多相催化体系的反应机理和失活模式(英文)

Solving the problem of catalyst deactivation is essential in process design. To do this, various aspects of the kinetics of processes with catalyst deactivation, and their different mechanisms, are discussed. Catalyst deactivation often cannot be avoided, but more knowledge on its mechanism can help to find kinetic means to reduce its harmful consequences. When deactivation is caused by coke, the generation of coke precursors is the determining step in the deactivation kinetics. Different types of deactivation were distinguished that lead to different evolution of the process. The phenomenon of non-uniform coking can be linked to catalyst surface non-uniformity. For the class of catalysts with more than one type of active sites, an explanation was suggested for the observed trends in the deactivation modes. For catalytic proc-esses using catalyst particles of industrial size, the influence of intraparticle diffusion resistance is important. The analysis showed that for a number of processes, the decrease of the reaction rate due to deactivation is less under diffusion control. For certain reaction mechanisms, there exist operation conditions where the rate of the process under diffusion control exceeds the rate in the kinetic control regime. A signifi-cant problem is the change of selectivity in the course of catalyst deactivation. The selectivity may either decrease or increase, and depends on the reaction mechanism during deactivation. The changes are larger when there is no diffusion resistance. The intentional poisoning of catalysts and its influence on catalyst activity and selectivity for the process of ethylene oxide production was discussed.     

A New Approach to Inducing Silicon Tethered Ring-closing Metathesis Reactions

IntroductionGrubbs catalyst bis(tricyclohexylphosphine)benzylidene ruthenium( ) dichloride1 can be usedin a variety of ring- closing metathesis (RCM )reactions,cross metathesis(CM) reactions andring- opening metathesis polymerization(ROMP) [1— 4 ] .It remains metathetically active inthe presence of a variety of functional groups,suchas carbonyls,alcohols,and amides[1] .The use ofcatalyst1 in the synthesis has drawn more andmore attention[5— 13] . However,this catalyst is veryexpensive,an…     

具有不同活性中心的固体催化剂的失活模式

 An approach is suggested to distinguish different types of active sites responsible for different reactions on bifunctional catalysts. The model assumes a non-uniform vulnerability of active sites that depends on their location. Problems on the relationship between the dispersion of the active phase and selectivity are discussed. The effect of coke formation on the activity change of different sites is analyzed.     

Removal of CO from reformed fuels by selective methanation over Ni-B-Zr-Oδ catalysts

The Ni-B-Oδ and Ni-B-Zr-Oδcatalysts were prepared by the method of chemical reduction, and the deep removal of CO by selective methana-tion from the reformed fuels was performed over the as-prepared catalysts. The results showed that zirconium strongly influenced the activity and selectivity of the Ni-B-Zr-Oδ catalysts. Over the Ni-B-Oδ catalyst, the highest CO conversion obtained was only 24.32% under the experi-mental conditions studied. However, over the Ni-B-Zr-Oδ catalysts, the CO methanation conversion was higher than 90% when the temperature was increased to 220℃. Additionally, it was found that the Ni/B mole ratio also affected the performance of the Ni-B-Zr-Oδ catalysts. With the increase of the Ni/B mole ratio from 1.8 to 2.2, the CO methanation activity of the catalyst was improved. But when the Ni/B mole ratio was higher than 2.2, the performance of the catalyst for CO selective methanation decreased instead. Among all the catalysts, the Ni29B13Zr58Oδcatalyst investigated here exhibited the highest catalytic performance for the CO selective methanation, which was capable of reducing the CO outlet concentration to less than 40 ppm from the feed gases stream in the temperature range of 230-250℃, while the CO2 conversion was kept below 8% all along. Characterization of the Ni-B-Oδ and Ni-B-Zr-Oδ catalysts was provided by XRD, SEM, DSC, and XPS.     

碳化镍钼催化剂的制备及其甲烷干气重整活性(英文)

Nickel molybdenum carbide catalysts were prepared and their activities in the CO2 reforming of methane at a low CO2/CH4 reactant ratio were investigated using a microreactor at atmospheric pressure and at 973 K.The effect of the catalyst preparation method and the Ni/Mo ratio on the increase in catalyst life and the promotion of catalytic activity were investigated using N2 adsorption,X-ray diffraction, temperature-programmed carburization,temperature-programmed reaction,and a reforming reaction.The 25Ni75Mo catalyst that was carburized at 813 K exhibited the highest hydrogen formation ability and gave the least carbon deposition.The incomplete carburization of the Mo oxide species in the catalyst that was carburized at a lower temperature gradually gave a more active carburized species.The NiMoOxCy in the catalyst was more active in hydrogen formation during the dry reforming of methane whileβ-Mo2C andη-Mo3C2 were less active.     

