Unidirectional optical transmission in dual-metal gratings in the absence of anisotropic and nonlinear materials

We predict the unidirectional optical transmission in dual-metal grating structures composed of two gratings with different structures in the absence of anisotropy and nonlinearity. The zero-order unidirectional transmission is achieved. Based on the unique property and by modulating the structural parameters, the transmittance approaches to 0% and 60% in the two opposite directions, respectively.     

双光栅夹有机溶液构成的宽带光限幅器

提出一种新光限幅器件并给出初步的实验验证。该器件是将非线笥有机溶液夹在两块不同的浮周型透射光栅之间构成的。     

Split-aperture laser pulse compressor design tolerant to alignment and line-density differences

We introduce a four-pass laser pulse compressor design based on two grating apertures with two gratings per aperture that is tolerant to some alignment errors and, importantly, to grating-to-grating period variations. Each half-beam samples each grating in a diamond-shaped compressor that is symmetric about a central bisecting plane. For any given grating, the two half-beams impinge on opposite sides of its surface normal. It is shown that the two split beams have no pointing difference from paired gratings with different periods. Furthermore, no phase shift between half-beams is incurred as long as the planes containing a grating line and the surface normal for each grating of the pair are parallel. For grating pairs satisfying this condition, gratings surfaces need not be on the same plane, as changes in the gap between the two can compensate to bring the beams back in phase.     

Beam focusing from double subwavelength metallic slits filled with nonlinear material surrounded by dielectric surface gratings

Based on the radiation properties of surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs) can be controlled by adjusting the refractive indexes of dielectric materials in the metallic slits, a novel plasmonic focusing structure formed by two subwavelength metal apertures filled with Kerr nonlinear material surrounded by surface dielectric gratings is proposed and demonstrated numerically. Directions of radiation fields are determined by the phase difference of the surface waves at the exit interface and resonance property of each surface grating. Numerical simulations using two-dimensional (2D) Finite-Difference Time-Domain (FDTD) method verify that the deflection angle and focal length can be controlled easily by changing the intensity of incident light, dynamically tunable on-axis and off-axis focusing effects can be achieved.     

大面积拼接光栅的远场衍射分析

针对大面积光栅制作过程易出现的拼接偏差问题,基于标量衍射理论推导拼接光栅远场衍射的光强分布,计算分析几种常见拼接误差对拼接光栅性能的影响,以确定光栅拼接过程的误差容限.研究表明:拼接光栅的远场衍射光场随纵向和横向平移误差的变化呈周期性,且这两种平移误差带来的影响可相互补偿;而拼接光栅的旋转误差对远场衍射光场分布的影响较严重,当旋转误差增大到9.5875×10－5度时,衍射光场的峰值光强降为0.9,且两光栅各自峰值出现的方向成9.5875×10－5度.     

复合金属光栅模式分离与高性能气体传感器应用

为实现近红外波段表面等离子体共振(SPR)模式的分裂和移动, 同时提高光栅基SPR传感器的品质因数, 提出了一种由双金属光栅构成的新型复合结构光栅, 并研究了其气体传感特性. 运用有限时域差分算法对该结构进行了数值模拟, 发现由复合金属光栅激发的SPR出现模式分裂的现象. 通过增大双金属光栅阵列间的相对位移改变原结构的对称性, 导致复合金属光栅分裂的SPR模式朝相反方向移动. 当相对位移量进一步增大到双光栅合并成新的单一光栅时, 随光栅结构对称性的恢复, 分裂的两共振模式最后又重新合并为一个模式. 如果待测物的折射率为1.01≤n_a≤1.05, 当相对位移量为0时, 基于复合光栅结构气体传感器的折射率灵敏度为1207.5 nm/RIU, 且品质因数达到1290.7; 当相对位移量为100 nm时, 与双共振模式对应的折射率灵敏度分别为1205.0 nm/RIU和1210.0 nm/RIU, 品质因数分别为1295.4和762.3. 因此, 复合光栅SPR传感器具有超高品质因数的性能, 使得它在生物化学传感领域中有巨大的应用潜力.     

Unidirectional transmission realized by two nonparallel gratings made of isotropic media

We realize a unidirectional transmission by cascading two nonparallel gratings (NPGs) made of isotropic, lossless, and linear media. For a pair of orthogonal linear polarizations, one of the gratings is designed as a polarizer, which is a reflector for one polarization and a transmitter for the other; another grating is designed as a polarization converter, which converts most of one polarized incident wave into another polarized transmitted wave. It is demonstrated by numerical calculation that more than 85% of the incident light energy can be transmitted with less than 1% transmission in the opposite direction for linearly polarized light at normal incidence, and the relative bandwidth of the unidirectional transmission is nearly 9%. The maximum transmission contrast ratio between the two directions is 62 dB. Unlike one-way diffraction grating, the transmitted light of the NPGs is collinear with the incident light, but their polarizations are orthogonal.     

