Numerical investigation on evolution of cylindrical cellular detonation

Cylindrical cellular detonation is numerically investigated by solving two- dimensional reactive Euler equations with a finite volume method on a two-dimensional self-adaptive unstructured mesh. The one-step reversible chemical reaction model is applied to simplify the control parameters of chemical reaction. Numerical results demonstrate the evolution of cellular cell splitting of cylindrical cellular detonation explored in experimentas. Split of cellular structures shows different features in the near-field and far-field from the initiation zone. Variation of the local curvature is a key factor in the behavior of cell split of cylindrical cellular detonation in propagation. Numerical results show that split of cellular structures comes from the self-organization of transverse waves corresponding to the development of small disturbances along the detonation front related to detonation instability.     

激波诱导火焰失稳与爆轰的条件研究

采用九阶WENO和十阶中心差分格式数值求解激波与火焰作用过程,考察了激波强度、火焰尺寸对激波与球形火焰作用过程的影响。结果表明,增大激波强度或火焰尺寸均可在流场中引发爆轰,但激波强度的影响更大,并且其引发的爆轰可使火焰迅速膨胀,放热率提高,从而影响燃烧特性;此外,爆轰波传播过程中会迅速消耗可燃预混气,合并原有的反射激波,并在流场中形成局部高压区,极大地改变流场结构。     

多次激波诱导正弦扰动预混火焰界面失稳的数值研究

激波诱导火焰失稳是实际中常见的现象,为深入研究火焰失稳特性,采用三维单步化学反应的Navier-Stokes方程和9阶weighted essentially non-oscillatory (WENO)的高精度格式,对不同马赫数的入射激波及其反射激波多次诱导正弦型预混火焰界面失稳的现象进行了三维数值模拟,并对计算结果的可靠性进行了验证。研究结果显示,在激波的多次作用下,火焰界面的演变过程主要受Richtmyer-Meshkov (RM)不稳定特性和化学反应特性的双重影响,且随着入射激波强度的增强,上述2种特性均得到进一步强化。为构造体现反应性RM不稳定特性的参数,根据火焰界面混合区平均涡量和化学反应速率,提出了表征界面受不稳定性和化学反应影响的量纲一参数。通过分析发现,在同一入射激波强度下,该参数的对数形式随入射激波和反射激波的多次作用呈基本相同的线性增长趋势;对不同马赫数的入射激波,该参数对数形式的线性增长率也基本一致。这样的变化表明该量纲一参数能够反映反应性RM不稳定过程中火焰界面发展的内在规律。     

Interpretation of wake instability at slip line in rotating detonation

ABSTRACT

In studies on instabilities of flowfield in rotating detonation, one of the most common concerns is the instability at the slip line originating from the conjunction of the detonation wave and oblique shock. Using Euler equations associated with the 7-species-and-8-reaction finite-rate chemical reaction model of hydrogen/air mixtures, further studies are performed to simulate the 2-D rotating detonation, and the flow mechanism of instability at the slip line is investigated in depth. The results show that the distinct wake profile exists at the slip line, which is different from the typical mixing layer. Analysis indicates that the generation of wake is caused by the transition shock between the detonation wave and oblique shock. Because of the wake profile, the vorticity distribution therein appears in a double-layer layout, and different evolutions exist in different vorticity layers. Based on the velocity profile across the slip line, the analysis by the linear stability theory is made, and two main unstable modes which have different shape profiles and phase velocities are found. Discrete Fourier transformation is utilised to analyse the numerical results, and similar shape profiles are obtained. A general coincidence in velocity of vortex movement is also attained between the theoretical predictions and simulations. Investigations show that the wake instability is responsible for the unstable mechanism, and corresponding unstable structures differ from the canonical ones in typical mixing layers.     

气相爆轰波正反射激波加速研究

实验采用压力传感器测量了指定点压力时间曲线。数值模拟基于二维反应欧拉方程和基元反应模型,采用二阶附加半隐的龙格-库塔法和5阶WENO格式分别离散时间和空间导数项,获得了指定点数值压力时间曲线。理论分析基于爆轰理论和激波动力学,分析了气相爆轰波反射过程所涉及的复杂波系演变并获得了反射激波速度。结果表明：本文数值模拟和理论计算定性上重复并解释了实验现象。气相爆轰波在右壁面反射后,右行稀疏波加速反射激波。其加速原因是：尽管激波波前声速减小,但激波马赫数增大,波前气流速度减小。在低初压下,可能还由于爆轰波后未反应或部分反应气体的作用,导致反射激波加速幅度比高初压下大。     

