模拟尾流泡幕及实际尾流光学性质对比研究

对模拟尾流泡幕及实际尾流光学性质进行了对比研究.结果表明,实验室模拟尾流气泡幕的散射光平均照度均值随着压强变化梯度大,可据此定性区别不同压强的气泡幕.实际尾流随着航速增大,散射光照度减小,但这种减小不是线性的.散射光照度一定周期性的规律,说明随着航速的增大,尾流气泡幕逐渐增强,气泡幕中气泡密度、不同直径气泡分布等均随之变化,这可能预示着气泡幕的增强存在饱和度.实验室模拟尾流气泡幕与实际尾流的散射光信号在轮廓方面是相似的,都随着压强或航速的增加而减小.通过比较实验室模拟气泡幕和实际尾流的差值信号,可以有效地消除杂散光或自然光的影响,利用Haar小波对差值信号的分析也得到相同的结论.     

基于Mie光散射理论的尾流气泡前向散射光特性研究

实验中利用CMOS图像传感器代替传统的光电探测器接受前向散射光,由几何光学和图像处理分析得出不同散射角的散射光与采集图像中的光环相对应.通过计算各个光环的所有像素值的总和就可以得到前向散射光光强的相对值,进而可以得出前向散射光光强变化规律.根据米氏（Mie）光散射理论可以计算出气泡各个方向的散射光光强,通过比较实验结果和Mie理论计算结果可以看出,采用CMOS图像传感器探测和图像处理技术可以准确地得出散射光强度的变化规律.     

模拟气泡幕激光近轴前向散射照度分布

从Mie散射理论出发,利用单气泡散射理论模型研究了激光前向散射特性以及激光前向散射光轴周围激光照度分布状态。选用波长为632.8 nm的激光,在不同介质和不同压强下测量并分析了气泡幕的散射光照度。研究表明,激光前向散射光主要分布在离光轴0.588的范围内,其沿激光光轴呈轴对称分布,并且沿光轴方向截面分布为高斯分布;在考虑水体自身散射时,0.006 MPa、0.008 MPa和0.010 MPa下,各个散射角被散射掉的光大概占激光前向散射照度的35%、45%和55%,可得到无论考虑水体自身散射与否,激光前向散射光与压强皆成反比。     

尾流气泡幕散射光的性质

用波长为630 nm的激光器作为光源,硅二极管直接接收气泡幕的散射光.对不同气泡幕的散射光作不同点的均值,同时用Matlab语言程序计算散射光不同点自相关,充分证明了散射光的随机性.从散射光的统计性质来看,它的均值和相关性与气泡幕参数之间存在一定的规律,使光探测尾流具有可实现性.     

利用后向散射光空间谱强度分布探测尾流气泡的实验研究

利用自行设计制作的尾流模拟系统产生气泡,应用散射光空间频谱测量分析系统,对水中气泡群的后向散射光空间谱强度分布进行测量和分析,研究了不同探测距离的散射光衰减对其强度分布的影响.结果表明,在气泡密度、大小分布不变的情况下,扩束光照明时,由于参与光散射的气泡数目增加对散射光在水中传播衰减的补偿,散射空间谱强度分布的峰值和半宽值均不随探测距离变化;而细光束照明时,散射谱强度分布峰值随探测距离的增加而减小,半宽值则逐渐增大.所以在远距离探测时,细光束的探测效果好.     

基于图像处理的模拟尾流气泡幕分类识别

提出了一种应用数字图像处理技术对模拟尾流气泡幕分类识别的新方法.文章介绍了BP神经网络的基本结构及其工作原理,通过仿真测试了BP神经网络对模拟尾流气泡幕图像的模式分类.应用灰度图像统计矩法得到了均值﹑归一化系数﹑三阶矩﹑一致性和熵等特征量,设定神经网络学习率为0.1时经过14次循环可以达到训练目标误差为0.001,此时网络对不同压强下的尾流气泡幕分类正确率到达100%.这种方法在处理尾流图像时具有直观、高效、精确等特点,易于应用于对尾流探测、识别等工程技术中.     

舰船尾流气泡层散射相位函数及其后向散射信号特性分析

根据实测舰船的尾流气泡分布模型,利用米氏理论计算得到尾流气泡层的散射相位函数,并将其应用于尾流气泡层后向散射光接收信号的Monte Carlo仿真分析中,以便为实际海况下的舰船尾流气泡层后向散射光探测的实验设置与信号预测、分析提供可靠的依据.通过对不同距离处尾流气泡层的散射相位函数及后向散射光接收信号特性的分析,可以得出:尾流中气泡层散射相位函数的变化小明显,且对接收信号的影响较小;气泡数密度的变化导致的多次散射效应和气泡层衰减系数的变化是引起后向散射光强度变化的主要原因,数密度越大,散射光信号中的多次散射光成分越大;当气泡层厚度达到一定倍数的衰减长度时,继续增加气泡层厚度对后向散射接收信号的影响较小.     