Particle/metal-based monolithic catalysts dual-bed reactor with beds-interspace supplementary oxygen:Construction and performance for oxidative coupling of methane

A novel particle/metal-based monolithic catalysts dual-bed reactor with beds-interspace supplementary oxygen is constructed comprising of the upper-layer 5wt%Na2WO4-2wt%Mn/SiO2 particle catalyst and the under-layer 3 wt%Ce-5 wt%Na2WO4-2 wt%Mn/SBA-15/Al2O3 /FeCrAl metal-based monolithic catalyst as well as a side tube in the interspaces of two layers for supplementing O2.The reaction performance of oxidative coupling of methane(OCM) in the dual-bed reactor system is evaluated.The effects of the reaction parameters such as feed CH 4 /O 2 ratio,reaction temperature and side tube feed O2 flowrate on the catalytic performance are investigated.The results indicate that the suggested mode of dual-bed reactor exhibits an excellent performance for OCM.CH4 conversion of 33.2%,C2H4 selectivity of 46.5% and C2 yield of 22.5% could be obtained,which have been increased by 6.4%,4.1% and 5.5%,respectively,as compared with 5 wt%Na2WO4-2 wt%Mn/SiO2 particle catalyst in a single-bed reactor and increased by 10.7%,31.9% and 17.7%,respectively,as compared with 3 wt%Ce-5 wt%Na2WO4-2 wt%Mn/SBA-15/Al2O3 /FeCrAl metal-based monolithic catalyst in a single-bed reactor.The effective promotion of OCM performance in the reactor would supply a valuable reference for the industrialization of OCM process.     

Catalytic carbon dioxide hydrogenation to methane: A review of recent studies

Recently,various efforts have been put forward on the development of technologies for the synthesis of methane from CO₂ and H₂,since it can offer a solution for renewable H₂ storage and transportation.In parallel,this reaction is considered to be a critical step in reclaiming oxygen within a closed cycle.Over the years,extensive fundamental research works on CO₂ methanation have been investigated and reported in the literatures.In this updated review,we present a comprehensive overview of recent publications during the last 3 years.Various aspects on this reaction system are described in detail,such as thermodynamic considerations,catalyst innovations,the influence of reaction conditions,overall catalytic performance,and reaction mechanism.Finally,the future development of CO₂ methanation is discussed.     

分子筛和γ-AI 203混合载体上负载Ni和W的加氢裂解催化剂的EXAFS研究

运用ExAFs技术对Ni负载于4种改性Y分子筛与A12O3混合载体上的加氢裂解催化剂进行了研究，结果表明，硫化态催化剂中W和Ni均未被完全硫化，除硫化态外，大部分W处于钨氧硫(WOs)状态，而部分Ni为氧化物，不同分子筛对Ni和W的硫化程度的影响不同.另外催化剂中存在少量的NiWs相，载体的B酸位与催化剂中的NiWs相的多少有较好的相关性.     

基于酸促进的单原子活性位点Ir-La-S/AC催化剂在甲醇羰基化中的应用

甲醇羰基化是世界上重要的均相催化反应之一. 无论是Rh或者Ir体系, 虽然碘甲烷的引入会带来腐蚀问题, 但是绝大多数的甲醇羰基化反应过程都需要碘甲烷作为助催化剂才能有较好的活性. 多年来人们在不断研究非均相羰基化过程(即均相多相化), 以避免均相中间歇生产和产物分离的缺点. 其中Ir体系的非均相羰基化报道很少, 值得关注的是Eastman公司将Ir-La/AC体系成功地应用于非均相的甲醇羰基化过程. 基于此, 本文试图引入硫元素以提高Ir-La/AC催化剂的羰基化活性, 即将含有La和Ir前驱体的硫酸溶液通过共浸渍法制备了高活性的Ir-La-S/AC催化剂, 评价了该系列催化剂的性能, 并进行了深入的表征. Ir-La-S/AC催化剂的TOF最高可达2760 h-1, 远远高于Ir-La/AC催化剂1000 h-1. HAADF-STEM的结果表明,Ir-La-S/AC催化剂中Ir物种绝大多数处于单分散状态, 而Ir-La/AC催化剂中的Ir物种为平均粒径为1.5 nm的纳米颗粒状态, 说明Ir-La-S/AC催化剂中Ir的使用效率要远远高于Ir-La/AC. 其次, NH3-TPD的结果显示在制备过程中硫酸的加入使催化剂的酸性位点大幅度增多, 而酸性位可以加速Ir体系机理中CO插入这一决速步骤. 目前普遍认为, Ir+物种为甲醇羰基化的活性中心, 故通过TPR和原位XPS测试证实了Ir-La-S/AC催化剂比Ir-La/AC中的Ir物种在通过CO/H2= 10:1混合气活化后更容易还原到Ir+, 而且这又说明在Ir-La-S/AC催化剂中更易发生Ir3+物种还原消除为Ir+物种且同时产生酰基碘(AcI)这一重要循环步骤. 所以Ir-La-S/AC催化剂具有更多的酸促进位点, 更高的Ir分散度和更多的Ir+活性物种. 此外, Ir-La-S/AC催化剂的羰基化活性在66 h之后才趋于稳定(1660 h-1), 通过XRF测试发现该过程中有少量的硫流失, 而大部分剩余的硫比较稳定的存在于催化剂表面, 且通过ICP-MS结果显示Ir和La没有明显的流失, 因此66 h之前活性下降主要是由于部分S的流失, 而不是金属物种Ir和La流失造成的. 总之, 我们成功地制备了一种硫促进的双功能Ir-La-S/AC催化剂, 这种方法不仅减轻了由液体酸带来的环境污染和设备腐蚀, 同时避免了液相铱体系催化剂的循环使用问题.     