正向爆轰驱动高焓激波风洞的数值模拟

对充满氢氧可燃气体、带扩容腔的正向爆轰驱动的激波风洞进行了数值模拟。计算采用了欧拉方程,频散可控耗散差分格式（DCD）和改进的二阶段化学反应模型。在扩容腔附近采用二维轴对称计算模型,而在驱动段和被驱动段的直管道部分则采用一维计算模型。本文分析了爆轰波在管道中的传播、反射和绕射过程。计算结果表明扩容腔的尺寸对爆轰波的传播、反射、汇聚等起着决定性的作用;带扩容腔的正向爆轰驱动的激波风洞能够得到平稳的持续时间较长的气流,提高了实验的精确度和可重复性。     

Performance of a detonation driven shock tunnel

A detonation driven shock tunnel is useful as a ground test facility for hypersonic flow research. By attaching a convergent section ahead of the primary diaphragm in the driver section, the downstream operation mode became available to generate a high-enthalpy test flow. A 100 mm diameter shock tunnel was for the first time installed in the Laboratory of High-Temperature-Gas Dynamics (LHD), Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, and after its continuous refitments, a high performance detonation driven shock tunnel was achieved to generate high-enthalpy and high-Reynolds number test flows. A new method to burst a metal diaphragm with the downstream operation mode is discussed.Received: 13 December 2003, Accepted: 26 August 2004, Published online: 26 November 2004[/PUBLISHED]W. Zhao: Correspondence to     

单次脉冲爆轰发动机工作过程的数值模拟

通过求解14组分和19个基元反应的CH4-O2-N2详细化学反应动力学机理的二维轴对称Navier-Stokes方程,对爆轰管内半球形高温火团引发的爆轰过程和爆轰波进入外流场后的全流场分布进行数值模拟。模拟结果显示了爆轰波在管内的成长、稳定传播、进入尾喷管后衰减为激波和进入外流场的全过程,以及爆轰管出口端附近区域的复杂涡与激波的相互作用。对轴线上的压力分布和封闭端的压力等进行了讨论,为脉冲爆轰发动机的开发研制提供参考信息。     

Dynamic characteristics of spherically converging detonation waves

The spherically converging detonation wave was numerically investigated by solving the one-dimensional multi-component Euler equations in spherical coordinates with a dispersion-controlled dissipative scheme. Finite rate and detailed chemical reaction models were used and numerical solutions were obtained for both a spherical by converging detonation in a stoichiometric hydrogen-oxygen mixture and a spherically focusing shock in air. The results showed that the post-shock pressure approximately arises to the same amplitude in vicinity of the focal point for the two cases, but the post-shock temperature level mainly depends on chemical reactions and molecular dissociations of a gas mixture. While the chemical reaction heat plays an important role in the early stage of detonation wave propagation, gas dissociations dramatically affect the post-shock flow states near the focal point. The maximum pressure and temperature, non-dimensionalized by their initial value, are approximately scaled to the propagation radius over the initial detonation diameter. The post-shock pressure is proportional to the initial pressure of the detonable mixture, and the post-shock temperature is also increased with the initial pressure, but in a much lower rate than that of the post-shock pressure. Zonglin Jiang is presently a visiting professor at McGill University, Canada.     

气相爆轰波冲击气固界面的透反射特性

为了研究气相爆轰波冲击气固界面过程中透射波和反射波的相关特性,建立爆轰波冲击气固界面的一维理论模型,对不同初始压力条件下爆轰波到达气固界面后的界面两侧的压力和界面速度变化进行分析。利用时空守恒元求解元方法对气相爆轰波冲击气固界面过程进行数值模拟,分析气体部分反射波的压力分布和速度变化规律及透射入固体中应力波的波形和波速特征,并搭建气相爆轰波冲击活塞实验装置进行进一步验证。结果表明：气体爆轰波到达气固界面后,在固体中透射指数形式的弹性波,并在界面处向气体区反射一道激波。爆轰波后的稀疏波与反射激波相交,削弱反射激波,最终形成稳定激波回传。气固界面在稀疏波和反射稀疏波的作用下,压力和速度逐渐下降,最终也形成稳定状态。在不同混气初始压力情况下,爆轰波冲击过程中产生的最高压力和爆压的比值基本保持不变。理论模型对特征点相关物理量的计算值和实验数据符合的较好。

     

弯管内爆轰波传播的流场显示和数值模拟

采用激光纹影系统拍摄了爆轰波在不同位置的流场照片. 用二阶附加半隐的龙格- 库塔法和五阶WENO格式 分别离散欧拉方程时间和空间导数项,用基元反应来描述爆轰化学反应过程,获得了压力、 温度、典型组元质量分数分布及数值胞格结构和爆轰波平均速度. 结果表明：受壁面稀疏波 和压缩波影响,爆轰波阵面发生畸变. 但由于弯管曲率半径较大,未出现爆轰波熄灭. 靠近 凹壁面的激波强度大于凸壁面侧,且凹壁面侧的反应区宽度较凸壁面侧要窄. 弯管出口处的 三波点数目较入口处减少,爆轰波衰减. 在出口直段,受扰动的爆轰波可恢复为自持爆轰波. 爆轰波流场、胞格结构、平均爆轰波速度的计算和实验结果定性一致.     