Thin and thick diffraction gratings: Thin matrix decomposition method

A brief review of the properties of transmission diffraction gratings is presented. Two types of gratings will be analyzed: thin and volume gratings explaining how the efficiency of the different orders that propagate inside the gratings can be calculated in both cases. For thin diffraction gratings the so-called amplitude transmittance method is applied in order to get the amplitude of the different orders, whereas in the case of volume gratings more complex methods are needed, such as Coupled Wave or modal theories. We will comment on the thin matrix decomposition method (TMDM), firstly proposed by Alferness, which gives a very intuitive approach and connects the properties of thin gratings to the properties of volume ones. The thin matrix decomposition method consists in dividing the volume grating in a number of thin gratings and applying the amplitude transmittance method to each thin grating. In this way the output of a grating will be considered as the input of the next and any individual grating can be treated by the amplitude transmittance method. The novelty of this work is that a comparison is made between the analytical expressions obtained by Alferness using the TMDM with the numerical results obtained using the coupled wave (CW) and rigorous coupled wave (RCW) theories for the efficiencies of the zero, first and second order when a plane wave incides onto a sinusoidal diffracion grating at the second on-Bragg replay angular condition.     

Sub-500-nm patterning of glass by nanosecond KrF excimer laser ablation

The surface of flint glass of type F2 is patterned by nanosecond KrF excimer laser ablation. Strong UV absorption provides a comparatively low ablation threshold and precise ablation contours. By using a two-grating interferometer, periodic surface patterns with 330 nm period and 100 nm modulation depth are obtained. This method enables the fabrication of 7 mm×13 mm wide grating areas with perfectly aligned grooves without the need of high-precision sample positioning. By double exposure, crossed gratings with adjustable depths in the two orthogonal directions can be generated.     

长周期光纤光栅谐振波长的特性研究

研究了长周期光纤光栅谐振波长与光纤参数及光栅周期的变化关系,发现高阶包层模与低阶包层模具有完全不同的特点,在各种参数变化时两者的谐振波长向相反的方向移动。通过实际制作周期分别为１００μｍ和４００μｍ的光栅证实了这种差别。得到了一些有益于长周期光栅设计和制作和结论。     

Dependence on surface profile in grating-assisted coupling of light to surface plasmon-polaritons

Grating coupling of light to surface plasmon-polaritons (SPPs) supported by a thin metal film depends on the detailed geometry of the grating used to couple the incident light to the SPP modes. Here we show experimental and theoretical evidence that, in the case of square gratings having the same pitch and depth, the maximum coupling of light to the SPPs is achieved when the ratio between the groove width and the pitch of the grating is equal to 1/2. A straightforward explanation involving a Fourier analysis of the different grating profiles is given and compared with the experimental results.     

Anomalous transmission of terahertz wave through one-dimensional lamellar metallic grating

The anomalous transmission through one-dimensional lamellar metallic gratings was investigated in terahertz (THz) regime. The extraordinary optical transmission (EOT) is identified to originate from two possible ways: coupling of incident light with waveguide resonances and coupling of surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs) at the upper and lower interfaces of metal grating. The dual effects of SPPs have been clarified in this study: (i) the excitation of SPP modes at each individual interface results in the weakness of the THz wave transmission; and (ii) the coupling of SPP modes at two interfaces of metal grating is attributed to enhancement of THz wave transmission. The enhanced transmission is dominated by the coupling of incident light with transverse waveguide resonances. Numerical simulation based on finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) agrees well with experimental results.     

亚微米AZO光栅及其漫透射分布特性

探讨亚微米掺铝氧化锌(AZO)光栅的漫透射光谱特性。在AZO薄膜上涂布光刻胶,用325nm激光双光束干涉曝光得到掩模图案。将其置于质量分数为0.5%的稀盐酸溶液中湿法刻蚀,制备出周期(780～1280nm)和高度(60～300nm)能独立调控的AZO一维光栅。正入射双向透射分布函数(BTDF)测试结果表明,400～900nm波段内平均镜面透射率随光栅周期增大而降低,与紫外-可见分光光度计测得的结果吻合;同时,周期越大被衍射到30°～80°范围内的漫透射比重和漫透射峰值均越大,而峰位角越小。根据光栅方程对实验结果给出了合理的解释。     

Method of making mosaic gratings by using a two-color heterodyne interferometer containing a reference grating

We propose and demonstrate a two-color heterodyne interferometric method for making a perfect mosaic of two planar gratings that can substitute for a single and larger grating without introducing wavefront aberration at any wavelength. The lateral and longitudinal phase errors are separated and eliminated by use of two wavelengths in the interferometry. The accuracy of the phase difference measurement is improved by this heterodyne scheme. The method ensures that the lateral gap between the two subaperture gratings is an integer multiple of the grating period. For a pair of 0.72 microm period gratings we experimentally achieved a lateral alignment error of less than 1% of the grating period.     

