自回归状态空间模型下时变声速剖面跟踪方法

讨论了一种适用于浅海的时变声速剖面跟踪方法。该方法将时变水体声速剖面的反演问题建模为由描述声速剖面时变特性的状态方程与包含声压场局部测量信息的测量方程组成的状态-空间模型,提出利用自回归分析拟合方法将声速场扰动建模为高阶自回归演化模型,并通过集合卡尔曼滤波序贯地估计时间演化的海洋声速场。利用2001年亚洲海实验环境与声速测量数据,仿真分析了基于高阶自回归演化模型的时变声速剖面集合卡尔曼滤波估计方法。结果表明,相比于利用传统随机游走状态演化模型的估计方法,该改进方法可有效降低声速的跟踪误差,并且在较低信噪比条件下仍具有较好的跟踪性能。     

强非线性时间演化声速剖面的序贯反演

受海面波浪起伏、降雨和内波等海洋动力学过程的影响,浅水声速剖面的时间演化具有高度非线性,针对该问题提出使用改进的粒子滤波方法进行声速剖面序贯反演.该方法通过建立声速剖面的经验正交模型(EOF)以及描述声速剖面时间演化特征的状态空间模型,将声速剖面反演问题建模为状态跟踪问题,利用不敏粒子滤波(UPF:Uncented Particle Filter)算法进行声速剖面序贯反演。仿真试验通过实测声速剖面数据和先验地声参数信息产生接收声场数据,再利用模拟声场数据估计声速剖面的时间变化.结果表明,相比于集合卡尔曼滤波(EnKF:Ensemble Kalman Filter),在计算效率等同的情形下,该方法可以在状态参数的时间跳变点保持良好的跟踪性能,一定程度上克服了现有反演算法在跳变点发散的问题,可以有效提高声速剖面反演精度,尤其在声速剖面时变性较强时具有显著优势.     

集合卡尔曼滤波在时变声速剖面追踪中的性能分析

对集合卡尔曼滤波在时变海洋环境下的声速剖面追踪性能进行了分析。将南海实验背景下普林斯顿海洋模型预报的声速剖面正交分解为3阶系数组成的状态-空间形式,其状态转移方程建模为3阶自回归过程;基于卡尔曼反馈理论,利用适合于水平非均匀模型RAM仿真的观测声压场对系统状态进行校正,实现声速剖面的动态追踪。在水平均匀、水平非均匀和海底参数失配环境下的仿真结果均能较好地实现对声速剖面的追踪,验证了算法的可行性。同时对不同信噪比、粒子数、阵元数和海底参数失配等情况下的分析表明,观测信息量的增加可以有效抑制观测误差和模型误差的影响,相关结论得到了实验数据的验证。     

浅海时变声速环境下的自适应匹配场定位算法实现*

针对浅海环境下声速剖面失配引起的匹配场处理器失配问题,提出了一种自适应匹配场定位算法在声速剖面时变环境下的实现方式。将先验声速剖面集简化为经验正交函数表示,结合蒙特卡洛方法与环境扰动约束算法对当下时刻的目标声源进行匹配场定位。本文以某次试验获取的连续20小时的声速剖面数据为研究对象,通过仿真试验对该算法进行验证,结果表明：在先验声速剖面集的半小时之后,利用自适应算法的距离和深度定位成功率较常规匹配场算法有较大提升,其中,深度正确定位概率相对较低。     

Determination of equivalent sound speed profiles for ray tracing in near-ground sound propagation

The determination of appropriate sound speed profiles in the modeling of near-ground propagation using a ray tracing method is investigated using a ray tracing model which is capable of performing axisymmetric calculations of the sound field around an isolated source. Eigenrays are traced using an iterative procedure which integrates the trajectory equations for each ray launched from the source at a specific direction. The calculation of sound energy losses is made by introducing appropriate coefficients to the equations representing the effect of ground and atmospheric absorption and the interaction with the atmospheric turbulence. The model is validated against analytical and numerical predictions of other methodologies for simple cases, as well as against measurements for nonrefractive atmospheric environments. A systematic investigation for near-ground propagation in downward and upward refractive atmosphere is made using experimental data. Guidelines for the suitable simulation of the wind velocity profile are derived by correlating predictions with measurements.     