激波聚焦诱导点火和爆轰的数值研究

以二维轴对称多组分Euler方程为基础,采用非正交结构化网格和改进的波传播算法,模拟了激波在抛物形反射壁面聚焦反射诱导点火和爆轰的过程,描述了其流场形态。讨论了预混气组成、入射激波强度及反射壁面形状对点火和爆轰的影响。结果表明,激波在抛物形反射壁面顶点处聚焦反射可形成局部高温高压区域,该区域在一定条件下可点燃预混气甚至形成爆轰,其中低稀释剂浓度的预混气、较大的入射激波Mach数和较深的反射壁面有利于可燃预混气形成爆轰。     

The criterion of the existence or inexistence of transverse shock wave at wedge supported oblique detonation wave

A simplified theoretic method and numerical simulations were carried out to investigate the characterization of propagation of transverse shock wave at wedge supported oblique detonation wave.After solution validation,a criterion which is associated with the ratio Φ (u 2 /u CJ) of existence or inexistence of the transverse shock wave at the region of the primary triple was deduced systematically by 38 cases.It is observed that for abrupt oblique shock wave (OSW)/oblique detonation wave (ODW) transition,a transverse shock wave is generated at the region of the primary triple when Φ < 1,however,such a transverse shock wave does not take place for the smooth OSW/ODW transition when Φ > 1.The parameter Φ can be expressed as the Mach number behind the ODW front for stable CJ detonation.When 0.9 < Φ < 1.0,the reflected shock wave can pass across the contact discontinuity and interact with transverse waves which are originating from the ODW front.When 0.8 < Φ < 0.9,the reflected shock wave can not pass across the contact discontinuity and only reflects at the contact discontinuity.The condition (0.8 < Φ < 0.9) agrees well with the ratio (D ave /D CJ) in the critical detonation.     

Oxyhydrogen combustion and detonation driven shock tube

The performance of combustion driver ignited by multi-spark plugs distributed along axial direction has been analysed and tested. An improved ignition method with three circumferential equidistributed ignitors at main diaphragm has been presented, by which the produced incident shock waves have higher repeatability, and better steadiness in the pressure, temperature and velocity fields of flow behind the incidence shock, and thus meets the requirements of aerodynamic experiment. The attachment of a damping section at the end of the driver can eliminate the high reflection pressure produced by detonation wave, and the backward detonation driver can be employed to generate high enthalpy and high density test flow. The incident shock wave produced by this method is well repeated and with weak attenuation. The reflection wave caused by the contracted section at the main diaphragm will weaken the unfavorable effect of rarefaction wave behind the detonation wave, which indicates that the forward detonation driver can be applied in the practice. For incident shock wave of identical strength, the initial pressure of the forward detonation driver is about 1 order of magnitude lower than that of backward detonation. The project supported by State Science and Technology Committee, National Natural Foundation of Science of China (19082012), Chinese Academy of Sciences and Project of National High Technology of China. In memory of academician Kuo Yonghuai's 90th anniversary.     

可燃气体中激波与障碍物作用在下游形成爆轰波的数值研究

对平面激波和单个矩形障碍物作用的过程进行了数值模拟,研究了反射产生的上行爆轰波在下游可燃气体中形成爆轰波的过程。数值结果表明,下游爆轰波形成过程主要有2种模式:爆轰波直接绕射和绕射波在上壁面反射,这和已有的实验结果是一致的。通过研究下游爆轰波的形成过程受入射激波马赫数、混合气体的压力和管道尺度的影响,分析了上游爆轰波向下游传播的波动力学过程,讨论了2种形成过程的作用规律和控制因素,阐明了下游爆轰波的形成规律。     

