宇宙线高能族事例中的共线现象

通过对甘巴拉山K0—K7乳胶室所观测到的部分族事例与运用COSMOS,CORSIKA程序产生的模拟族事例进行了可分辨能量中心(EDC)的共线性的分析,结果表明:在实验族事例中,共线事例产生的份额随族的总观测能的增高而上升;而传统的模拟计算不能解释共线现象这一特征.文中还对族事例中γ线与强子的判别标准进行了讨论.     

宇宙线高能族事例中簇射粒子的横向分布

对甘巴拉山铅乳胶室实验所获取的总观测能为100TeV至400TeV的高能族事例中簇射粒子的横向分布进行了分析,并与相应的Monte Carlo模拟计算进行了比较.模拟计算采用的是CORSIKA程序,其中的强相互作用采用QGSJET模型.结果表明:采用CORSIKA(QGSJET)程序进行模拟所给出的族事例中簇射粒子的横向分布以及族事例能量集中率分布的整体趋势均与相应的实验数据基本相符.     

用神经网络分辨原初宇宙线成分

尝试在高山乳胶室实验中用神经网络的方法区分超高能区原初宇宙线当中的质子和原子核,对模拟数据的分析结果表明,当族事例观测能量大于500TeV时,对质子和原子核的分辨率均能稳定在80%附近;而当族事例观测能量在100TeV和500TeV之间时,对质子和原子核的分辨率均大于70%.     

族事例多心结构现象分析

对传统的集团化方法进行了改进,采用扫描集团化方法对族事例进行处理,重新定义了多心结构事例的选择标准,通过多心结构事例实验数据与模拟计算结果的比较,研究超高能区核相互作用的规律.本文同时提出了用主集团的能量份额来辨认由初级质子所产生的大族事例(∑E_γ≥500TeV)的方法.     

高能族事例中的能量集中现象

给出了甘巴拉山乳胶室观测的族事例中横向的能量分布,与MONTECARLO模拟计算作了比较.指出超高能族事例中存在着能量集中的特征.     

超高能γ–强子族的能量集中现象

通过对甘巴拉山铁乳胶室观测到的族事例以及COSMOS程序和CORSI-KA程序产生的模拟族事例进行分析、对比,对超高能γ强子族的能量集中现象的产生特征进行了细致的研究.初步的结论是:超高能γ强子族的能量集中现象是族中含有的高能中心簇射集团的外在表现,这种现象在实验上发生的频度为(20.5±3.1)%,集团的平均横向扩展约为0.37cm.与传统的以唯象多团模型为基础的COSMOS程序相比,基于SIBYLL模型的CORSIKA程序的模拟结果较为接近实验的分析结果.     

产生大型γ族的原初粒子判别

利用模拟计算结果,对观测能量大于800TeV的γ族的原初粒子判别方法进行了讨论.根据γ族的横向分布判别原初粒子,对于质子是比较准确的.结合甘巴拉山乳胶室的大型γ族数据,用这一方法作了判别.     

“膝”区原初宇宙线成分分辨的作用模型相关性

使用4种具有不同特点的强相互作用模型,按照西藏羊八井ASγ联合实验的条件,对“膝”区能量宇宙线的大气簇射过程进行蒙特卡罗模拟.分析了不同模型的簇射特征,找出与原初组成比较密切的特征量.最后用一种BP型人工神经网络对模拟结果进行分辨,并检验了分辨能力与作用模型的关系.结果表明,该网络能有效地挑选出不同模型产生的质子事例,分辨能力受作用模型的影响较弱.     

γ族事例方位角各向异性的解释

对高山乳胶室方位角各向异性的γ族事例可能的形成机制做了探讨.采用D-ND模型和SD-SH模型对族现象进行了Monte-Carlo模拟,得到了与Pamir实验相符的各向异性度分布及高各向异性度事例率.指出,产生碎裂区少体粒子的衍射过程对γ族各向异性有重要贡献,是共线事例的主要成因.而QCD jet产生对γ族的各向异性的效应并不重要.     

超高能核作用中的晕事例

观测能量大于10¹⁵eV的γ族事例,在乳胶室中往往形成晕,给进一步观测超高能核作用的特征带来许多不便.目前只能给出一些粗糙的量来描述晕事例.然而晕事例的内部还有精细的结构,能提供更多的信息.作者对超高能族事例尽可能作逐个簇射测量,并用测量晕的方法进行重复测量,进行比较.并就某些特例作了分析与讨论.     

Investigation of the Energy Loss of Muon Bundles in the Cherenkov Water Calorimeter

Investigations of the energy loss of muon bundles are being conducted at the Experimental complex NEVOD. Such investigations are directed to detailed study of “muon puzzle” (the excess of multi-muon events observed in several cosmic ray experiments at ultra-high energies). Results of measurements of the muon bundle energy deposit during a long period of observations in primary cosmic ray energy range 10–1000 PeV have been obtained and have been compared with simulations performed on the basis of the CORSIKA code.     

