Fast distance measurements by use of dynamic speckles

A technique for fast measurements of the distance to an object's surface based on spatial filtering of dynamic speckle patterns is proposed. Exploitation of two spatial filters (Ronchi rulings) enables measurements to be independent of surface speed. Experimental verification of the technique is demonstrated at speeds of the surface as high as 50 m/s. The technique may find applications in machine-vision systems for acquisition of three-dimensional images and in control systems for on-line monitoring of fast-moving parts of industrial machines.     

太赫兹远距离快速扫描成像系统的设计

在太赫兹成像技术研究中,分辨率、成像时间和距离是非常关键的参数指标,为了推动太赫兹成像技术的实用化,特别是提高对隐藏危险物品的远距离快速预警检测能力,提出被动式远距离太赫兹快速扫描成像系统。该系统采用单个太赫兹探测器和光机扫描相结合的方式。扫描子系统中,将六面体转镜置于离轴三反镜系统的平行光路中,使扫描范围从广泛研究中采用的物空间转换到像空间有效缩小了扫描区域,缩短了成像时间。本套被动式扫描成像系统主要参数:探测器频率0.34 THz,成像距离10 m,视场1.51.5,成像分辨率3 cm,成像时间1 s。     

高精度激光三角位移测量系统误差分析

激光三角测量方法因其具有结构简单、非接触、信号处理便捷等特点而得到广泛应用。针对工程应用中提出的高精度、大工作距离的测量要求,从激光三角位移传感器结构、光斑定位不确定度和定标方法等方面进行分析,分别讨论了各个因素对于测量精度的影响,并提出了优化方案。经实验验证,该激光三角位移测量系统在110mm的工作距离下测量误差小于1.2μm,优于在同等工作条件下的商用激光三角位移传感器。     

A time-of-scan laser triangulation technique for distance measurements

This paper reports the development of an electro-optic device for relative distance measurement. The time-of-scan triangulation technique has been used as measurement principle and a rotating mirror employed as beam deflection system. A calibration technique is needed to calculate the geometrical parameters of the system. The device has an accuracy of 100 μm, a working distance of 20 cm and a range of 10 mm. The accuracy obtained depends on the instability of the rotation speed of the mechanical scanner that affects the measurement of the scanning time.     

3D model assisted fully automated scanning laser Doppler vibrometer measurements

In this paper, a new fully automated scanning laser Doppler vibrometer (LDV) measurement technique is presented. In contrast to existing scanning LDV techniques which use a 2D camera for the manual selection of sample points, we use a 3D Time-of-Flight camera in combination with a CAD file of the test object to automatically obtain measurements at pre-defined locations. The proposed procedure allows users to test prototypes in a shorter time because physical measurement locations are determined without user interaction. Another benefit from this methodology is that it incorporates automatic mapping between a CAD model and the vibration measurements. This mapping can be used to visualize measurements directly on a 3D CAD model. The proposed method is illustrated with vibration measurements of an unmanned aerial vehicle     

基于径向基函数神经网络的线性衰减系数的重建算法

层析γ扫描(TGS)技术是非破坏性分析(NDA)中的一项重要技术.在TGS透射测量中,线性衰减系数值的图像重建问题是TGS的难点和核心问题.在文[1]的基础上,提出了将神经网络方法应用于TGS重建线性衰减系数图像的算法.计算机上的仿真模拟结果表明,在一定范围内,径向基函数(RBF)神经网络方法重建的线性衰减系数值与实际值的相对误差小于4%,且具有快速、高精度等优点,表明了此方法的有效性.     

Statistics of dynamic speckles in application to distance measurements

We present an analysis of statistical properties of dynamic speckles to estimate the limiting accuracy of measurements achievable in a distance sensor using spatially filtered dynamic speckles. The main reason for inaccurate measurements using dynamic speckles is their stochastic nature. It is shown that the average lifetime of dynamic speckles is the key factor defining the measurement accuracy. Main conclusions of the theoretical analysis were confirmed in an experiment carried out with a fast moving rough surface. Special attention is paid to a recently proposed range sensor using dynamic speckles generated by a fast-deflecting laser beam. It is shown that this sensor possesses the best combination of accuracy and response time.     