非等声速信道下的循环神经网络机动目标跟踪模型

针对水下非等声速信道声线弯曲导致传统滤波跟踪轨迹偏差的问题,提出一种循环神经网络的目标跟踪模型。该模型在缺乏声速剖面信息的情况下,通过数据驱动迭代训练,学习输入观测值与输出状态值之间的映射关系,实现目标位置和瞬态特征变化的精确获知。蒙特卡洛仿真实验结果表明,本文模型在非等声速信道下复杂机动场景中相较传统单模型滤波算法以及交互式多模型算法,水平距离跟踪精度分别提升4.06%,1.57%,深度估计精度分别提升0.87%,0.85%。本文模型相较于传统滤波方法具有更高的跟踪精度,并且能够在失配声速分布信道下进行迁移学习,提升模型在失配声场环境下的泛化性。     

A model for the vertical sound speed and absorption profiles in Titan's atmosphere based on Cassini-Huygens data

Measurements of thermodynamic quantities in Titan's atmosphere during the descent of Huygens in 2005 are used to predict the vertical profiles for the speed and intrinsic attenuation (or absorption) of sound. The calculations are done using one author's previous model modified to accommodate non-ideal equations of state. The vertical temperature profile places the tropopause about 40 km above the surface. In the model, a binary nitrogen-methane composition is assumed for Titan's atmosphere, quantified by the methane fraction measured by the gas chromatograph/mass spectrometer (GCMS) onboard Huygens. To more accurately constrain the acoustic wave number, the variation of thermophysical properties (specific heats, viscosity, and thermal conductivity) with altitude is included via data extracted from the NIST Chemistry WebBook [URL webbook.nist.gov, National Institute of Standards and Technology Chemistry WebBook (Last accessed 10/20/2011)]. The predicted speed of sound profile fits well inside the spread of the data recorded by Huygens' active acoustic sensor. In the N(2)-dominated atmosphere, the sound waves have negligible relaxational dispersion and mostly classical (thermo-viscous) absorption. The cold and dense environment of Titan can sustain acoustic waves over large distances with relatively small transmission losses, as evidenced by the small absorption. A ray-tracing program is used to assess the bounds imposed by the zonal wind-measured by the Doppler Wind Experiment on Huygens-on long-range propagation.     

Tracking-positioning of sound speed profiles and moving acoustic source in shallow water

An ensemble Kalman filter(EnKF) approach is proposed to perform sequential tracking of water column sound speed profile(SSP) using a moving acoustic source. First,the SSPs are discretized in depth and range, and are expressed by the empirical orthogonal functions(EOFs). Second, the acoustic source state information and the first three orders of EOF coefficients are expressed as the state variable, and the acoustic field information received by the vertical line array are the measured values. Successively, the state variables and measured values are used to establish the state-measure model. Last, the EnKF is utilized to track the state variables. The simulation results show that the root mean square error of SSP and the absolute error of source are all small, and thus the acoustic source tracking-positioning has high accuracy. Moreover, increasing the number of sample collection, the signal-to-noise ratio and the number of receiving elements can improve the tracking-positioning results. The method is verified using the experimental data of the East China Sea.     

浅海声速剖面与移动声源的跟踪定位

在水平非均匀分布的浅海环境中,针对移动声源跟踪时,声速剖面的变化会对声场产生影响,提出了一种利用集合卡尔曼滤波算法的声速剖面跟踪反演和移动声源跟踪定位的方法。首先,将声速剖面进行距离和深度的参数化表示,从而将对声速剖面的跟踪转化为对声速剖面前3阶经验正交函数系数的跟踪;其次,通过将声源状态信息和声速剖面信息表示为状态变量,而将垂直线列阵接收到的声场信息作为测量值建立状态-测量模型,然后利用集合卡尔曼滤波方法对模型状态变量进行跟踪。仿真结果得出:声速剖面跟踪反演的均方根误差和移动声源跟踪定位的绝对误差都非常小,对声源的跟踪定位精度很高。并且通过增加集合样本数、增加接收信号信噪比以及增加接收阵元数目都可以提高跟踪定位结果精度。最后,利用东海实验数据对本方法进行了验证。     

Vibrational behavior of a soundbox in an atmosphere with a variable speed of sound

This paper describes a semi-quantitative method, suitable for a student laboratory exercise that shows that the acoustic properties of the soundbox of a musical instrument depend on the sound speed of the atmosphere surrounding and filling the instrument. A gas tent was constructed and used to enclose instruments in helium, carbon dioxide and mixtures thereof, allowing the sound speed to be varied from 250 to 1000 m/s. Soundboard admittance data were taken using a guitar and a violin as examples. The data, expressed as contour plots, show clearly the qualitative relationship between air and wood modes, and the guitar data are compared with a simple mechanical model. Experimental details of the construction and operation of gas tent are given, with attention paid to safety issues.     