基于图像处理的模拟尾流气泡幕研究

利用图像处理技术,对模拟的尾流气泡幕进行了定性和定量分析.压强较小时,位于不同层面上气泡的重叠少,通过二值图像处理可清楚地观察气泡的尺度大小及密度分布;而当压强较大时,不同层面气泡重叠幅度大,大部分气泡的边界难以判断,不能够得到气泡尺度参量及密度分布等信息.利用区域分割技术对获取的气泡幕灰度图像进行伪彩色显示,定性分析了气泡幕中气泡尺度、分布等信息.基于形状分析的等效直径、气泡幕剩余面积和剩余面积变化显示,不同压强下气泡的等效直径分布均在5～100像素范围,平均等效直径为55像素,压强较小条件下小气泡比例较大.     

船舶尾流散射光信号及一维离散小波分析

用自行设计的测试系统测量了不同航速下船舶尾流的散射光信号,并选用一维离散小波Dmeyer小波对散射光信号进行了5层小波分析.测量和分析结果表明,随着航速增大,船舶尾流散射光照度减小,尾流气泡幕逐渐增强,气泡幕中气泡密度、气泡运动规律、不同直径气泡分布均随之变化.气泡幕的增强可能存在饱和度,在航速增大到一定值时,气泡幕会达到一稳定的密度分布.从小波分析得到的第五层逼近信号来看,不同航速下主峰位置、主峰个数以及峰值差均不同,不同航速下散射光细节信号的第一层均具有一定周期性,航速10 km/h时表现出完美的周期性,出现类似于同方向不同频率简谐振动叠加而出现“拍”的现象.     

水下多粒子场激光偏振特性研究

水中粒子偏振效应的变化对激光水下探测领域的研究具有重要意义。针对不同粒子多次散射对后向散射光强以及偏振度的影响规律问题,基于激光偏振特性理论,通过实验测量的方法,对比分析了线偏振激光入射不同气泡大小和不同气泡数密度形成的气泡幕、不同气泡幕所在距离、洁净水与混浊水、不同入射角度情况下回波信号在强度和偏振度特性上的差异性,验证了水下激光偏振特性变化用于激光水下探测领域的可行性。     

Guided-Wave Two-Dimensional Acousto-Optic Scanner Using Proton-Exchanged Lithium Niobate Waveguide

Two-dimensional scanning of a 0.6328 mum guided-light beam has been realized using noncolinear acousto-optic (AO) coplanar Bragg diffraction together with colinear AO guided-mode to substrate radiation-mode conversion in a Z-cut Xpropagation LiNbO3 proton-exchanged (PE) waveguide. The two surface acoustic (SAW) waves utilized are at the center frequencies of 500 and 200 MHz, propagating in the Y and X axes, respectively. Two-dimensional scanning of approximately 720 resolvable light beam spots, namely, 18 40 (horizontal vertical) scanning, has been demonstrated using a light beam of 1.0 mm aperture. The total number of resolvable beam spots can be greatly increased from 720 by simply utilizing SAW transducers of larger bandwidth and a light beam of greater aperture. It should also be possible to significantly increase the diffraction efficiency from 3 % by optimizing the parameters of the PE waveguide and the SAWs.     

Effect ofγ-radiation on the spectral luminescence characteristics of impure cadmium tungstate crystals

Results of a study of the effect of γ-radiation on the spectral luminescence properties of cadmium tungstate crystals doped with silver, bismuth, and molybdenum cations are presented. Spectral characteristics of the nondnnnoped crystals are briefly described. Absorption and photo and X-ray luminescence spectra of the crystals taken before and after exposure to γ-radiation (5.5·10⁴ Gy) are compared. It is found that the spectral characteristics of the crystals doped with silver, bismuth, and molybdenum cations do not change markedly after the exposure. The relation between the type of impurity-induced defects, individual characteristics of the impurity cations, and the character of the effect of γ-radiation on the spectral luminescence properties of impure crystals is analyzed (preliminarily). Translated from Zhurnal Prikladnoi Spektroskopii, Vol. 64, No. 1, pp. 55–60, January–February, 1997.     

