过渡金属催化多氟芳烃碳氢键直接官能化

多氟芳烃衍生物是一种在医疗和有机半导体材料等方面有重要用途的化合物。本文介绍了近8年来过渡金属钯、铑、铜、镍催化多氟芳烃碳氢键直接官能化反应的进展。     

过渡金属催化的酮羰基导向C—H键官能化反应进展

近二十年来,过渡金属催化的酮羰基导向C—H键活化已发展成为在酮的非传统反应位点构建碳碳键和碳杂键(杂原子为氮、氟和氧原子等)的强有力而快捷的手段.其中,钌、铑、钯、铱等贵金属催化的酮羰基导向C—H键活化反应得到了广泛研究,而廉价3d金属锰、铁和钴催化的酮羰基导向C—H活化反应逐渐成为当前研究的热点.文中按照过渡金属催化的酮羰基导向C—H键官能化的不同反应类型(烷基化、烯基化、酰胺化、芳基化、环化等)综述了该领域近年来(2014～2021)的研究进展.     

配体促进的过渡金属催化芳烃远程meta-C—H键官能化反应研究进展

过渡金属催化C—H活化反应中,配体能够对催化中心的空间及电子效应进行调控,从而实现芳烃C—H键的选择性官能化.近年来,配体促进芳烃远程C—H键官能化反应研究有了新的进展.对近几年来配体促进的过渡金属催化芳烃远程meta-C—H键选择性官能化反应进行了系统总结,并对该研究领域的局限性和未来的发展前景进行总结和展望.     

非官能化芳烃与烯烃的直接氧化偶联反应

芳基烯烃是一类具有重要应用价值的化合物,其合成方法已被广泛研究。目前,过渡金属催化非官能化芳烃与烯烃的直接氧化偶联反应是构造芳基烯烃最高效、最简捷的方法,同Heck偶联反应相比,其底物无需预先官能化,这不仅大大缩短了反应步骤,并且能从源头上杜绝废盐的产生,特别是当以氧气或空气作氧化剂时,副产物仅为水,不会对环境造成任何危害。该方法同传统制备芳基烯烃的诸多方法相比具有原子利用率高、原子经济性好和环境友好等绿色化学的典型特性。本文根据催化剂的种类、底物类型及导向基类型对近年来过渡金属催化非官能化芳烃与烯烃的直接偶联反应进行了分类详述,并对若干重要体系的反应机理进行了详细讨论。     

可溶过渡金属体系对饱和烃C-H键的活化与官能化

本文综述了饱和烃C-H键活化的新进展以及利用可溶过渡金属多氢化物对饱和烃C-H键进行活化、选择性催化官能化。     

无过渡金属条件下喹啉C5位碳-氢键官能化反应

喹啉是一类重要的杂环化合物,喹啉类化合物的合成方法研究备受关注。通过喹啉的碳-氢键直接官能化反应制备取代喹啉类衍生物是一种简便而有效的方法。然而,喹啉的C5位选择性碳-氢键官能化反应仍然存在挑战,目前大多在过渡金属催化下实现,无过渡金属条件下的反应亟待开发。本文按成键类型(碳-卤键、碳-氮键、碳-氧键、碳-硫键和碳-碳键)分类综述了近年来在无过渡金属条件下喹啉C5位碳-氢键官能化反应的研究进展,并对该领域的研究现状及所存在的问题进行了总结。     

Ti-MWW/H2O2体系催化官能化烯烃环氧化

研究了Ti-MWW/H2O2催化体系对多种官能化烯烃液相环氧化的催化性能.结果表明,与钛硅分子筛TS-1相比,Ti-MWW具有更高的催化活性和环氧化产物选择性.溶剂对Ti-MWW催化环氧化反应的活性影响较大,其中水是催化丙烯酸乙酯和乙酸烯丙酯的最佳溶剂,随着C=C双键相邻官能团吸电子能力的增强,环氧化反应的催化活性下降.     