二维光栅与周期性缝隙阵列组合薄膜结构的杂散光抑制

传统方格型二维光栅与周期性缝隙阵列的组合薄膜结构具有雷达和光学波段双带通的电磁特性. 但由于其杂散光能量集中分布而严重制约它在高精度探测以及成像领域中的应用. 本文提出了一种全新的组合薄膜结构, 即由满足一定约束条件的圆孔型二维光栅和十字缝隙阵列构成. 基于Fraunhofer衍射理论建立组合薄膜结构标量衍射模型, 通过对比两种组合薄膜结构的衍射光分布, 理论分析与实验测试均表明: 圆孔型光栅与十字缝隙阵列组合薄膜结构不仅能够提高其光学透过率, 而且还使其杂散光分布均匀, 降低了其杂散光总比率, 从而有效抑制杂散光, 进一步增强了二维光栅与周期性缝隙阵列组合薄膜结构在实际光学系统中的可靠性. 关键词： 二维光栅 组合薄膜结构 衍射光强 杂散光     

Tunable directional beaming assisted by asymmetrical SPP excitation in a subwavelength metallic double slit

We present a design for tunable directional beaming through a subwavelength metallic double slit surrounded by dielectric surface-relief gratings.On-axis and off-axis beaming can be switched by controlling the incident angle to asymmetrically excite surface plasmon polaritons(SPPs) that are subsequently coupled out to propagating beams by the two gratings on the left and the right sides of the double slit.Furthermore,the division of optical power into two off-axis beaming directions can be tuned smoothly by varying the incident angle while keeping the total power almost unchanged.The mechanism of this effect is analyzed theoretically and verified using rigorous numerical simulations.     

一维增透亚波长光栅的研究

将具有高透射性的亚波长光栅置于微机械波长可调谐垂直腔面发射激光器(VCSEL)的内腔当中可以提高波长的调谐范围,为了使波长调谐范围达到最优则必须优化高透射性的亚波长光栅使其透射率达到最大。利用严格耦合波法分析了亚波长光栅的占空比、周期、厚度和入射角对其透射率的影响并找出最优的光栅参数。通过计算分析可得,对于TE和TM偏振存在最佳的占空比使其透射率达到99.5%。在文中条件下,它们对应的占空比分别为0.23和0.80。而光栅厚度对于TE和TM偏振透射率的影响是周期性的,在一个周期内存在一个最佳值使其透射率达到最高。在文中条件下,TE偏振的厚度周期是150 nm,TM偏振的厚度周期是300 nm。当光栅参数不变时,无论是TE还是TM偏振光,它们的透射率只有在垂直入射光栅时(入射角为0°)才能达到最大。而通过等效介质原理可以得出,周期对透射率没有影响。最后计算了透射率在光栅厚度和占空比同时变化时的变化趋势,并从中得出最优的光栅参数。     

Bidirectional surface wave splitter at visible frequencies

We experimentally demonstrate a metal-film bidirectional surface wave splitter for guiding light at two visible wavelengths in opposite directions. Two nanoscale gratings were patterned on opposite sides of a subwavelength slit. The metallic surface grating structures were tailored geometrically to have different plasmonic bandgaps, enabling each grating to guide light of one wavelength and prohibit propagation at the other wavelength. The locations of the bandgaps were experimentally confirmed by interferometric measurements. Based on these design principles, a green-red bidirectional surface wave splitter is demonstrated, and the observed optical properties are shown to agree with theoretical predictions.     

基于导模共振效应提高石墨烯表面等离子体的局域特性

本文构建了一种包含石墨烯和亚波长光栅的复合结构, 借助衍射光栅的导模共振效应, 在石墨烯表面激发高局域性表面等离子体激元, 研究了石墨烯与光栅结构对表面等离子体激元局域特性的影响规律, 并借助基于有限元法的COMSOL软件, 分析了缓冲层厚度、光栅周期、载流子迁移率和费米能级对石墨烯的表面电场、品质因子Q和有效模式面积S_eff的影响. 结果表明, 石墨烯表面等离子体激元的局域性在特定的参数点获得显著提高: 当μ = 0.7 m²/(V·s)时, 品质因子达到最大值Q_max = 1793; 当p = 235 nm或E_F = 0.72 eV时, 表面电场达到了入射光的3000倍以上. 强烈的局域性导致强烈 的光-物质相互作用, 因而本文提出的复合结构可实现高灵敏度传感器和高效率的非线性光学设备, 极大地扩展了石墨烯在纳米光学领域中的应用.     

Electromagnetically Induced Grating Without Absorption Using Incoherent Pump

We propose a scheme for creating electromagnetically induced grating in a four-level double- Λ atomic system driven by a coupling field and an incoherent pump field. Owing to the incoherent pumping process, large refractivity accompanied with vanishing absorption or even gain across the probe field can be built up in the atoms, thus phase grating or gain-phase grating, which diffracts a probe light into different directions, can be formed with the help of a standing-wave coupling field. The diffraction efficiency of the gratings can be tuned by the coupling field intensity and the incoherent pump rate, hence the proposed gratings should be suitable for beam splitter and optical switching in optical communication and networking.