两种浆粕的三氟乙酸水解产物色谱分析

<正> 气相色谱法已广泛应用于植物中多糖类和生物物质中天然糖的测定。首先将多糖、低聚糖水解成单糖,再制成受热能挥发且不容易分解的衍生物,例如糖硅醚、糖醇醋酸酯、糖腈乙酰酯、糖的二乙基二硫缩醛三甲基硅醚等,才能用气相色谱法分析。木材和浆粕的单糖组成分析中水解是重要的步骤,通常使用硫酸法水解。硫酸     

直接电位滴定法测定土壤有机质

<正>土壤有机质是指土壤中所有含碳的有机物质,包括各种动植物残体、微生物体及其分解和合成的有机物质。土壤有机质是土壤的重要组成部分,在土壤肥力、环境保护以及农业可持续发展等方面发挥着重要作用。一方面,土壤有机质能够显著地影响土壤养分,并对土壤理化及生物学特性有深远的影响;另一方面,土壤有机质是陆地生态系统重要碳库,对区域及全球碳循环具有重要意义。因此,土壤     

裂解气相色谱-质谱法分析土壤有机质的化学组成

土壤有机质(SOM)是土壤的重要组成部分,对土壤的肥力、水分含量等各种性质具有重要作用。本研究采集了中国东部7个地区不同深度的土壤,采用直接进样-热裂解-气相色谱/质谱法(Py-GC/MS,直接进样法)和四甲基氢氧化铵衍生-热裂解-气相色谱/质谱法(TMAH-Py-GC/MS,TMAH衍生法),对土壤有机质进行了定性和半定量分析。TMAH衍生法采用25%TMAH的甲醇溶液浸没24 h进行衍生化,选择DB-5 ms(30 m×0.25 mm, 0.25μm)色谱柱进行气相色谱-质谱分析,测试条件与直接进样法相同。TMAH衍生法和直接进样法分别鉴定出261种和117种土壤有机质的标识物,TMAH衍生法检测到的物质种类更多、结构更多样,显著提高了木质素类和脂质类标识物的数目。两种方法检测出的各类物质含量也存在差异,直接进样法中多糖(28%)、脂质(22%)占比较高;TMAH衍生法中脂质(33%)含量较高,其它类物质除酚类化合物外,含量均接近10%。烷烃、烯烃、脂肪酸等物质的色谱峰保留时间与碳原子数之间线性关系显著,相关系数(R²)均大于0.95。同时还对比了两种方法所获...     

电热消解–光能电子滴定法测定土壤中有机质

建立电热消解–光能电子滴定法测定土壤中有机质的检测方法。称取0.050 0～0.500 0 g土壤样品,置于定制的消解管中,加入10.00 mL 0.4 mol/L重铬酸钾的硫酸溶液,用电热消解仪在180 ℃下消解6 min,消解液冷却后,以邻菲啰啉为指示剂,使用光能电子滴定器,以0.1 mol/L硫酸亚铁标准溶液滴定剩余重铬酸钾,根据消耗的硫酸亚铁标准溶液量计算土壤中有机质的含量。耕层土壤样品5次测定结果的相对标准偏差为0.70%～1.24%;6种土壤标准样品测定值均在标准值不确定度范围内,相对误差为0.40%～2.15%。该方法测定结果与NY/T 1121.6—2006 《土壤检测 第6部分：土壤有机质的测定》方法的测定结果呈极显著相关。     

高效液相色谱法测定大豆乳清中大豆低聚糖

大豆低聚糖是大豆中可溶性糖质的总称,主要成分是蔗糖(双糖)、棉子糖(三糖)、水苏糖(四糖)等.大豆低聚精对人体具有奇特的生理功效,能有效地促进人体肠道内有益菌群双歧杆菌的增殖,并且具有整肠功能.测定大豆低聚糖的方法有高效液相色谱法和气相色谱法,这两种方法都具有定性、定量分析大豆低聚糖的优点.气相色谱法采用衍生化的方法测定,具有较高的灵敏度,但操作复杂,而且进样口的高温会使糖的衍生物分解,甚至可被留在进样口的残留物所催化.高效液相色谱法可以直接测定,不必采用衍生化处理,减少了糖的损失和偶然误差,具有前处理简单、分离效果好,回收率和重现性均比气相色谱法好的优点.本文采用高效液相色法测定大豆蛋白生产过程中排放大豆乳清中的大豆低聚糖,并对测定条件及测定效果进行了探讨.     