超导太赫兹天线耦合微测辐射热检测器

超导太赫兹天线耦合微测辐射热检测器具备探测频段宽、响应速度快、灵敏度高、易于阵列化等特点因而具备广阔的应用前景.本文的主要工作是设计并微纳加工出基于氮化铌薄膜的超导器件,针对所制备器件的关键参数进行了表征.测试结果显示,当浴冷温度为4K 时,器件响应时间为4μs,噪声等效功率达到30fW/Hz0.5.基于所制备的器件进行了陶瓷刀被动扫描成像实验并取得了良好的成像效果     

Doppler velocimetry using self-mixing effect in a short Er–Yb-doped phosphate glass fiber laser

Accurate and highly sensitive speed measurements have been successfully demonstrated by the optical feedback velocimetry technique using the self-mixing modulation effect in a double-clad Er–Yb-doped fiber laser. The sensitivity to back-scattered light has been investigated regarding the Doppler frequency shift or the target distance, and it has been shown that the velocimeter is still sensitive to a target located at 20 m and for speeds as high as 13 m s^–1.     

Phase-resolved optical coherence tomography and optical Doppler tomography for imaging blood flow in human skin with fast scanning speed and high velocity sensitivity

We have developed a novel phase-resolved optical coherence tomography (OCT) and optical Doppler tomography (ODT) system that uses phase information derived from a Hilbert transformation to image blood flow in human skin with fast scanning speed and high velocity sensitivity. Using the phase change between sequential scans to construct flow-velocity imaging, this technique decouples spatial resolution and velocity sensitivity in flow images and increases imaging speed by more than 2 orders of magnitude without compromising spatial resolution or velocity sensitivity. The minimum flow velocity that can be detected with an axial-line scanning speed of 400 Hz and an average phase change over eight sequential scans is as low as 10 microm/s, while a spatial resolution of 10 microm is maintained. Using this technique, we present what are to our knowledge the first phase-resolved OCT/ODT images of blood flow in human skin.     

用高重频激光剥离-火花诱导击穿光谱分析铝合金样品

为了提高基于等离子体原子发射光谱元素分析技术的分析速度,在高重复频率的前提下建立了一套激光剥离-火花诱导击穿光谱元素分析系统并以铝合金为样品开展了光谱分析。实验以低脉冲能量的声光调Q固体激光脉冲剥离样品,并触发高压火花放电以增强等离子体辐射、提高光谱分析灵敏度。研究结果表明： 在高重频火花放电的作用下,等离子体辐射的峰值强度和弛豫时间分别得到了增强和延长,信号的时间积分强度增强因子可以达到1～2个数量级,且更易于实现时间分辨的信号检测。对铝合金中微量铬元素分析的检出限可达~132 ppm。该研究验证了高重频激光剥离-火花诱导击穿光谱用于分析固体样品元素的可行性,其技术有望在固体样品元素的快速分析中发挥一定的作用。该光谱技术能同时兼顾扫描成像的速度、空间分辨率和光谱分析灵敏度,并为固体样品的二维或者三维元素分布的高分辨快速扫描成像分析提供了一种很好的技术途径。     

Method for monitoring slow dynamics recovery

Slow Dynamics is a specific material property, which for example is connected to the degree of damage. It is therefore of importance to be able to attain proper measurements of it. Usually it has been monitored by acoustic resonance methods which have very high sensitivity as such. However, because the acoustic wave is acting both as conditioner and as probe, the measurement is affecting the result which leads to a mixing of the fast nonlinear response to the excitation and the slow dynamics material recovery. In this article a method is introduced which, for the first time, removes the fast dynamics from the process and allows the behavior of the slow dynamics to be monitored by itself. The new method has the ability to measure at the shortest possible recovery times, and at very small conditioning strains. For the lowest strains the sound speed increases with strain, while at higher strains a linear decreasing dependence is observed. This is the first method and test that has been able to monitor the true material state recovery process.     

