AlCl3 as an Effective Lewis Acid for the Synthesis of Arylaminotetrazoles

An efficient method for preparation of the arylaminotetrazoles derivatives is reported using aluminium chloride as an effective Lewis acid. Generally, 5-arylamino-1H-tetrazole isomer can be obtained from arylcyanamides carrying electron-withdrawing substituents on the aryl ring. As the electropositivity of the substituent is increased, the product is shifted toward the formation of 1-aryl-5-amino-1H-tetrazole isomer.     

Silica-Supported Ferric Chloride (FeCl3-SiO2): An Efficient and Recyclable Heterogeneous Catalyst for the Preparation of Arylaminotetrazoles

An efficient method for preparation of 5-arylamino-1H-tetrazole and 1-aryl-5-amino-1H-tetrazole derivatives is reported using FeCl₃-SiO₂ as an effective heterogeneous catalyst. Generally, when the substituent in arylcyanamide is a strongly electron-withdrawing group, the position of the equilibrium would shift toward 5-arylamino-1H-tetrazole, whereas with an electron-releasing substituent, the position of the equilibrium would shift toward 1-aryl-5-amino-1H-tetrazole.     

A general synthetic method for the formation of arylaminotetrazoles using natural natrolite zeolite as a new and reusable heterogeneous catalyst

An efficient method for preparation of arylaminotetrazoles is reported using natrolite zeolite as a natural catalyst. Generally, isomer of 5-arylamino-1H-tetrazole can be obtained from arylcyanamides carrying electron-withdrawing substituent on aryl ring and as the electropositivity of substituent is increased, the product is shifted toward the isomer of 1-aryl-5-amino-1H-tetrazole. This method has the advantages of high yields, simple methodology, short reaction times and easy work-up. The catalyst can be recovered by simple filtration and reused in good yields.     

FeCl3-SiO2 as a reusable heterogeneous catalyst for the synthesis of 5-substituted 1H-tetrazoles via [2+3] cycloaddition of nitriles and sodium azide

An efficient method for the preparation of 5-substituted 1H-tetrazole derivatives is reported using FeCl₃-SiO₂ as an effective heterogeneous catalyst. This method has the advantages of high yields, simple methodology, and easy work-up. The catalyst can be recovered by simple filtration and reused delivering good yields.     

Alternatives to 1-H-tetrazole in the preparation of phosphonate diesters and phosphonamidates from phosphonyl dichlorides

5-Ethylthio-1-H-tetrazole (SET) and 4,5-dicyanoimidazole (DCI) were examined as alternatives to 1-H-tetrazole to mediate the synthesis of phosphonate diesters and phosphonamidates from phosphonyl dichlorides through a two-step one-pot reaction in various organic solvents. SET and DCI were comparable to 1-H-tetrazole for catalyzing these reactions. SET afforded slightly greater yields than DCI while benzene was universally the best solvent for this reaction.     

An efficient synthesis of 5-substituted 1H-tetrazoles via B(C6F5)3 catalyzed [3+2] cycloaddition of nitriles and sodium azide

A simple and efficient protocol is developed for the synthesis of 5-substituted 1H-tetrazole derivatives from various nitriles and sodium azide (NaN₃) via [3+2] cycloaddition reaction using B(C₆F₅)₃ as a catalyst. The present synthetic method displayed significant advantages such as low catalyst loading, mild reaction conditions, low toxicity, easy work-up, high yields, and compatibility with other functional groups.     

A novel method for the synthesis of 5-substituted 1H-tetrazole from oxime and sodium azide

A simple and efficient protocol is developed for the synthesis of 5-substituted 1H-tetrazoles from various oximes and sodium azide (NaN₃) by using copper acetate as a catalyst.     

A hetero-Diels-Alder approach to functionalized 1H-tetrazoles: synthesis of tetrazolyl-1,2-oxazines, -oximes and 5-(1-aminoalkyl)-1H-tetrazoles

This work describes the first and unprecedented examples of inverse electron demand Diels-Alder reactions of 5-(1-nitrosovinyl)-1-phenyl-1H-tetrazole, generated in situ from the corresponding bromooxime, with electron rich alkenes and heterocycles, providing in good overall yields tetrazolyl-1,2-oxazines and -oximes. Upon subsequent reduction these allowed the access to 5-(1-aminoalkyl)-1H-tetrazoles, paving the way for a new entry into this important class of compounds, bioisosteres of α-amino acids.     

Solvent-free preparation of arylaminotetrazole derivatives using aluminum(Ⅲ) hydrogensulfate as an effective catalyst

<正>An efficient and simple method for the preparation of 5-arylamino-1H-tetrazole and 1-aryl-5-amino-1H-tetrazole derivatives is reported using aluminum(Ⅲ) hydrogensulfate(Al(HSO_4)_3) as an effective heterogeneous catalyst from secondary arylcyanamides. Generally,when the substitution in arylcyanamide is strongly electron-withdrawing the position of equilibrium would shift toward the isomer of 1-aryl-5-amino-1H-tetrazole(B) and as the electron-donating of substituent increased,the position of equilibrium is shifted toward the isomer of 5-arylamino-1H-tetrazole(A).The present methodology offers several advantages,such as excellent yields,short reaction times,easy work-up and greener conditions.     

A novel synthesis of new 2-aryl-6-(arylamino)-1H-imidazo[1,2-b]pyrazole-7-carbonitrile derivatives

New 2-aryl-6-(arylamino)-1H-imidazo[1,2-b]pyrazole-7-carbonitriles are synthesized in good yields, via cyclocondensation of 5-amino-1-(2-oxo-2-arylethyl)-3-(arylamino)-1H-pyrazole-4-carbonitriles, which are prepared by the reaction of 5-amino-3-arylamino-1H-pyrazole-4-carbonitriles and α-bromoacetophenone derivatives in the presence of K₂CO₃ using acetone as the solvent.     

