钙钛矿太阳能电池中钝化层对缺陷复合行为的影响

有机-无机卤化铅钙钛矿多晶薄膜太阳能电池在近几年的研究中实现了光电转换效率的快速增长。然而,其多晶结构的活性层导致器件仍然遭受到表面和晶界位置缺陷引起的性能衰减。本研究借助两种有机氢碘酸盐,即苯乙基碘化胺(Phenethylammonium iodide, PEAI)和邻氟苯乙胺碘(2-Fluorophenylethylammonium iodide, o-F-PEAI),在CH_3NH_3PbI_3钙钛矿多晶薄膜表面形成钝化层。扫描电子显微镜和原子力显微镜分析结果显示,PEAI和o-F-PEAI处理后的钙钛矿薄膜晶界被钝化层明显填充,表面粗糙度也显著下降。另外,荧光寿命成像分析结果显示钝化后的钙钛矿薄膜具有更多的光子数和更长的荧光寿命。上述结果表明,PEAI和o-F-PEAI诱导的钝化层可以有效抑制多晶薄膜表面和晶界位置的缺陷复合行为。因此,钝化后的倒置结构钙钛矿太阳能电池器件功率转换效率(Power conversion efficiency, PCE)可以达到21%。此外,o-F-PEAI钝化处理后的器件由于氟离子的作用表现出更好的器件稳定性。     

Si/Gen/Si(001)异质结薄膜的掠入射荧光X射线吸收精细结构研究

利用掠入射荧光X射线吸收精细结构(XAFS)方法研究了在400℃的温度下分子束外延生长的Si/Gen/Si(001)异质结薄膜(n=1,2,4和8个原子层)中Ge原子的局域环境结构.结果表明,在1至2个Ge原子层(ML)生长厚度的异质结薄膜中,Ge原子的第一近邻配位主要是Si原子.随着Ge原子层厚度增加到4 ML,Ge原子的最近邻配位壳层中的Ge-Ge配位的平均配位数增加到1.3.当Ge原子层厚度增加到8 ML时,第一配位壳层中的Ge-Ge配位占的比例只有55%.这表明在400℃的生长条件下,Ge原子有很强的迁移到Si覆盖层的能力.随着Ge层厚度从1增加到2,4和8 ML,Ge原子迁移到Si覆盖层的量由0.5 ML分别增加到1.5,2.0和3.0 ML.认为在覆盖Si过程中Ge原子的迁移主要是通过产生Ge原子表面偏析来降低表面能和Ge层的应变能.     

GaSb/GaAs复合应力缓冲层上自组装InAs量子点的生长

研究了GaSb/GaAs复合应力缓冲层上自组装生长的InAs量子点.在2ML GaSb/1ML GaAs复合应力缓冲层上获得了高密度的、沿［100］方向择优分布量子点.随着复合应力缓冲层中GaAs层厚度的不同,量子点的密度可以在1.2×10¹⁰cm^-2和8×10¹⁰cm^-2进行调控.适当增加GaAs层的厚度至5ML,量子点的发光波长红移了约25nm,室温下PL光谱波长接近1300nm. 关键词： 自组装量子点 分子束外延 Ⅲ-Ⅴ族化合物半导体     

H2O在SrTiO3-(001)TiO2表面上吸附和解离的密度泛函理论研究

利用密度泛函理论研究了0.25单层(ML),0.5ML,0.75ML和1ML吸附率下H2O在SrTiO3-(001)TiO2表面上的吸附行为.比较了不同吸附率下分子吸附和解离吸附的稳定性,利用微动弹性带(nudged elastic band)方法计算了H2O的解离势垒.结果表明:在低吸附率(0.25ML和0.5ML)时,H2O表现为解离吸附;在0.75ML吸附率下,分子吸附和解离吸附同时存在;而在全吸附(吸附率为1ML)时,分子吸附更稳定.基于对H2O分子与表面之间以及H2O分子之间的电荷转移和相互作用的分析,讨论了吸附率对H2O吸附和解离的影响.     

