4个新型有机磷缩合试剂的合成及其在生物活性肽合成中的应用

报道了4个新型有机磷化合物：N-二乙氧基磷酰苯并唑酮(DEPBO)、N－(2-氧-1,3,2-二氧杂磷杂环乙烷基)-苯并唑酮(DOPBO)、3－(2'-氧-1',3',2'-二氧杂磷杂环己烷基)-氧-1,2,3-苯共三嗪-4(3H)-酮(DOPBT)和3－(二乙氧基磷酰基)-氧-1,2,3-苯并三嗪-4(3H)-酮(DEPBT)的合成,并研究了它们作为缩会试剂在多肽合成中的应用. 研究结果表明,它们可以成功地用于固相法和溶液法合成多肽,其中DEPBT还可用于环肽的合成. 应用DEPBO和DEPBT合成了促睡眠肽的类似物及从云南中草药繁缕中分离鉴定的一个环七肽等生物活性肽.     

咪唑基引起缩合试剂3-(二乙氧基磷酰基)-氧-1,2,3-苯并三嗪-4(3H)-酮(DEPBT)的副反应

当用DEPBT作为缩合试剂合成含组氨酸的肌肽(β-Ala-His)衍生物时, 又偶然发现了另一个副反应. 在这个反应中, 没有得到预期的肌肽产物, 而是生成了一个结构与DEPBT相关的副产物EODhbt(3-乙氧基-3,4-二氢-1,2,3-苯并三嗪-4-酮). 本文报道了此副产物的发现、 结构鉴定及影响副反应的各种因素. 这对深入了解DEPBT的反应特性, 并且在含组氨酸的多肽合成中更有效地应用DEPBT提供了有用的信息.     

Highly efficient synthesis of sialylglycopeptides overcoming unexpected aspartimide formation during activation of Fmoc-Asn(undecadisialyloligosaccharide)-OH

Oligosaccharyl Fmoc-asparagine in which amide nitrogen of the asparagine side chain attached to the anomeric position at the reducing end, is a versatile building block and has been used for various glycopeptide synthesis using Fmoc solid-phase peptide synthesis (SPPS). We found unexpected aspartimide formation between amide nitrogen at the reducing end and α-carboxyl acid of oligosaccharyl Fmoc-asparagine during activation of α-carboxyl acid and this side reaction resulted in low coupling yields of oligosaccharyl Fmoc-asparagine with peptide-resin. This aspartimide formed efficiently using conventional coupling reagents such as PyBOP and HATU, but DEPBT afforded little of the aspartimide derivative. Activation condition using DEPBT (3.0 equiv) and DIPEA (2.0 equiv) afforded excellent yield (97%) in coupling reaction between Fmoc-Asn(CHO)-OH and peptide-resin. Based on these results, we performed a synthesis of a sialylglycopeptide, HIV-gp120 (54-63) VVLLVN(CHO)VTENF, in high yield.     

S-(2-Pyrimidinyl)- and S-(2-(4,6-dimethylpyrimidinyl))-1,1,3,3-tetramethylthiouronium hexafluorophosphates: novel reagents for in situ peptide coupling

Two new reagents for in situ peptide coupling based on the 2-mercaptopyrimidine core have been developed. The readily prepared thiouronium salts were found to promote both peptide and segment coupling efficiently with low racemization/epimerization levels.     

A racemization test in peptide synthesis using 4-(4,6-dimethoxy-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl)-4-methylmorpholinium chloride (DMT-MM)

Racemization of the C-terminal amino acid (Ala) has been studied in various solvents during coupling between 4-methoxybenzyloxycarbonyl (Z(OMe))-Gly-L-Ala-OH and phenylalanine benzyl ester (H-Phe-OBzl) with 4-(4,6-dimethoxy-1,3,5-thiazin-2-yl)-4-methylmorpholinium chloride (DMT-MM). The reaction occurred without substantial racemization in AcOEt, tetrahydrofuran (THF), N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF), CH3CN, and 2-PrOH, while a slight racemization was observed in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), EtOH, and MeOH. The extent of racemization may correlate with the polarity of the solvents.     

