxo groups from both bridging tartrato ligands. The coordination polyhedron around each metal atom is a dodecahedron. The thermal treatment of complexes 1a, 2a, and 3 in air at 700 or 800 degrees C, depending of the Ta content, provided Nb2O5, Ta2O5, and the solid solution TaNbO5, respectively. The thermal treatment of a 1:1 Nb/Ta molar ratio mixture of 1a and 2a has also been studied. BET and SEM measurements have been carried out and reveal these oxides possess relatively high specific surface areas and display a porous character. Comparison between the use of homo- and heterometallic precursors is discussed.     

Synthesis, structure, and photocatalysis in a new structural variant of the Aurivillius phase: LiBi4M3O14 (M = Nb, Ta)

Two new compounds, LiBi4Nb3O14 and LiBi4Ta3O14, have been synthesized by the solid-state method, using Li2CO3, Bi2O3, and M2O5 (M = Nb, Ta) in stoichiometric quantities. These compounds crystallize in the monoclinic C2/c space group with a = 13.035(3) A, b = 7.647(2) A, c = 12.217(3) A, beta = 101.512(4) degrees , V = 1193.4(5) A3 , and Z = 4 and a = 13.016(2) A, b = 7.583(1) A, c = 12.226(2) A, beta = 101.477(3) degrees , V = 1182.6(5) A3, and Z = 4, respectively. These are isostructural and the structure along the b axis consists of layers of [Bi2O2]2+ units separated by layers of LiO4 tetrahedra and NbO6 octahedra hence depicting an unusual variation in the Aurivillius phase isolated for the first time. The presence of lithium has been confirmed by 7Li NMR studies. ac impedance measurements and variable temperature (7)Li NMR studies indicate oxygen ion conductivity in these materials. The UV-visible spectra suggest a band gap of 3.0 eV for LiBi4Nb3O14 and 3.5 eV for LiBi4Ta3O14, respectively, and the associated studies on degradation of dyes and phenols render these materials suitable for photocatalysis.     

六聚同多酸阴离子M_6O_(19)~(n-)(M=Mo,W,n=2;M=Nb,Ta,n=8)电子结构和化学性质的密度泛函理论研究

采用B3LYP方法在LanL2DZ水平上计算了六聚同多阴离子 (M6On-19,M =Mo和W ,n =2 ;M =Nb和Ta ,n =8)的电子结构 ,分析了它们的前线轨道、分子静电势 (MEP) .计算结果表明 ,Nb6O8-19和Ta6O8-19是电子给体 ,而Mo6O2 -19和W6O2 -19则是电子受体 ,这与它们在溶液中具有不同的化学性质是一致的     

Cation deficient layered Ruddlesden-Popper-related oxysulfides La2LnMS2O5 (Ln=La, Y; M=Nb, Ta)

The structures of the new oxysulfide Ruddlesden-Popper phases La2LnMS2O5 (Ln=La, Y; M=Nb, Ta) are reported together with an iodide-containing variant: La3-xNb1+xS2O5I2x (0相似文献