HgCdTe长波光伏探测器的表面漏电流及1/f噪声研究

在同一Hg_1-xCd_xTe晶片上(x=0217)制备了单层ZnS钝化和双层 （CdTe+ZnS）钝化的两种器件，对器件烘烤前后的暗电流和1/f噪声进行了测试，烘烤 前发现，ZnS钝化的器件在反偏较大时具有较大的表面隧道电流，而这种表面漏电流是ZnS钝 化器件具有较大1/f噪声电流的原因，通过高分辨x射线衍射中的倒易点阵技术（recipr ocal space mapping,RSM）研究了单双层钝化对HgCdTe外延层晶格完整性的影响，发现单层 ZnS钝化的HgCdTe外延层产生了大量缺陷，而这些缺陷正是ZnS钝化器件具有较大表面漏电流 和1/f噪声的原因. 经过高温烘烤后，ZnS钝化的器件暗电流和1/f噪声增加，而双 层钝化器件经过高温烘烤后性能提高. RSM的研究表明，高温烘烤后ZnS钝化的HgCdTe外延层 产生大量缺陷，这些缺陷正是单层钝化器件表面漏电流和1/f噪声电流增加的原因. 关键词： HgCdTe 光伏探测器 钝化 表面漏电流 1/f噪声 倒易点     

Si/Gen/Si(001)异质结薄膜的掠入射荧光X射线吸收精细结构研究

利用掠入射荧光X射线吸收精细结构(XAFS)方法研究了在400℃的温度下分子束外延生长的Si/Ge_n/Si(001)异质结薄膜(n=1，2，4和8个原子层)中Ge原子的局域环境结构.结果表明，在1至2个Ge原子层(ML)生长厚度的异质结薄膜中，Ge原子的第一近邻配位主要是Si原子.随着Ge原子层厚度增加到4ML，Ge原子的最近邻配位壳层中的Ge-Ge配位的平均配位数增加到1.3.当Ge原子层厚度增加到8ML时，第一配位壳层中的Ge-Ge配位占的比例只有55%.这表明在400℃的生长条件下，Ge原子有很强的迁移到Si覆盖层的能力.随着Ge层厚度从1 增加到2，4和8ML，Ge原子迁移到Si覆盖层的量由0.5ML分别增加到1.5，2.0和3.0ML.认为在覆盖Si过程中Ge原子的迁移主要是通过产生Ge原子表面偏析来降低表面能和Ge层的应变能. 关键词： XAFS n/Si(001)异质膜')" href="#">Si/Ge_n/Si(001)异质膜 迁移效应     

Growth and Characterization of GaSb-Based Type-II InAs/GaSb Superlattice Photodiodes for Mid-Infrared Detection

InAs/GaSb superlattice (SL) midwave infrared photovoltaic detectors are grown by molecular beam epitaxy on GaSb(001) residual p-type substrates. A thick GaSb layer is grown under the optimized growth condition as a buffer layer. The detectors containing a 320-period 8ML/8ML InAs/GaSb SL active layer are fabricated with a series pixel area using anode sulfide passivation. Corresponding to 50% cutoff wavelengths of 5.0μm at 77 K, the peak directivity of the detectors is 1.6× 10¹⁰ cm·Hz^1/2W^-1 at 77 K.     

硅异质结太阳电池中钝化层和发射层的优化设计

本征钝化层及p型发射层对硅异质结太阳电池的性能具有重要的影响.本文在常规钝化层与晶硅衬底(c-Si)之间插入一层低功率、高氢稀释比沉积的超薄缓冲层,以此来提高钝化效果,并拓宽钝化层工艺窗口.此外,设计并制备了具有宽带隙、高电导特性的重掺杂纳米晶硅/轻掺杂p型双层复合发射极.实验结果表明,双层钝化层具有更加稳定与优异的钝化效果,钝化样品的少子寿命达到4.197 ms,隐含开路电压(implied-V_(OC),iV_(OC))达到726 mV.同时双层复合发射层中,轻掺杂的掺杂层可以减弱掺杂剂向本征钝化层的扩散,保证良好的钝化效果,而重掺杂的掺杂层不仅能够提供足够的内建电场,而且可以改善掺杂层与氧化铟锡薄膜的接触特性,进而提升电池的输出特性.并且高氢稀释比的前掺杂层还可以对钝化层起到氢处理的作用,减少钝化层表面的悬挂键,从而增强化学钝化效果,进而提高电池的开路电压.最终,基于商业化制绒的硅片,获得了效率达到20.96%的硅异质结太阳电池,其中开路电压为710 mV,短路电流密度为39.88 mA/cm~2,填充因子为74.02%.     