Stability and activity of carbon nanofiber-supported catalysts in the aqueous phase reforming of ethylene glycol

Nickel, cobalt, copper and platinum nanoparticles supported on carbon nano-fibers were evaluated with respect to their stability, catalytic activity and selectivity in the aqueous phase reforming of ethylene glycol (230 C, autogenous pressure, batch reactor). The initial surface-specific activities for ethylene glycol reforming were in a similar range but decreased in the order of Pt (15.5 h1 ) >Co(13.0 h1 ) >Ni(5.2 h1 ) while the Cu catalyst only showed low dehydrogenation activity. The hydrogen molar selectivity decreased in the order of Pt (53%)>Co(21%)>Ni (15%) as a result of the production of methane over the latter two catalysts. Over the Co catalyst acids were formed in the liquid phase while alcohols were formed over Ni and Pt. Due to the low pH of the reaction mixture, especially in the case of Co (as a result of the formed acids), significant cobalt leaching occurs which resulted in a rapid deactivation of this catalyst. Investigations of the spent catalysts with various techniques showed that metal particle growth is responsible for the deactivation of the Pt and Ni catalysts. In addition, coking might also contribute to the deactivation of the Ni catalyst.     

汽车尾气净化用钯催化剂的制备及活性考察

制备了一系列用于净化汽车尾气的新型钯催化剂．该催化剂以堇青石蜂窝陶瓷为基体与含助剂的γ-Al2O3涂覆层构成载体，La、Ce、Pr、Sm、Nd、Eu、Mg、Ca、Ba、Sr、Ni、Fe、Mn等的复合氧化物为助催化剂，主活性组分钯，含量为0．05％．在实验室配气条件下，对该系列催化剂进行三效活性的测试，结果显示催化剂对CO．THC．NO的T50分别为188℃，213℃，204℃，经空气中1000℃／4h的快速热老化后(相当于汽车运行5万公里)，T50分别为202℃，231℃，222℃；表明，部分助剂引入涂层，增大了载体的比表面积，提高了载体的抗热冲击能力；以氧化物形式引入的另一部分助剂同时起到分散和稳定贵金属的作用，且钯与其产生协同作用，对改善钯催化剂的三效性能有显著效果．     

负载型钯催化剂用于不饱和化合物的加氢反应

近十多年来,均相络合催化剂的固载化是一个活跃的研究领域^[1-6],我们在聚合、歧化、加氢等络合催化剂负载化方面的工作^[7-9]。说明负载型络合催化剂中的载体,可以视为一个配体,由于其有不同的化学及空间效应,因此是一个复杂的配体.在环戊二烯选择加氢的研究中,不同载体对加氢反应的活性及选择性的影响,说明载体的性质、结构、分子量及其上基团,对于底物的配位和它在活性物种上的加氢速度常数都有调变作用^[10],本文报道固载化络合催化剂在多种不饱和烃加氢反应中的行为.     

Preparation of polystyrene-supported soluble palladacycle catalyst for Heck and Suzuki reactions

A polystyrene-supported palladium complex soluble in tetrahydrofuran and N,N-dimethylacetamide and precipitated in diethyl ether or acetonitrile was prepared from two routes as an excellent and recyclable palladacycle catalyst for carbon-carbon bond formation in Heck and Suzuki reactions to give high yields of the desired products.     