声速测量实验

介绍了2个有趣的测量声速的实验:在室内,采用驻波法结合电脑来测量声速;在室外,利用不同的传播途径结合电脑来测量声速.2个实验可以让学生直接参与实验操作,激发了学生学习的兴趣.     

Phase diagram of speed gradient model with an on-ramp

In this paper, phase transitions are investigated in speed gradient model with an on-ramp. Phase diagrams of traffic flow composed of manually driven vehicles and adaptive cruise control (ACC) vehicles are studied, respectively. The traffic flow composed of ACC vehicles is modeled by enhancing propagation speed of small disturbance. The phase diagram of traffic flow composed of manually driven vehicles is similar to that in previous works, in which such states as pinned localized cluster (PLC), moving localized cluster (MLC), triggered stop-and-go traffic (TSG), oscillatory congested traffic (OCT), and homogeneous congested traffic (HCT) are reproduced. In the phase diagram of traffic flow composed of ACC vehicles, traffic stability is enhanced and such states as PLC, MLC, and TSG disappear. Furthermore, some interesting phenomena, such as stationary OCT upstream of on-ramp and appearance of second OCT in HCT, are identified.     

Solar models with a helioseismic sound speed profile

The problem of computation of the present Sun model with a given sound speed profile in the solar radiation zone is considered. It is shown that the chemical composition is still a free parameter, but the entropy of the adiabatic part of the convective zone is determined by the simulation procedure. The parameters of the models are compared with the helioseismic calibration of the solar envelope and a disagreement is revealed. Study of the seismic properties of the model cores indicates that the best model shows closeness to the standard solar model.Translated from Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenii, Radiofizika, Vol. 39, No. 10, pp. 1199–1203, October, 1996.     

声速测量实验的探讨

对声速测量的共振干涉法中的相关问题进行了理论探讨,使学生对此实验的物理图像有更清楚的认识.     

一种新的声速推导方法

利用动量定理给出一个简单而又直观的推导气体中声速的方法。     

Causality and the speed of sound

A usual causal requirement on a viable theory of matter is that the speed of sound be at most the speed of light. In view of various recent papers querying this limit, the question is revisited here. We point to various issues confronting theories that violate the usual constraint.     

声速测量及声波的波动学规律研究

声速除了可利用共振干涉法和相位比较法测量外,还可以用干涉、衍射及“洛埃镜”反射等方法测量．声速实验的改进,不仅可扩展声速测量的方法,而且也可加深学生对波动学规律和本质的理解．     

基于自回归模型的光阱中粒子运动模拟

通过分析光阱中颗粒位移信号特性, 建立描述粒子受限布朗运动过程的自回归模型, 进而提出了一种基于自回归模型的光阱中颗粒运动信号模拟的新方法. 对半径为1 μm的粒子处于光阱刚度分别为10, 20, 50 pN/μm 光阱时的位移信号进行了模拟, 得到的模拟位移信号的自相关函数与理论值相一致. 为了进一步阐明自回归模型的有效性, 在相同光阱参数下, 分别采用自回归模型与蒙特卡罗方法模拟光阱中微粒的位移信号, 采用功率谱法分别对两种模拟方法所得的微粒位移标定光阱刚度, 结果表明自回归模型方法能够取得和蒙特卡洛法相同的精度. 因此, 本文为分析光阱中粒子的随机运动提出了一种新的模拟方法, 可以用来对光阱中的噪声及特性进行分析. 关键词： 光阱 布朗运动 信号模拟 自回归模型     

Measuring the speed of sound of quintessence

Quintessence, a time-varying energy component that may account for the accelerated expansion of the universe, can be characterized by its equation of state and sound speed. In this paper, we show that if the quintessence density is at least 1% of the critical density at the surface of last scattering the cosmic microwave background anisotropy can distinguish between models whose sound speed is near the speed of light versus near zero, which could be useful in distinguishing competing candidates for dark energy.