无金属催化的吡啶C2位碳-氢键胺甲酰化反应合成吡啶甲酰胺

报道了一种无金属催化条件下合成吡啶-2-甲酰胺的方法.在质子酸的促进作用下，简单的吡啶和异氰通过2位碳-氢键的胺甲酰化反应生成吡啶-2-甲酰胺类化合物.产物的形成主要经历二水合草酸存在下异腈对吡啶环的亲电加成、水解和过氧化二叔丁酯氧化下的吡啶环芳构化转化.优化部分的对比实验证实质子酸和氧化剂的存在对于该反应都是必须条件.大体而言，所有反应都是将各反应物和试剂一次性加入，在空气氛围下100℃加热进行良好.环上不同位置含有甲基、叔丁基、环状二烷基、甲氧基、卤素等基团的吡啶底物均展示了良好兼容性.另一方面，烷基和芳基官能化的异腈也都能用于该反应，得到相应的N-烷基和N-芳基吡啶甲酰胺产物.初步结果显示异腈的稳定性对于反应结果有明显影响，相对稳定的2，6-二甲基苯基异腈参与反应生成的产物产率高于其它异腈参与的反应.和已知合成类似产物时采用银、钯盐等催化活化吡啶的2-位碳-氢键的方法相比，本文报道的合成方法优势在于完全无需金属催化剂、专一的碳-2位区域选择性反应、广泛的底物适用性以及高原子经济性.因此，这样的合成方法可望成为对已有合成方法的补充用于合成结构多样和有用的吡啶-2-甲酰胺化合物.     

铜催化硼试剂参与的烯烃多组分双官能化研究进展

烯烃的多组分双官能化是一类高效快速构建结构多样性分子的重要有机反应,具有原子经济性高、底物范围广及条件温和等诸多优点,近年来成为有机合成领域的主要研究热点.许多金属或非金属催化条件下的烯烃多组分双官能化反应已经被大量报道,借助手性配体,有的反应还成功地实现了不对称双官能化.然而,与贵重金属催化剂(钌、铑、铱、钯、银)相...     

铑(Ⅲ)催化的 C(sp3)—H官 能团化

三价铑的外层电子为d6,非常缺电子.因此,Rh(Ⅲ)催化C—H活化形成的C—Rh(Ⅲ)键极性大,可以与多种包含极性键的试剂发生末端反应,从而与钯等金属形成良好的交叉互补.近年来,Rh(Ⅲ)催化的C(sp2)—H键的官能团化反应取得了长足的发展,在杂环骨架构建、药物修饰等方面应用越来越频繁.惰性的C(sp3)—H键与C(...     

Transition-Metal-Catalyzed Regioselective Functionalization of Monophosphino-o-Carboranes

A facile approach to the synthesis of diaryl- and dialkyl-substituted monophosphino-o-carboranes by rhodium(I)-catalyzed phosphine-directed B^3,6−H activation has been developed for the first time. Upon switching rhodium(I) to palladium(II), C-arylated and B⁶-halogenated products were obtained by using tBuOLi and Li₂CO₃ as base, respectively. These discoveries provide some simple and efficient approaches to the modification of monophosphino-o-carboranes.     

过渡金属催化不对称C-H键官能团化反应构建轴手性联芳基化合物研究进展

在手性分子中,轴手性化合物占据着非常重要的地位.从原子和步骤经济性方面考虑,利用不对称碳-氢官能团化反应构建轴手性化合物是最简洁高效的方法.随着过渡金属催化的不对称碳-氢键官能团化领域的逐步发展,利用该策略来构建轴手性联芳基化合物的研究成果也不断涌现.本文综述了通过过渡金属钯、铑和铱催化的不对称碳-氢键官能团化反应合成轴手性联芳基化合物的最新进展.此外,还介绍了利用这些方法合成多种轴手性配体及其催化的不对称反应,以及这些方法在天然产物合成中的应用.     

Transition-Metal-Catalyzed Synthesis of Chiral Allylboronates

Since the pioneering work on Cr(Ⅲ)-catalyzed enantioselective[4+2]/allylboration reported by Hall and co-workers,a variety of catalytic methodologies for the as...     

Transition-Metal-Catalyzed Carbon-Carbon Bond Activation in Asymmetric Synthesis

Catalytic asymmetric transformations involving carbon-carbon bond cleavages open intriguing strategies for the synthesis of chiral complex molecules.The transie...     

Transition-Metal-Catalyzed Carbenoid Reactions of Sulfonium Ylides

Olefins undergo cyclopropanation with diphenylsulfonium (ethoxycarbonyl)methylide (=diphenylsulfonium 2-ethoxy-2-oxoethylide; 3a ) in the presence of chiral Cu^I or Rh^II catalysts. trans/cis Ratios and ee's of the cyclopropanes 6 obtained with this ylide in the presence of a chiral Cu^I catalyst 7 are identical with those obtained with ethyl diazoacetate ( 4 ). In the case of catalysis with Rh^II, the trans/cis ratios of the cyclopropanes as well as the enantioselectivity change slightly upon going from the ylide 3a to diazoacetate 4 .     