超薄Fe层在反铁磁NiO(001)面上沉积的研究

通过分子束外延(MBE)和脉冲激光沉积(PLD)方法，将1—10个Fe原子层(ML)以楔形方式沉积到反铁磁单晶NiO(001)基片上.表面磁光克尔效应的原位测试结果表明：通过MBE沉积的Fe原子层在Fe/NiO界面处产生了约2ML的磁死层；而通过PLD沉积的Fe原子层在Fe/NiO界面处产生了约3ML的磁死层.X射线光电子能谱对Fe/NiO界面进行研究的结果表明，在Fe原子与单晶NiO间发生了界面化学反应. 关键词： 磁性薄膜 表面磁性 X射线光电子能谱     

相变记录介质GaSb薄膜的光学性质、微观结构及其记录性质

本文系统地研究了热致相变对射频磁控溅射的GaSb薄膜光学性质和微观结构的影响.发现在270℃左右具有连续无序网络结构的非晶GaSb薄膜发生相变,转变为具有立方晶系的多晶薄膜,其晶格常数为α_0=0.6095nm,相变后薄膜的吸收减小,GaSb薄膜的光能隙由0.7eV升高为0.94eV.用精密四探针法测量了GaSb薄膜电阻随温度变化的过程.给出了GaSb薄膜的一次写入记录特性,研究了光致晶化记录畴的微结构.     

Guided-Wave Two-Dimensional Acousto-Optic Scanner Using Proton-Exchanged Lithium Niobate Waveguide

Two-dimensional scanning of a 0.6328 mum guided-light beam has been realized using noncolinear acousto-optic (AO) coplanar Bragg diffraction together with colinear AO guided-mode to substrate radiation-mode conversion in a Z-cut Xpropagation LiNbO3 proton-exchanged (PE) waveguide. The two surface acoustic (SAW) waves utilized are at the center frequencies of 500 and 200 MHz, propagating in the Y and X axes, respectively. Two-dimensional scanning of approximately 720 resolvable light beam spots, namely, 18 40 (horizontal vertical) scanning, has been demonstrated using a light beam of 1.0 mm aperture. The total number of resolvable beam spots can be greatly increased from 720 by simply utilizing SAW transducers of larger bandwidth and a light beam of greater aperture. It should also be possible to significantly increase the diffraction efficiency from 3 % by optimizing the parameters of the PE waveguide and the SAWs.     

Hybrid Wavelength and Code Division Multiple Access in Optical Networks

A review of schemes for multiple access in fiber optic networks shows that a hybrid of wavelength and code division multiple access (WCDMA) combines the best features of both. In particular, the hybrid scheme retains the large information carrying capacity of wavelength division multiple access (WDMA) and flexibility of code division multiple access (CDMA). In this paper WDMA, optical CDMA (OCDMA), and WCDMA networks are discussed. In OCDMA networks, concept of incoherent and coherent coding including inverse decoding and matched filter is introduced. The delay performance of both WDMA and WCDMA networks, under the simple suboptimum access protocols based on cyclic search, is computed. It has been shown quantitatively that tuning delay significantly affects the delay performance of both WDMA and WCDMA networks. Futhermore, delay performance of WCDMA networks is always better than the WDMA networks for the same tuning delay, load, and number of users.     

Effect ofγ-radiation on the spectral luminescence characteristics of impure cadmium tungstate crystals

Results of a study of the effect of γ-radiation on the spectral luminescence properties of cadmium tungstate crystals doped with silver, bismuth, and molybdenum cations are presented. Spectral characteristics of the nondnnnoped crystals are briefly described. Absorption and photo and X-ray luminescence spectra of the crystals taken before and after exposure to γ-radiation (5.5·10⁴ Gy) are compared. It is found that the spectral characteristics of the crystals doped with silver, bismuth, and molybdenum cations do not change markedly after the exposure. The relation between the type of impurity-induced defects, individual characteristics of the impurity cations, and the character of the effect of γ-radiation on the spectral luminescence properties of impure crystals is analyzed (preliminarily). Translated from Zhurnal Prikladnoi Spektroskopii, Vol. 64, No. 1, pp. 55–60, January–February, 1997.     