带隔板装药爆轰波马赫反射理论研究和数值模拟

基于三波理论和Whitham方法对带隔板装药爆轰波相互作用后发生的正规反射和非正规反射进行了理论分析,给出了爆轰波发生马赫反射时临界入射角和马赫杆增长角等参数的变化规律,提出了马赫杆高度的计算模型。基于凝聚炸药爆轰Jones-Wilkins-Lee(JWL)模型和冲击起爆的Lee-Tarver模型,利用有限元计算软件对带隔板装药爆轰波的传播过程进行了数值模拟。结果表明,发生马赫反射后,随着爆轰波的传播,马赫杆的高度不断增加。数值模拟结果与理论计算结果吻合较好,说明本文中采用的理论模型和数值模拟方法能够较准确地描述带隔板装药爆轰波马赫反射的传播过程。     

气相爆轰波在半圆形弯管中传播现象的实验研究

对气相(2H2/O2/Ar系统)爆轰波在半圆形弯管中的传播现象进行实验研究。用烟迹膜记录了弯管中爆轰波的胞格结构,采用压电传感器测量了沿弯管内外母线指定点的压力时间曲线,得到了爆轰波沿弯管内、外母线的平均速度和胞格尺寸的变化。结果表明:当平面爆轰波进入弯管后,受壁面的几何形状作用,诱导激波阵面发生弯曲。沿诱导激波阵面,自内母线到外母线方向,激波强度逐渐增大。同时,爆轰波后的化学反应区也受到影响,胞格尺寸发生较明显的变化。在本文条件下,当初压p08.00kPa,受扰动的爆轰波在弯管出口下游仍恢复为强度不变的稳定爆轰。胞格记录的三波点迹线表明:受扰动的爆轰波在出口段发生了马赫反射。实验结果还表明:当p0降至5.33kPa,平面稳定爆轰波经过半圆形弯管后,其强度发生衰减并直至出现熄灭。     

Theoretical investigation of ignition and detonation of coal-particle gas mixtures

A mathematical model of ignition of a coal-particle gas suspension is developed within the framework of mechanics of reacting heterogeneous media. Some qualitative features are studied, which reveal different typical variants of heat dynamics of the mixture: heterogeneous ignition caused by the coke residue ignition reaction, homogeneous ignition induced by volatile oxidation in the gas phase, and hybrid ignition due to the simultaneous effect of surface and volume reactions. Verification of the model is performed using available experimental data on ignition delay times for coal-particle suspensions in air and oxygen behind reflected shock waves. The model is extended to detonation processes in the suspension, verified by experimental data on the relation between the propagation velocity and initial particle concentration. Stationary detonation regimes are studied, and specific features of detonation structures are discussed.This paper was presented at the 18th International Colloquium on the Dynamics of Explosions and Reactive System, Seattle, Washington, USA, August, 2001     

用于爆轰驱动的射流起爆实验研究

爆轰驱动激波风洞的自由来流模拟范围与驱动气体的爆轰极限密切相关,爆轰极限越宽则模拟范围越大。驱动气体一般是通过点火管进行起爆的,提高点火管的起爆能力可以拓宽爆轰极限。为了提高点火管起爆能力,就点火管口径、点火气体爆轰敏感性和单/双点火管3种因素的影响进行了实验研究。在不同的点火管初始条件下,对驱动段波速进行了测量。结论如下:(1)提高点火管口径可以显著提升起爆能力;(2)点火气体爆轰敏感性对起爆能力有影响,点火管为缩径内型面时,低敏感性气体起爆能力更强,点火管为等径内型面时则低敏感性气体和高敏感性气体的起爆能力大体持平;(3)在保证射流同步的前提下,双点火管能够提高起爆能力,为保证射流同步性需使用化学恰当比的氢氧混气等爆轰敏感性强的点火气体。     

孔板扰动对爆轰波胞格结构特性影响的实验研究

实验采用稳定预混气2H₂+O₂+3Ar及不稳定预混气C₂H₂+5N₂O和CH₄+2O₂,在圆形爆轰管内通过烟膜手段记录了爆轰波的胞格结构,得到了胞格尺寸与初始压力之间的关系式;研究了胞格结构在扰动上下游的变化过程,分析了胞格不稳定性对胞格结构特征的影响,获得了爆轰波经过扰动后重新恢复至平衡状态的特征尺度。结果表明：爆轰波经过扰动后,对于稳定预混气,在扰动下游主胞格结构变得不规则,没有出现次生胞格;对于不稳定预混气,扰动下游伊始爆轰波的次生模态被抑制,由于爆轰波自身的不稳定性,随后出现了局部爆炸点及精细胞格结构;爆轰波在扰动下游传播了一段距离后恢复至平衡状态,该长度在8～15倍之间的胞格尺寸范围内变化,并且随初始压力的变化趋势并不明显。研究结果反映出爆轰波经过孔板扰动后恢复至平衡态所需的长度与爆轰波流体动力学厚度相当。