聚苯乙烯负载季鏻盐型树脂的制备及催化效应

用高分子材料负载季鏻盐相转移催化剂的开发和研究已有报导^[1,2]。Reeves^[3]和Idoux^[4]曾用氯甲基聚苯乙烯树脂经多步反应制得催化剂。Tomoi通过CF₃SO₃H催化ω-溴代烯烃与树脂付-克烷基化反应制得溴烃基树脂,再与三烃基膦反应制成高分子负载季磷盐催化剂, 具有良好的相转移催化效应。     

几个制备因素对低镍甲烷化催化剂结构和性能的影响

对Ni/Al_2O_3催化剂体系的制备方法与其结构和性能的关系已有不少研究报道,文献多侧重于比较各不同制备方法之间的差异,对同一方法的各步骤条件的影响研究尚不多,且缺少微观结构与宏观性能的直接关联。为此,本文研究了某些制备因素对低含Ni量Ni/Al_2O_3催化剂性能的影响,旨在找出制备条件-结构状态-催化性能之间的联系,为催化剂的有效设计提供依据。     

烯烃配位聚合催化剂的研究进展

较全面地综述了配位聚合催化剂和聚合机理的研究进展:高效Ziegler-Natta催化剂催化丙烯、乙烯等烯烃高效聚合,可合成多种高性能聚烯烃,等规聚丙烯的等规度大于98.5%,不同结构和性能的聚乙烯包括线性低密度聚乙烯(LLDPE)、超低密度聚乙烯(VLDPE)、中密度聚乙烯(MDPE)、高密度聚乙烯(HDPE)、双/宽峰分布聚乙烯、超高分子量聚乙烯(UHMWPE)和超低密度双/宽峰分布聚乙烯等;茂金属催化剂催化苯乙烯、乙烯、丙烯、1-丁烯等烯烃的均聚合和共聚合,并概括了其聚合机理;非茂金属催化剂合成多组分、多立体结构嵌段的聚烯烃,极性聚烯烃及超支化聚烯烃等,介绍了链行走和链穿梭机理。展望了配位聚合的发展趋势,认为聚合过程的环境友好、产品使用过程的环境友好、聚烯烃的高性能化和功能化是从事配位聚合工作的全体人员努力的方向。     

Co,Mo在Al2O3和K在Co—Mo催化剂上的吸附和分布

钴离子在γ-Al_2O_3上的吸附速度比钼酸根离子的慢,但钴离子的视扩散系数比钼酸根的大(25℃下D_(Co)=1.2×10~(-5)cm~2/s,D_(Mo)=4.4×10~(-6)cm~2/s)。钴的吸附等温线符合Langmuir等温式,而钼的符合Freundlich等温式。在等孔容积共浸法制备催化剂时,低pH值下由于Al_2O_3吸附Mo较多而导致Co、Mo在颗粒中分布不均;在高pH值下由于Mo的吸附量锐减,可用共浸法得到分布均匀的催化剂。K_2CO_3在均匀型Co-Mo/Al_2O_3催化剂上的吸附等温线符合Langmuir等温式,虽然吸附量较大,但在浸渍液中含量足够时也可得到均匀分布的结果。     

Investigation of catalytic activities by differential thermal analysis

A calorimetric method is proposed to evaluate the catalytic activity of a solid catalyst with respect to the exothermic oxidation of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC).This method employs a differential thermal analyzer in which an inert reference and a catalytically active sample are both fluxed at a constant rate with a reactive gaseous mixture composed of an inert gas (N₂ 90% vol.), oxygen and VOC, the last typically 900 to 5000 ppm. While the temperature is varied according to a predefined cycle, the output signal due to the exothermic reaction on the catalyst is continuously recorded. The design of the test chamber, the amount of catalyst, the shape of the holders and finally the flow rate and composition of the gaseous mixture should be carefully selected in order to achieve reproducible results.     

由长链醇选择性氧化制备香料(英文)

The activity and the selectivity of Ru and Pt based carbon catalysts in the selective oxidation of long-chain aliphatic alcohols (C8, C10, C12) have been investigated. Ru/AC and Pt/AC always showed good initial activity, however deactivation phenomena rapidly depressed the catalytic per-formance of the catalysts. These phenomena can be limited by modification of Ru/AC and Pt/AC with Au improving the durability of the catalyst. Ru/AC and AuRu/AC showed good selectivity to the corresponding aldehyde (95%) making these catalysts promising for fragrances manufacturing. The advantage in using Au modified catalyst lies on the easier regeneration procedure com-pared to the one necessary for Ru/AC. Pt /AC and AuPt/AC showed a lower selectivity to aldehyde promoting the formation of the acid and the ester formation respectively. The addition of water in the solvent system speeds up the reaction rate but drastically decreased the selectivity to aldehyde especially in the case of Pt based catalysts.