Measurement of nonlinear coefficient of optical fiber based on small chirped soliton transmission

We measure the waveform and phase curves of short optical pulses before and after transmission over different lengths of fibers by use of the pulse analyzer with the frequency-resolved optical gating (FROG),and numerically simulate pulse evolution under the experimental conditions.The nonlinear coefficient of the fiber is given by comparing the experimental results with the numerical ones.Difference between the experiment and numerical simulation is analyzed.     

Resonance scattering of canonical elastic shells in absorbing fluid medium

Resonance scattering of elastic spherical shell and cylindrical shell while the surrounding fluid medium has absorption is studied. The normal mode solution derived using exact elastic theory and the separation of variables is still applicable. However, the scattering form function has to be modified for the absorbing medium, otherwise the unreasonable result would be obtained. The backscattering form function in the absorbing medium is redefined, and the form function of elastic spherical and cylindrical shell with vacuum or solid matter filled is calculated in various absorption conditions. The results show that the absorption of surrounding fluid leads to notable attenuation of the coincidence resonances in the mid-frequency, but it has a little influence on the low-frequency resonance scattering induced by the filler inside the shell.     

Single-beam self-referenced phase-sensitive surface plasmon resonance sensor with high detection resolution

A versatile and low-cost single-beam self-referenced phase-sensitive surface plasmon resonance(SPR)sensing system with ultra-high resolution performance is presented.The system exhibits a root-mean-square phase fluctuation of ±0.0028.over a period of 45 min.i.e.a resolution of±5.2×10-9 refractive index units.The enhanced performance has been achieved through the incorporation of three design elements:a true single-beam configuration enabling complete self-referencing so that only the phase change associated with SPR gets detected,a differential measurement scheme to eliminate spurious signals not related to the sensor response,and the elimination of retardation drifts by incorporating temperature stabilization in the liquid crystal phase modulato .Our design should bring the detection sensitivity of non-labeling SPR biosensing closer to that achievable by conventional fluorescence-based techniques.     

Influences of SiO2 protective layers and annealing on the laser-induced damage threshold of Ta2O5 films

Ta2O5 films are prepared on BK7 substrates with conventional electron beam evaporation deposition.The effects of SiO2 protective layers and annealing on the laser-induced damage threshold (LIDT) of the films are investigated.The results show that SiO2 protective layers exert little influence on the electric field intensity(EFI)distribution,microstructure and microdefect density but increase the absorption slightly.Annealing iS effective on decreasing the microdefect density and the absorption of the films.Both SiO2 protective layers and annealing are beneficial to the damage resistance of the films and the latter is more effective to improve the LIDT.Moreover,the maximal LIDT of Ta2O5 films is achieved by the combination of SiO2 protective layers and annealing.     

A stereo matching algorithm using multi-peak candidate matches and geometric constraints

Gray cross correlation matching technique is adopted to extract candidate matches with gray cross correla- tion coefficients less than some certain range of maximal correlation coefficient called multi-peak candidate matches. Multi-peak candidates are extracted corresponding to three closest feature points at first. The corresponding multi-peak candidate matches are used to construct the model polygon. Correspondence is determined based on the local geometric relations between the three feature points and the multi-peak candidates. The disparity test and the global consistency checkout are applied to eliminate the remaining ambiguous matches that are not removed by the local geometric relational test. Experimental results show that the proposed algorithm is feasible and accurate.     

Fiber Modal Index Measurements Based on Fiber Gratings

A novel method based on fiber gratings for measuring the effective indices of fiber modes is proposed. The effective index difference between the core mode and a cladding mode was obtained by analyzing the interference fringe of a pair of cascaded long-period fiber gratings. In order to extract the core mode index from the measured index difference, an index matching oil immersion method is proposed. By analyzing the interaction between the cladding mode and the oil applied on the cladding surface, the mode order and the effective index of the involved cladding mode might be calculated. Experimental results about the interference fringe shifts induced by the oil index and the oil-applied length are also presented.     

Optical Pulse Compression Schemes That Use Nonlinear Bragg Gratings

Nonlinear optical pulse compression of picosecond pulses typically requires long lengths of optical fiber and multiple components. Periodic structures, such as fiber Bragg gratings, are highly dispersive at wavelengths outside of the photonic bandgap. This implies that such gratings can be used as very short all-fiber compressors. In this paper a number of such compression schemes are reviewed involving uniform and nonuniform fiber Bragg gratings, relying on both soliton and nonsoliton compression principles. Experimental results supporting the corresponding underlying theory are also presented. Finally, an extension of one of the compression schemes is shown, which allows the generation of adjustable high-repetition rate soliton trains.