过渡金属催化的酰胺C-N键活化

过渡金属催化的酰胺C-N键活化已成为有机化学和金属有机化学热门的研究领域之一。酰胺中羰基C-N键的切断可分为5种不同模式:1)氧化加成反应;2)形成季铵盐后的酰基转移反应;3)质子解反应;4)氢化反应;5)脱羧反应。而酰胺非羰基C-N键的切断可分为4种不同模式:1)氧化加成反应;2)亲核取代反应;3)形成亚胺或亚胺盐;4)β-氨基消除反应。本文综述了近年来过渡金属催化的酰胺中羰基C-N键和非羰基C-N键的不同切断模式。     

Transition-Metal-Catalyzed Cycloaddition Reactions to Access Seven-Membered Rings

The efficient and selective synthesis of functionalized seven-membered rings remains an important pursuit within synthetic organic chemistry, as this motif appears in numerous drug-like molecules and natural products. Use of cycloaddition reactions remains an attractive approach for their construction within the perspective of atom and step economy. Additionally, the ability to combine multiple components in a single reaction has the potential to allow for efficient combinatorial strategies of diversity-oriented synthesis. The inherent entropic penalty associated with achieving these transformations has impressively been overcome with development of catalysis, whereby the reaction components can be pre-organized through activation by transition-metal-catalysis. The fine-tuning of metal/ligand combinations as well as reaction conditions allows for achieving chemo-, regio-, diastereo- and enantioselectivity in these transformations. Herein, we discuss recent advances in transition-metal-catalyzed construction of seven-membered rings via combination of 2–4 components mediated by a variety of metals. An emphasis is placed on the mechanistic aspects of these transformations to both illustrate the state of the science and to highlight the unique application of novel processes of transition-metals in these transformations.     

Transition-Metal-Catalyzed Denitrogenative Annulation to Access High-Valued N-Heterocycles

Over the past few years, the development of efficient methods to construct high-valued N-heterocyclic molecules have received massive attention owing to their extensive application in the areas of medicinal chemistry, drug discovery, natural product synthesis and so on. To access those high-valued N-heterocycles, many methods have been developed. In this context, transition-metal-catalyzed denitrogenative annulation of 1,2,3-triazoles and 1,2,3,4-tetrazoles has appeared as a powerful synthetic tool because it offers a step- and atom-economical route for the preparation of the nitrogen-rich molecules. Compared with the denitrogenative annulation of various 1,2,3-triazole frameworks, annulation of 1,2,3,4-tetrazole remains more challenging due to the inertness of the tetrazole moiety. This Review summarizes the significant achievements made in the field of denitrogenative annulation of various 1,2,3-triazoles and 1,2,3,4-tetrazoles including some pioneering examples in this area of research. We anticipate that this denitrogenative annulation reaction will find broad applications in the pharmaceutical industry, drug discovery and other fields of medicinal chemistry.     

Transition-Metal-Catalyzed Direct Substitution of Alcohols in Aqueous Media

The direct use of alcohols as the much greener and more sustainable alkylated reagents in substitution reactions is one of the emerging areas in green chemisty. However, owing to the poor leaving character of OH group, the direct substitution of alcohols is not an easy thing. Transition metal (TM) catalysis such as Pd-catalyzed allylic/benzyl substitution and Ir-catalyzed borrowing hydrogen provides efficient protocols for the direct substitution of alcohols, however, an organic solvent and servely anhydrous conditions are generally required. In recent decade, TM-catalyzed direct substitution of alcohols in aqueous media was developed as a much greener alternative. In this review, the recent develpoments of this area are summarized. The activation mechanism of alcohols in aqueous reactions are emphatically discussed.     

Homogeneous Catalytic Hydrosilylation of Pyridines

The color change from yellow to violet allows the formation of the intermediate [Cp₂Ti(SiHMePh)(pyridine)] to be monitored in the reaction of PhMeSiH₂ with a pyridine in the presence of the precatalyst [Cp₂TiMe₂] [Eq. (a)]; the hydride [Cp₂TiH] is postulated to be the key intermediate in the catalytic cycle. The regioselective hydrosilylation of pyridine and also substituted pyridines can be catalyzed by the titanocene [Cp₂TiMe₂]. R=Me, CO₂Et.