A novel compression algorithm for infrared thermal image sequence based on K-means method

High resolution in space and time is becoming the new trend of thermographic inspection of equipments, therefore, the development of a fast and precise processing and data store technique of high resolution thermal image should be well studied. This article will propose a novel global compression algorithm, which will provide an effective way to improve the precision and processing speed of thermal image data. This new algorithm is based on the decay of the temperature of thermograph and the feature of thermal image morphology. Firstly, it will sort the data in space according to K-means method. Then it will employ classic fitting calculation to fit all the typical temperature decay curves. At last, it will use the fitting parameters of the curves as the parameters for compression and reconstruction of thermal image sequence to achieve the method for which the thermal image sequence can be compressed in space and time simultaneously. To validate the proposed new algorithm, the authors used two embedded defective specimens made of different materials to do the experiment. The results show that the proposed infrared thermal image sequence compression processing algorithm is an effective solution with high speed and high precision. Compared to the conventional method, the global compression algorithm is not only noise resistant but also can improve the computing speed in hundreds of times.     

一种中红外腔增强甲醛检测系统的研制

介绍了研制的一种基于共轴锁模腔增强吸收光谱技术的中红外甲醛气体检测系统。系统采用了发射中心波长为3.6 μm的带间级联激光器为光源,以高精度F-P谐振腔作为气体反应池,通过激光在谐振腔内的多次反射极大地提高了有效吸收路径。为了实现甲醛检测,利用Pound-Drever-Hall（PDH）技术将激光频率和腔谐振频率锁定至波长为3 599.08 nm的甲醛吸收峰上。实验发现,谐振腔腔长容易受到外界环境的影响产生变化,导致系统失去锁定,产生测量误差;为了抑制这一现象,提高系统的准确性和抗干扰性,采用了动态PDH锁定技术,通过低频锯齿波信号对腔长进行小范围内的周期性调制,使得腔谐振频率在目标气体吸收峰附近缓慢来回变化;通过选择合适的扫描范围使得在扫描过程中激光与谐振腔保持频率锁定。系统通过光电探测器采集谐振腔透射光强信号,通过对腔透射信号进行拟合计算来确定甲醛浓度。为了验证检测系统的有效性、评估系统的性能,采用质量流量计配备了6种不同浓度的甲醛气体样品并开展了甲醛吸收光谱测量实验、系统标定实验和稳定性实验。实验结果显示,在0～10 mL·L-1范围内,腔透射信号拟合值与甲醛浓度之间呈现出良好的线性关系;通过Allan方差分析得到当积分时间为1 s时系统检测下限为52.8 nL·L-1,积分时间为14 s时检测下限可以降至3.3 nL·L-1。此外,通过增加谐振腔的腔镜反射率和腔长可以提高有效吸收路径,进一步降低检测下限。该系统灵敏度高、响应速度快,具有较好的抗干扰性和长期稳定性,在痕量甲醛检测方面具有广阔的应用前景。     

激光调频连续波测距的精度评定方法研究

基于双光纤光路等光频重采样原理,提出了一种距离精度的评定方法.通过推导噪声背景下等光频重采样信号中距离参量的克拉美-罗下边界,得到了影响系统测距精度的两个重要因素:信噪比和扫描带宽,并进行了实验验证.实验表明,该评价方法并不会受到任何距离估算方法的影响,根据此方法可以选择一个最优的距离估算方法.通过对两个影响精度的因素进行仿真分析可知,在扫描带宽为2.2 nm时,若将测量光路的信噪比提升至70 dB以上,系统可获得低于10μm的测距精度.该精度评定方法可为后续改善调频连续波测距系统性能提供理论参考.     