连续流动法测定土壤中有机质

建立连续流动化学分析法测定土壤中有机质含量。采用自动凯氏消化器对样品进行加热，使有机质在硫酸作用下被重铬酸钾氧化成二氧化碳和水，过量的重铬酸钾在酸性条件下，与1,5-二苯基碳酰二肼反应生成紫红色络合物，用连续流动化学分析仪测定。该法线性范围为0.4～2.0 g/L，线性相关系数为0.999 0，测定结果的相对标准偏差为0.48%～2.85%(n=6)，土壤标准物质测定值与标准值吻合。该法与NY/T 1121.6—2006方法对土壤中有机质的测定结果无显著性差异。     

土壤有机质的速测方法的探讨——“土壤和作物营养诊断速测方法”读后

“土壤和作物营养诊断速测方法”一文,介绍了重铬酸钾氧化还原比色法快速测定土壤有机质含量(以下简称有机质速测法)。对这一方法,我们有如下几点意见:     

毛细管气相色谱法测定水体及土壤中溴氟菊酯农药的残留量

建立了新品农药溴氟菊酯在水体及土壤中残留量的测定方法，采用石油醚＋丙酮（３＋１）混合溶剂提取，经浓硫酸＋无水乙醇（１＋１）纯化，用毛细管气相色谱电子捕获检测器测定。该法检出限为０．１×１０－９～２×１０－９，回收率７２．６％～１００．５％，变异系数１．６％～８．５％。     

土壤有机质对菲的吸附-解吸平衡的影响

以自然土壤和过氧化氢分级土壤为实验模拟样品,测定了菲在这些样品上的吸附一解吸等温线,用线性和Freundlich模型拟合了这些等温线．^13C NMR谱表明,随着土壤有机质腐殖化程度的加深,有机质将含有较多的长链烷烃化合物,含氧、氮化合物有所减少,芳香环的数量变化不大．吸附实验结果表明,土壤有机质含量与菲的吸附容量存在一定的线性相关关系．有机质腐殖质化程度较深的样品比原土壤具有更大的吸附容量,其吸附等温线表现出更为明显的非线性,而且具有更明显的解吸滞后现象．说明土壤中一些结构紧密和含极性官能团较少的有机质是引起菲的非线性吸附过程和解吸滞后现象的主要原因。     

气相色谱法研究聚辛烯-1与不同溶剂的热力学相互作用

用气相色谱法测定了聚辛烯－１与８种溶剂的Ｆｌｏｒｙ－Ｈｕｇｇｉｎｓ相互作用参数χ１和聚辛烯－１的溶解度参数,确定了χ１与温度的数学关系式。测定结果表明聚辛烯－１溶于正辛烷是一个放热过程。     

二氧化碳和丙烯直接合成甲基丙烯酸的NiPMo/TiO2催化剂的研究

用溶胶-凝胶法以磷钼酸(MPA)的镍盐溶液水解钛酸四丁酯制备了NiPMo/TiO2催化剂.使用ICP、 XRD、 TG-DTA、 IR、 TPD-MS和微反应技术研究了催化剂的化学组成、热稳定性、化学吸附性质和催化反应性能.杂多钼酸盐与TiO2通过O2-在TiO2表面发生了键合.在623 K下,杂多阴离子仍保持原有的Keggin结构.CO2在Lewis酸位Ni(Ⅱ)和Lewis碱位Ni-O-Mo的桥氧协同作用下生成CO2卧式吸附态Ni(Ⅱ)←O-(CO)←(O--Ni).丙烯有多种吸附态在催化剂上吸附.在563 K、 1 MPa和空速1500 h-1的反应条件下,丙烯的摩尔转化率为3.2%,产物MAA选择性为95%.     

Synthesis of 1-benzyloxypyrazin-2(1H)-one derivatives

Different approaches for the synthesis of 1-benzyloxypyrazin-2(1H)-one derivatives from simple amino acids have been investigated. A library of 33 precursors for the preparation of N-hydroxy pyrazinones was obtained in moderate to good yields.     

Toward new camptothecins. Part 6: Synthesis of crucial ketones and their use in Friedländer reaction

In the context of the preparation of camptothecin and luotonin A analogs, the synthesis of some key keto-precursors and their use in Friedländer condensation are described. This paper also focuses on the stability of these keto intermediates and emphasizes the major differences between indolizinones and pyrroloquinazolinones series. Noteworthy is also the report of some original structures isolated as by-products of some experiments.     