A novel and convenient route for the construction of 5-((1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)methyl)-1H-indoles and its application in the synthesis of Rizatriptan

In this study, a novel and convenient route for the construction of 5-((1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)methyl)-1H-indoles (8) is presented starting from (1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)methanol (5) and indolines (6) under 98% H₂SO₄ at room temperature for 4–24 h, followed by deacetylation and dehydrogenation. Based on this finding, a novel route to synthesize Rizatriptan starting from tryptamine was designed and accomplished with 48.5% overall yield in 6 steps. Compared with operational art, the new route afforded higher yield and more pure products requiring no chromatographic purification, which may further be applied in industrialization.     

5-Benzyl-1H-tetrazols from the reaction of 1-aryl-5-methyl-1H-tetrazoles with 1,2-dehydrobenzene

A series of 1-aryl-5-benzyl-1H-tetrazoles has been obtained during the reaction of 1-aryl-5-methyl-1H-tetrazoles with 1,2-dehydrobenzene. The mechanism of product formation was investigated.     

New routes for the synthesis of 3- and 5-substituted 2(1H)-pyrazinones

Various 3-(hetero)aryl, 3-alkyl and 3-alkenyl-2(1H)-pyrazinones were prepared by applying the Suzuki and Heck reaction methodology to 3,5-dichloro-2(1H)-pyrazinones. Furthermore, following hydrogenolysis of the 5-chloro substituent and regioselective 5-bromination, this palladium-catalysed cross-coupling approach could be extended to the synthesis of the analogous 5-substituted 2(1H)-pyrazinones.     

Isoquinolin-1(2H)-ones and 1,6-naphthyridin-5(6H)-ones by an N-acylation-SNAr sequence

A new synthesis of 2,3-dialkyl-4-carbomethoxyisoquinolin-1(2H)-ones and 6,7-dialkyl-8-carbomethoxy-1,6-naphthyridin-5(6H)-ones is reported. The process involves treatment of a β-enaminoester with 2-fluoro-5-nitrobenzoyl chloride, 2-fluorobenzoyl chloride or 2-chloronicotinoyl chloride followed by heating in the presence of base. The conversion, which proceeds by an N-acylation-S_NAr reaction sequence, affords 50–86% yields when R¹ is n-alkyl but ≤30% yields when R¹ is α-branched.     

Synthesis and reactions of 5-tributylstannyl-4-fluoro-1H-pyrazole

The palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions of 5-tributylstannyl-4-fluoro-1H-pyrazole with aryl iodides provided high yields of the corresponding 5-aryl-4-fluoro-1H-pyrazoles. Furthermore, these cross-coupling reactions proceeded smoothly under an atmosphere of carbon monoxide (CO) to afford the corresponding 5-acyl-4-fluoro-1H-pyrazoles as CO-insertion products.     

Synthesis of 5-substituted 1H-tetrazoles catalyzed by ceric ammonium nitrate supported HY-zeolite

In this Letter we wish to report a simple and efficient synthetic protocol for the synthesis of 5-substituted 1H-tetrazole derivatives through the [2+3] cycloaddition of nitriles with sodium azide using ceric ammonium nitrate supported HY-zeolite as a novel catalyst. Excellent yields of the corresponding tetrazoles were obtained through this cost-effective protocol under aerobic conditions with shorter reaction time under mild reaction conditions.     

(NH4)2Ce(NO3)6 as an inexpensive,eco-friendly,efficient catalyst for the synthesis of 5-substituted 1-H tetrazoles from nitriles

Ceric ammonium nitrate (CAN) is found to be a suitable, inexpensive, and effective non-toxic catalyst for a smooth (3+2) cycloaddition of organic nitriles with NaN₃ to afford 5-substituted 1H-tetrazoles in excellent yields. Shorter reaction times, easy work-up, and substantial and pure product formation are the key advantages of the present method.     

A biomimetic cascade for the formation of the methyl [2(5H)-furanylidene]ethanoate core of spongosoritin A and the gracilioethers

The polyketide secondary metabolites spongosoritin A and gracilioethers A–C contain a unique methyl [2(5H)-furanylidene]ethanoate core. A synthetic model of a suspected biosynthetic intermediate to these natural products was constructed in seven steps and 48% overall yield. This model undergoes a facile cyclisation/double dehydration cascade to give the desired furanylidene motif, with the required (2Z) isomer obtained in >90 dr when an ethyl substituent is located at C3′ of the furanylidene.     

Synthesis of arylaminotetrazoles by ZnCl2/AlCl3/silica as an efficient heterogeneous catalyst

Abstract  

Arylaminotetrazoles were efficiently synthesized from secondary arylcyanamides by application of ZnCl₂/AlCl₃/silica as a reusable heterogeneous Lewis acid catalyst. 5-Arylamino-1H-tetrazoles can be obtained from arylcyanamides carrying electron-withdrawing substituents on the aryl ring, while with electron-releasing groups 1-aryl-5-amino-1H-tetrazoles will be produced. The former isomer is also produced within longer reaction times (~20 h) even with electron-releasing groups.     

A novel and facile synthesis of 2-(cyclohexylamino)-6,7-dihydro-3-aryl-1H-indole-4(5H)-ones via a one-pot multi-component reaction

A simple and efficient synthesis of 2-(cyclohexylamino)-6,7-dihydro-3-aryl-1H-indole-4(5H)-ones was achieved via a one-pot multi-component reaction of cyclohexyl isocyanide, an aldehyde, a 1,3-dicarbonyl compound, and ammonium acetate in the presence of a catalytic amount of KHSO₄ in acetonitrile.