Local Muon Density Spectra at Various Zenith Angles Measured with NEVOD-DECOR

Data on cosmic ray muon bundles accumulated at the NEVOD-DECOR complex over the period from May 2012 to December 2018 have been analyzed. Local muon density spectra at various zenith angles have been reconstructed and compared with CORSIKA-based simulations. At large zenith angles and high muon multiplicities corresponding to primary particle energies more than about 3 × 1017 eV an excess of multi-muon events compared to simulations is clearly seen. Present data are compatible with the expectation for recent LHC-adjusted hadron interaction models only under assumption of extremely heavy (iron group nuclei) primary composition. The assumption of a heavy composition is however in contradiction with other EAS observables, such as maximum depth and its fluctuations.     

Dissipative processes in peripheral heavy ion collisions at Fermi energies

Peripheral heavy ion reactions are of interest for the production of new isotopes. In this contribution we present an investigation of reactions of light projectiles O and Ne on Be and Ta targets at Fermi energies in the framework of transport theory. Transport theory describes dissipative (deep-inelastic) processes, where considerable amounts of mass and energy are exchanged. The data, on the other hand, also seem to include a more direct component with small energy loss. We separate the two components on the basis of the velocity distribution and compare the dissipative component to the transport calculations. The primary fragments of the transport calculation still have considerable excitation energies. For the comparison with experiment we take into account the secondary evaporation in a statistical model. This improves the qualitative agreement with the data.     

A New Simulation of Track Structure of Low-Energy Electrons in Liquid Water:Considering the Condensed-Phase Effect on Electron Elastic Scattering

A new Monte Carlo simulation of the trade structure of low-energy electrons(10keV) in liquid water is presented.The feature of the simulation is taken into consideration of the condensed-phase effect of liquid water on electron elastic scattering with the use of the Champion model,while the dielectric response formalism incorporating the optical-data model developed by Emfietzoglou et al.is applied for calculating the electron inelastic scattering.The spatial distributions of energy deposition and inelastic scattering events of low-energy electrons with different primary energies in liquid water are calculated and compared with other theoretical evaluations.The present work shows that the condensed-phase effect of liquid water on electron elastic scattering may be of the influence on the fraction of absorbed energy and distribution of inelastic scattering events at lower primary energies,which also indicate potential effects on the DNA damage induced by low-energy electrons.     

Molecular dynamics simulations of displacement cascades in Fe-10%Cr systems

Molecular dynamics simulations of the displacement cascades in Fe-10%Cr systems are used to simulate the primary knocked-on atom events of the irradiation damage at temperatures 300,600,and 750 K with primary knockedon atom energies between 1 and 15 keV.The results indicate that the vacancies produced by the cascade are all in the central region of the displacement cascade.During the cascade,all recoil Fe and Cr atoms combine with each other to form Fe-Cr or Fe-Fe interstitial dumbbells as well as interstitial clusters.The number and the size of interstitial clusters increase with the energy of the primary knocked-on atom and the temperature.A few large clusters consist of a large number of Fe interstitials with a few Cr atoms,the rest are Fe-Cr clusters with small and medium sizes.The interstitial dumbbells of Fe-Fe and Fe-Cr are in the 111 and 110 series directions,respectively.     

Joint experimental and computational study of aluminum electron energy loss spectra

Experimental reflection electron energy loss (REEL) spectra are measured from aluminum for primary energies ranging from 130 eV to 2 keV. A Monte Carlo simulation is shortly described and used to calculate the same spectra. The focus is on reproducing the variable weight of surface and bulk losses as the surface sensitivity of spectra changes by changing the primary electron energy. The intensity of surface losses in the simulations is modulated by the thickness of the region where surface excitations occur. Simulations based either on a constant or an energy-dependent thickness for this layer are considered. In both cases, simulated spectra reproduce the experimental trend as a function of energy, though the correct surface-to-bulk intensity ratio for each energy is either underestimated or overestimated.     

Simulating high energy cascades in metals

Abstract

The processes of radiation damage, from initial defect production to microstructure evolution, occur over a wide spectrum of time and size scales. An understanding of the fundamental aspects of these processes requires a spectrum of theoretical models, each applicable in its own time and distance scales. As elements of this multi-model approach, molecular dynamics and binary collision simulations play complementary roles in the characterization of the primary damage state of high energy collision cascades. Molecular dynamics is needed to describe the individual point defects in the primary damage state with the requisite physical reality. The binary collision approximation is needed to model the gross structure of statistically significant numbers of high energy cascades. Information provided by both models is needed for connecting the defect production in the primary damage state with the appropriate models of defect diffusion and interaction describing the microstructure evolution. Results of binary collision simulations of high energy cascade morphology are reviewed. The energy dependence of freely migrating defect fractions calculated in recent molecular dynamics simulations are compared to results obtained much earlier with a binary collision/annealing simulation approach. The favorable agreement demonstrates the viability of the multi-model approach to defect production in high energy cascades.