CoFe2O4自形成磁性液体场致结构化对磁化的影响

The Langevin paramagnetic theory can’t describe the relation between magnetization of ferrofluids and applied magnetic field. The structuralization of ferrofluids, which is considered the main influence factor of the magnetization, is regarded. The part of magnetization works is deposited when the structure is forming. This action influences the magnetization of ferrofluids directly or indirectly. On the base of the “compressing” model, the Langevin function that usually describes the magnetization of ferrofluid is modified, and a well-fitted curve is obtained. An equation of the relation between the equivalent volume fraction after being “compressed” and the intensity of magnetic field is discovered, which approximately describes the process of magnetization. The relation between the approximate initial susceptibility and the volume fraction can be obtained from modified formula.     

Highly regioselective Buchwald–Hartwig amination at C-2 of 2,4-dichloropyridine enabling a novel approach to 2,4-bisanilinopyridine (BAPyd) libraries

The highly regioselective Buchwald–Hartwig amination at C-2 of the cheap and readily accessible reagent, 2,4-dichloropyridine with a range of anilines and heterocyclic amines is described. This new methodology is robust and provides a facile access to 4-chloro-N-phenylpyridin-2-amines on 0.25 mol scale. These intermediates undergo a further Buchwald–Hartwig amination at higher temperature to enable rapid exploration of the chemical space at C-4 and to provide a library of 2,4-bisaminopyridines.     

KMnO4-mediated oxidative CN bond cleavage of tertiary amines: Synthesis of amides and sulfonamides

KMnO₄-mediated oxidative CN bond cleavage of tertiary amines producing secondary amine was introduced, which was trapped by electrophiles (acyl chloride and sulfonyl chloride) to form amides and sulfonamides. The reaction could take place at mild condition, tolerating a wide range of function groups and affording products in moderate to excellent yields.     

Chemistry of heterocyclic compounds at the A. E. Favorsky Irkutsk Institute of Chemistry, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, over 50 years (Review)

The review contains a concise historical account and information on the most significant researches undertaken by the staff at the A. E. Favorsky Irkutsk Institute of Chemistry, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences on the Chemistry of Heterocyclic Compounds. Dedicated to Academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences B. A. Trofimov on his 70th jubilee. Translated from Khimiya Geterotsiklicheskikh Soedinenii, No. 10, pp. 1443–1502, October, 2008.     

A general and convenient synthesis of 4-(tosylmethyl)semicarbazones and their use in amidoalkylation of hydrogen,heteroatom, and carbon nucleophiles

A general synthesis of previously unknown semicarbazone-based α-amidoalkylating reagents, 4-(tosylmethyl)semicarbazones, has been developed. The synthesis involved three-component condensation of semicarbazones of aliphatic or aromatic aldehydes with the same or other aldehydes and p-toluenesulfinic acid. The scope and limitations of this reaction were investigated. The compounds obtained were demonstrated to be an efficient α-(4-semicarbazono)alkylating agents. They were reacted with H- (sodium borohydride), O- (sodium methylate), S- (sodium phenylthiolate), N- (pyrrolidine, sodium succinimide), P- (trialkyl phosphites), and C-nucleophiles (sodium diethyl malonate) to give the corresponding products of the tosyl group substitution, 4-substituted semicarbazones, including analogues of nitrofurazone. Among the prepared compounds tested in vitro for antibacterial and antifungal activity, three nitrofuryl-containing semicarbazones exhibited high biological activities with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of 8–32 μg/mL.     

Sulfur-directed metal-free and regiospecific methyl C(sp3)–H imidation of thioanisoles

Regiospecific and direct imidation of the methyl C(sp³)–H bond of thioanisoles is realized under mild and metal-free conditions with N-fluorobis(benzenesulfonyl)imide as an oxidant and nitrogen source. Proposed mechanism suggests that thionium ion intermediates and a Pummerer-type reaction are involved. The imidation has advantages such as high step-economy, excellent functionality tolerance, and regiospecificity, giving structurally diverse imidation products.     

Synthesis of novel chiral bidentate hydroxyalkyl-N-heterocyclic carbene ligands and their application in palladium-catalyzed Mizoroki–Heck couplings and asymmetric addition of diethylzinc to benzaldehyde

A small library of new chiral bidentate hydroxyalkyl-imidazolium salts 1 is conveniently synthesized on multi-gram scale from inexpensive and commercially available chiral pool amino acids. The corresponding carbenes, generated by deprotonation of imidazolium salts 1, in combination with palladium(II) chloride were tested in the Mizoroki–Heck coupling reaction. The most significant results in terms of yields and reactivities were achieved with low catalyst loading. The catalytic activities of these imidazolium salts were also investigated in the asymmetric addition of diethylzinc to benzaldehyde. The use of MgO nanoparticles as an additive in conjunction with these ligands played a crucial role in increasing the efficiency of these reactions.