Lithiation of 3-(Acylamino)-2-unsubstituted-, 3-(Acylamino)-2-ethyl-, and 3-(Acylamino)-2-propyl-4(3H)-quinazolinones: Convenient Syntheses of More Complex Quinazolinones(1)

3-(Pivaloylamino)- and 3-(acetylamino)-4(3H)-quinazolinones react with alkyllithium reagents to give 1,2-addition products in very good yields. Lithiation takes place with LDA and is regioselective at position 2. The lithium reagents thus obtained react with a variety of electrophiles to give the corresponding substituted derivatives in very good yields. Reactions of the lithium reagents with iodine give oxidatively dimerized cyclic structures. 3-(Pivaloylamino)- and 3-(acetylamino)-2-ethyl-4(3H)-quinazolinones and 3-(pivaloylamino)- and 3-(acetylamino)-2-propyl-4(3H)-quinazolinones are lithiated at the benzylic position with LDA. The lithium reagents so produced also react with a variety of electrophiles to give the corresponding 2-substituted-4(3H)-quinazolinone derivatives in very good yields. However, lithiation of 3-(acylamino)-2-(1-methylethyl)-4(3H)-quinazolinones was unsuccessful, as were lithiations of compounds having a diacetylamino group at position 3. The amide groups have been cleaved in good yield under basic or acidic conditions from some of the products to provide access to the free amino compounds.     

Synthesis of 5S-(1-Oxoalkyl and Aryl)-2-pyrrolidinone Derivatives1

N-Benzyl pyroglutamate esters react with aryllithium reagents and methyllithium to give moderate to good yields of 5-(1-oxoaryl) or 5-(1-oxoalkyl)-2-pyrrolidinone derivatives. The reaction proceeds without racemization, but is accompanied by formation of 5-(1-hydroxy-1-alkyl)-2-pyrrolidinone derivatives. This reaction gives very poor yields of ketone products with most other alkyl organolithium reagents such as n-butyllithium. Grignard reagents react to give primarily the alcohol.     

Phenylglycine racemization in Fmoc-based solid-phase peptide synthesis: Stereochemical stability is achieved by choice of reaction conditions

Phenylglycine-containing peptides have broad applications in medicinal chemistry, but their synthetic accessibility is complicated by the risk of epimerization during solid-phase peptide synthesis (SPPS). Phenylglycine is therefore often considered a troublesome residue. This work studies the extent of Phg racemization under different Fmoc-SPPS reaction conditions. It is shown that the base-catalyzed coupling of Fmoc-Phg is the critical step for racemization. However, racemization can be reduced to a negligible level if DEPBT or COMU combined with TMP or DMP are employed during this step. Resin-bound peptides are remarkably resistant against epimerization during extended incubation under basic conditions and the free peptides were stable in buffer solutions used for biological assays.     

Application of DEPBT on the Synthesis of the Protected Dipeptides Containing Histidine with Unprotected Imidazole Group by Solution Method

3- (Diethoxyphosphoryloxy)- 1,2,3-benzotriazln-4 (3H)-one (DE-PBT) was an organophosphorus coupling reagent developed by our group. It was an effective coupling reagent for the synthesis of protected peptides containing Tyr, Ser and Thr with unprotected hydroxy group on their side chain. The further study of the synthesis of a series of protected dipeptides containing hisfidine with unprotected imidazole group using DEPBT is reported. During the synthetic procedure, the imidazole group of histidine did not need to be protected. When the carboxyl components were N-protected aromatic amino acids or basic amino acids, the yields were relatively high (63%--81%). However,when the carboxyl components were N-protected acidic amino acids, the yields were relatively low (47%--48%). The results expanded the application of DEPBT on the synthesis of bioactive peptides containing histidine.     

Synthesis of sterically-hindered peptidomimetics using 4-(4,6-dimethoxy-1,3,5-triazine-2-yl)-4-methyl-morpholinium chloride

Our study demonstrated that 4-(4,6-dimethoxy-1,3,5-triazine-2-yl)-4-methyl-morpholinium chloride (DMTMM) is a versatile coupling reagent for the synthesis of sterically-hindered peptidomimetics. It is superior to HBTU/HOBt and CDMT in controlling racemization and N-arylation, respectively.     

Large degree of racemization observed in the amide bond forming reaction on silica gel

A systematic study of racemization from the coupling of DNB-L-Leu and 3-aminopropyl silica gel with several amide coupling reagents was investigated. Significant amounts of racemization were observed from all except one coupling reagent. In comparison, similar reactions completed in homogeneous solution can be accomplished with much lower racemization and in much higher yields.     