扫描成像跟踪激光雷达

设计了一种基于激光图像跟踪的激光雷达系统来实现目标的跟踪测量。该系统通过激光光束二维扫描,形成包含距离和角度信息的三维图像,由测量视场内运动目标的几何中心与视场中心的角度偏差获得脱靶量,利用脱靶量驱动伺服机构使目标几何中心处于雷达扫描视场中心,从而实现目标的实时跟踪,并输出目标距离和角度信息。实测结果表明：采用设计的激光雷达系统对距离900 m的目标进行测量,测距精度优于0.25 m,角跟踪精度优于0.07°,角跟踪能力优于1.2（°）/s,实现了快速捕获目标、高精度跟踪测量和系统小型化等既定目标。     

基于光谱精确采样的高光谱相机转扫成像几何校正

针对转扫式光谱成像系统在数据采集过程中,由于转台转速过快造成校正后的影像存在有数据漏洞,以及获取的原始影像数据存在有严重几何形变,影响影像上地物信息的分类与识别等问题,介绍了转扫式光谱成像系统的组成并给出数据采集一般过程,根据数据采集时单帧影像的覆盖范围和系统采集影像的速率等信息,在数据采集时对转台速度进行控制;结合影像获取时的起始与终止角度以及传感器距离前视点的距离等信息,详细推导了转扫式光谱成像空间定位模型,并对定位后影像进行格网划分和光谱重采样,给出了影像畸变校正的一般流程;鉴于影像空间定位后相邻帧间影像空间分辨率不一致,同时为保证获取最大的影像分辨率,采用最小空间采样间隔作为坐标定位后影像格网划分单元;考虑到新生成均匀格网与不均匀格网叠加进行光谱取值时,采用直接光谱采样可能造成的光谱混叠失真问题,提出了基于位置分布的光谱精确采样方法,以张家界老司城获取的高光谱影像数据为例进行畸变的校正,校正后影像上地物保持了原有的几何特征,验证了算法的正确性,同时抽取不同地物点的光谱数据进行相关系数计算,结果表明改进的光谱采样算法优于直接光谱采样,为同类产品的地面应用提供参考。     

Revisiting iterative time reversal processing: application to detection of multiple targets

The iterative time reversal processing represents a high speed and easy way to self-focus on the strongest scatterer in a multitarget medium. However, finding weaker scatterers is a more difficult task that can be solved by computing the eigenvalue and eigenvector decomposition of the time reversal operator, the so-called DORT method. Nevertheless, as it requires the measurement of the complete interelements response matrix and time-consuming computation, the separation of multiple targets may not be achieved in real time. In this study, a new real time technique is proposed for multitarget selective focusing that does not require the experimental acquisition of the time reversal operator. This technique achieves the operator decomposition using a particular sequence of filtered waves propagation instead of computational power. Due to its simplicity of implementation, this iterative process can be achieved in real time. This high speed selective focusing is experimentally demonstrated by detecting targets through a heterogeneous medium and in a speckle environment. A theoretical analysis compares this technique to the DORT formalism.     

Curvelet based image compression via core vector machine

In this paper, a novel curvelet based digital image compression scheme is proposed. Aiming at achieving high compression ratio, the proposed scheme embeds a representative machine learning method, core vector machine (CVM), in the encoding process of the image compression technique. The core vector machine (CVM) has been introduced as an extremely fast classifier which is demonstrably superior to standard support vector machine (SVM) on very large datasets. In this scheme, we appropriately utilize the characteristic of CVM to reduce huge numbers of curvelet coefficients. Compared with image compression algorithms do not use CVM and methods based on wavelet transform, experimental results show that the compression performance of our method gains much improvement in peak-signal-to-noise-ratio (PSNR) and CPU time. Moreover, the algorithm works fairly well for declining block effect at higher compression ratios.