Femtosecond Transform-Limited Pulse Generation by Compensating for the Linear Chirp of SPM Spectra in Dispersion Shifted Fibers

A simple technique of pulse compression, based on the linear chirp compensation of self-phase modulation (SPM) spectra in dispersion shifted fibers, is demonstrated. The optimization procedure is carried out, for a short span of a single-mode fiber, using a parabolic law, which describes the behavior of the squared output pulse width versus the pump peak power in the case of Gaussian pulses. The experimental results give a minimum pulse duration of 233 fs, which is in good agreement with the model. Shorter and coherent pulses, down to 90 fs, have been obtained by inserting an interference filter at the optical output.     

Sorting of bending magnets for the SSRF booster

The Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility(SSRF)booster ring,a full energy injector for the storage ring,is deigned to accelerate the electron beam energy from 150MeV to 3.5GeV that demands high extraction efficiency at the extraction energy with low beam loss rate when electrons are ramping.Closed orbit distortion(COD)caused by bending magnet field uniformity errors which affects the machine performance harmfully could be effectively reduced by bending magnet location sorting.Considering the affections of random errors in measurement,both ideal sorting and realistic sorting are studied based on measured bending magnet field uniformity errors and one reasonable combination of bending magnets which can reduce the horizontal COD by a factor of 5is given as the final installation sequence of the booster bending magnets in this paper.     

Measurement of nonlinear coefficient of optical fiber based on small chirped soliton transmission

We measure the waveform and phase curves of short optical pulses before and after transmission over different lengths of fibers by use of the pulse analyzer with the frequency-resolved optical gating (FROG),and numerically simulate pulse evolution under the experimental conditions.The nonlinear coefficient of the fiber is given by comparing the experimental results with the numerical ones.Difference between the experiment and numerical simulation is analyzed.     

Resonance scattering of canonical elastic shells in absorbing fluid medium

Resonance scattering of elastic spherical shell and cylindrical shell while the surrounding fluid medium has absorption is studied. The normal mode solution derived using exact elastic theory and the separation of variables is still applicable. However, the scattering form function has to be modified for the absorbing medium, otherwise the unreasonable result would be obtained. The backscattering form function in the absorbing medium is redefined, and the form function of elastic spherical and cylindrical shell with vacuum or solid matter filled is calculated in various absorption conditions. The results show that the absorption of surrounding fluid leads to notable attenuation of the coincidence resonances in the mid-frequency, but it has a little influence on the low-frequency resonance scattering induced by the filler inside the shell.     

Single-beam self-referenced phase-sensitive surface plasmon resonance sensor with high detection resolution

A versatile and low-cost single-beam self-referenced phase-sensitive surface plasmon resonance(SPR)sensing system with ultra-high resolution performance is presented.The system exhibits a root-mean-square phase fluctuation of ±0.0028.over a period of 45 min.i.e.a resolution of±5.2×10-9 refractive index units.The enhanced performance has been achieved through the incorporation of three design elements:a true single-beam configuration enabling complete self-referencing so that only the phase change associated with SPR gets detected,a differential measurement scheme to eliminate spurious signals not related to the sensor response,and the elimination of retardation drifts by incorporating temperature stabilization in the liquid crystal phase modulato .Our design should bring the detection sensitivity of non-labeling SPR biosensing closer to that achievable by conventional fluorescence-based techniques.     

Influences of SiO2 protective layers and annealing on the laser-induced damage threshold of Ta2O5 films

Ta2O5 films are prepared on BK7 substrates with conventional electron beam evaporation deposition.The effects of SiO2 protective layers and annealing on the laser-induced damage threshold (LIDT) of the films are investigated.The results show that SiO2 protective layers exert little influence on the electric field intensity(EFI)distribution,microstructure and microdefect density but increase the absorption slightly.Annealing iS effective on decreasing the microdefect density and the absorption of the films.Both SiO2 protective layers and annealing are beneficial to the damage resistance of the films and the latter is more effective to improve the LIDT.Moreover,the maximal LIDT of Ta2O5 films is achieved by the combination of SiO2 protective layers and annealing.