Peptide synthesis using pentafluorophenyl diphenylphosphate (FDP) as coupling reagent

Comparison of the reaction speed and yield with its analogues and some conventional peptide coupling reagents, pentafluorophenyl diphenylphosphate (FDP) was shown to be a more preferable "active ester" type reagent for the peptide synthesis. The synthesis of oligopeptides using FDP was achieved with high yields. The influences of several reaction parameters such as solvent, base, additive and temperature on the coupling reaction were studied using HPLC method. The degree of racemization with FDP determined by HPLC or Young test was shown to be lower than that of DCCI. Octapeptide Gly-Cys(Bzl)-Ser-Gly-Lys-Leu-Ile-Cys(Bzl)-OH, corresponding to the amino acid sequence of gp41 of HIV-1, was successfully synthesized by 5+3 approach using FDP with high yield.     

Interconversion of 3-Acylaminobenzisoxazoles and 3-(2-Hydroxyphenyl)-1,2,4-oxadiazoles

Interconversion of 3-(2-hydroxyphenyl)-1,2,4-oxadiazoles (1) and 3-acylaminobenzisoxazoles (2) was observed in the presence of base carboxylate anion, triethylamine, alkali hydroxide, alcoholate. With proton transferring reagents (carboxylate, triethylamine) the equilibrium 1?2 is dependent on the substituent R; with anionic reagents (hydroxy anion, ethoxyl anion) the less basic anion of 1 is preferred. Alcohol effects further transformation of this anion and the alcohol adduct anion (6) is subject both to hydrolysis and alcoholysis (7) to yield 3-amino-benzisoxazole (3).     

Synthesis of poly(vinylamine) containing asymmetric nucleic acid base derivatives as grafted pendants

The preparations of new model polymers of polynucleotides with stereoregular poly(vinylamine) (PVAm) backbones and an optically active nucleic acid base derivative as a pending side chain are described. The grafting of (±)-, (+)-, and (?)-2-(thymin-1-yl) propionic acid to linear PVAm prepared either by hydrolysis of poly(vinyl acetamide) or poly(vinyl-t-butyl carbamate) has proven to be more difficult than the case of polyethyleneimine. This may be due to a combination of the low solubility and steric factors of PVAm. PVAm formed a complex with oximes such as ethyl-2-hydroxyimino cyanoacetate (EHICA), which activates the amino group of PVAm; it became soluble in polar solvents and gave higher percent graft. These carboxylic acid derivatives were grafted onto PVAm through amide bonds by direct coupling with sulfonic acid esters of hydroxybenzotriazoles to give optically active graft polymers. These coupling agents were found to be much superior reagents than DEPC regarding racemization. The related monomer and dimer model compounds were also prepared by the same method from 3-aminopentane and (?)-, (+)-, and meso-2,4-diaminopentane, respectively. The dimer models were separated and purified by HPLC to give models for isotactic, heterotactic, and syndiotactic polymer models. The enantiomeric purity of the optically active monomer model was determined by 360-MHz NMR spectroscopy using optically active shift reagents.     

Application of an Organophosphorus Reagent Depbt for Synthesis of Cycloheptapeptide

A cycloheptapeptide cyclo(Gly-Tyr-Gly-Gly-Pro-Phe-Pro), which was isolated and identified from one kind of Chinese medicinal herbs, was chosen as a model cyclopeptide, to evaluate an organophosphorus reagent, 3-(diethyloxyphosphoryloxy)-1,2,3-benzotriazin-4(3H)-one(DEPBT) for synthesis of cyclopeptide and compared with two other organophosphorus reagents, DPPA and BOP.     

General and efficient syntheses of C(18)-4,8-sphingadienines via S(N)2'-type homoallylic coupling reactions mediated by thioether-stabilized copper reagents

The stereoselective syntheses of C(18)-4,8-sphingadienines 3 and 4 as analogues of sphingosine 1 are described. The key step in these syntheses involved a novel S(N)2'-type homoallylic coupling reaction between the corresponding thioether-stabilized allylic copper reagents and the allylic mesylate 7. The thioether-stabilized allylic copper reagents were easily prepared and retained the configuration of their double bond during the coupling reactions, thus overcoming the problem of isomerization which was normally associated with the use of allylic organometallic reagents in such applications.     

Cross coupling reactions of organozinc iodides with solid-supported electrophiles: synthesis of 4-substituted benzoic and 3-substituted (E)- and (Z)-propenoic acids and amides

The solid-supported iodobenzoic acid derivatives 8-10 were coupled with a range of organozinc reagents 1-4 under palladium(o) catalysis. The coupled products released by acidic cleavage with TFA were obtained in high purities after recrystallisation. Analogous coupling of solid-supported (E)- and (Z)-3-iodoacrylic acids 18a, 18b, 19 and 20 gave (E)- and (Z)-alpha,beta-unsaturated acids and amides 21-27 stereospecifically.     

A versatile route to 3-(pyrimidin-4-yl)-imidazo[1,2-a]pyridines and 3-(pyrimidin-4-yl)-pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyridines

A two-step synthesis of 3-(2-chloropyrimidin-4-yl)imidazo[1,2-a]pyridines is presented. The late stage elaboration of the imidazopyridine through a cyclocondensation allows a rapid access to a variety of substitution patterns. The intermediate enol ethers were obtained from inexpensive reagents in a ligand-free Heck coupling. This methodology has been extended to the formation of pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyridines via a formal 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition.     

Barriers to racemization in C3-symmetric complexes containing the hydrotris(2-mercapto-1-ethylimidazolyl)borate (Tm(Et)) ligand

The tripodal ligands hydrotris(N-ethyl-2-mercaptoimidazol-1-yl)borate (NaTm(Et)) (1) and hydrotris(N-benzyl-2-mercaptoimidazol-1-yl)borate (NaTm(Bn)) (2), analogues of the hydrotris(N-methyl-2-mercaptoimidazol-1-yl)borate ligand (Tm) containing alternative nitrogen substituents, have been employed to examine the racemization of their C3-symmetric complexes with both four- and six-coordinate metals. The ligands react at room temperature with metal halides to provide C3-symmetric metal complexes. The syntheses of the four-coordinate complexes [Tm(Et)ZnCl] (3), [Tm(Et)CdBr] (4), [Tm(Et)HgCl] (5), [Tm(Et)CuPPh3] (6), [Tm(Et)AgPPh3] (7), and [Tm(Bn)ZnCl] (8) are reported. The six-coordinate complexes [Tm(Et)Ru(p-cymene)]Cl (9), [Tm(Et)Ru(p-cymene)]PF(6) (10), and [Tm(Et)Mn(CO)3] (11) were also synthesized. The X-ray crystal structures of 3, 4, 6, and 9 are reported. The diastereotopic nature of the ethyl and benzyl hydrogen atoms in the ligands allows the enantiomeric forms of these complexes to be distinguished by 1H NMR spectroscopy. Variable-temperature (VT) 1H NMR spectra have thus been used to investigate the energies of the racemization processes occurring in these chiral complexes. In solvents the activation energies to racemization for the four-coordinate complexes lay in the range of 53-77 kJ mol(-1). In non-donor solvents the energies are reduced and a dissociative mechanism is therefore implicated. No interconversion could be observed by VT NMR for the six-coordinate complexes in any solvent. To further explore the racemization mechanisms ab initio density functional theory calculations have been conducted on the ground- and transition-state structures of representative six-coordinate [Mn(I)] and four-coordinate [Zn(II)] complexes following a proposed nondissociative mechanism of racemization. The calculated energy barriers to racemization are 163 and 121 kJ mol(-1), respectively. It is concluded that the low-energy racemization of substitution-labile four-coordinate complexes occurs via a dissociative mechanism, while substitution-inert six-coordinate complexes experience a significantly higher barrier to racemization. Whether this is due to the operation of a dissociative mechanism with a higher activation barrier or to a nondissociative mechanism remains unknown.     

Study of the racemization observed in the amide bond forming reaction on silica gel

Racemization resulting from the coupling of N-(3,5-dinitrobenzoyl)-L-leucine and 3-aminopropyl silica gel with several amide-coupling reagents is further investigated in order to explain the much higher degree of racemization on silica gel, as compared with the similar reaction in solution. Based on experiments using different types of solid supports, limited pore access and surface microchemical environment are ruled out as the possible reason for the higher degree of racemization that occurred on silica gel. Steric hindrance of the solid support is thought to have caused the amino group to be more basic relative to its nucleophilicity, leading to a higher degree of racemization.