Organic Fluorophores Exhibiting Highly Efficient Photoluminescence in the Solid State

There has been extensive research on the development of organic optoelectronic devices, such as organic light‐emitting diodes, organic field‐effect transistors, and organic solid‐state lasers from various viewpoints, ranging from basic studies to practical applications. As organic materials are used as solids in these devices, the importance of organic chromophores that exhibit intense emissions of visible light in the solid state is greatly increasing in the field of organic electronics. However, highly efficient emission from organic solids is very difficult to attain because most organic emitting materials strongly tend to cause concentration quenching of the luminescence in the condensed phase. Therefore, in order to generate and improve organic optoelectronic devices, it is necessary to design novel chromophores that exhibit superior solid‐state emission performance. This Focus Review covers the recent development of highly emissive organic small molecules whose photoluminescence quantum yields in the solid state have been reported. Following the introduction, the photophysical processes of excited molecules are briefly reviewed. Subsequently, organic solid fluorophores are described with an emphasis on the characteristics of their molecular structures.     

二次有机气溶胶形成的化学过程

挥发性有机化合物的光氧化过程和光氧化产物的气态/粒子态均分过程是二次有机气溶胶形成的重要原因.二次有机气溶胶形成的化学机理主要涉及到挥发性有机化合物的光氧化过程及其一系列的后续反应,它们导致了对流层中臭氧浓度的增加和二次有机气溶胶的形成.本文将重点介绍二次有机气溶胶形成的重要化学过程和量子化学计算研究.     

Organic Electron Donors as Powerful Single‐Electron Reducing Agents in Organic Synthesis

One‐electron reduction is commonly used in organic chemistry for the formation of radicals by the stepwise transfer of one or two electrons from a donor to an organic substrate. Besides metallic reagents, single‐electron reducers based on neutral organic molecules have emerged as an attractive novel source of reducing electrons. The past 20 years have seen the blossoming of a particular class of organic reducing agents, the electron‐rich olefins, and their application in organic synthesis. This Review gives an overview of the different types of organic donors and their specific characteristics in organic transformations.     

Continuous-Wave Raman Lasing from Metal-Linked Organic Dimer Microcrystals

Stimulated Raman scattering offers an alternative strategy to explore continuous-wave (c.w.) organic lasers, which, however, still suffers from the limitation of inadequate Raman gain in organic material systems. Here we propose a metal-linking approach to enhance the Raman gain of organic molecules. Self-assembled microcrystals of the metal linked organic dimers exhibit large Raman gain, therefore allowing for c.w. Raman lasing. Furthermore, broadband tunable Raman lasing is achieved in the organic dimer microcrystals by adjusting excitation wavelengths. This work advances the understanding of Raman gain in organic molecules, paving a way for the design of c.w. organic lasers.     

Synthetic Organic Design for Solar Fuel Systems

From the understanding of biological processes and metalloenzymes to the development of inorganic catalysts, electro‐ and photocatalytic systems for fuel generation have evolved considerably during the last decades. Recently, organic and hybrid organic systems have emerged to challenge the classical inorganic structures through their enormous chemical diversity and modularity that led earlier to their success in organic (opto)electronics. This Minireview describes recent advances in the design of synthetic organic architectures and promising strategies toward (solar) fuel synthesis, highlighting progress on materials from organic ligands and chromophores to conjugated polymers and covalent organic frameworks.     

Recent advances of application of porous molecular cages for enantioselective recognition and separation

Porous materials with well‐defined pore structures have received considerable attention in the past decades due to their unique structures and wide applications. Most porous materials such as zeolites, metal‐organic frameworks, covalent organic frameworks, and porous organic polymers are extended to infinite frameworks or networks by robust covalent or coordination bonds. Porous molecular cages composed of discrete molecules with permanent cavities are an emerging class of porous material and the discrete molecules assemble into solids by weak intermolecular interaction. In comparison to porous extended solids such as metal‐organic frameworks and covalent organic frameworks, porous molecular cage solids are generally soluble in organic solvents thus allowing solution processing, making them more convenient to apply in many fields. This review mainly focuses on the recent advances of application of porous molecular cages (porous organic cages and metal‐organic cages) for enantioselective recognition and separation from 2010 to present, including gas chromatography, capillary electrochromatography, chiral fluorescent recognition, chiral potentiometric sensing, and enantioselective adsorption. Furthermore, the two important family members of porous molecular cages, porous organic cages and metal‐organic cages, are also discussed.     

Ternary inclusion complexes of γ-cyclodextrin with sodium 1-pyrenesulfonate and cationic and anionic organic compounds having an alkyl chain in aqueous solution

The interactions of an organic anion, 1-pyrenesulfonate (PS), with γ-cyclodextrin (γ-CD) and organic cations such as quaternary ammonium compounds (or organic anions such as 1-decanesulfonate) have been examined by means of absorption and fluorescence spectroscopy. At a low concentration of PS, γ-CD forms a 1:1 inclusion complex with PS. PS forms organic cation–organic anion complexes with quaternary ammonium compounds. The organic cation–organic anion complexes of PS form ternary inclusion complexes with γ-CD. Equilibrium constants for the formation of these complexes have been evaluated from the fluorescence intensity change. As an alkyl chain in the quaternary ammonium compound is lengthened, the equilibrium constant for the formation of the ternary inclusion complex is increased. Although PS does not form complexes with organic anions such as 1-decanesulfonate, the organic anions are bound to the γ-CD cavity accommodating a PS molecule to form ternary inclusion complexes. However, the equilibrium constants for the organic anions (1-decanesulfonate etc.) are significantly less than those for the quaternary ammonium compounds. The small equilibrium constants for the organic anions can be ascribed to the electrostatic repulsion between PS and the organic anions.     

Corannulene derivatives for organic electronics: From molecular engineering to applications

This paper intends to provide an overview for using corannulene derivatives in organic electronics such as organic field-effect transistors (OFETs), organic solar cells (OSCs), and organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs). We highlight the rational design strategies, tuning molecular orbital energy levels and arrangement in single crystals of corannulenes. The topological structure and properties of corannulene make it a unique candidate for organic electronics.     

delta34S measurements on organic materials by continuous flow isotope ratio mass spectrometry

Sulfur (S) isotope ratios of thoroughly dried organic samples were measured by direct thermal decomposition in an elemental analyzer coupled to an isotope ratio mass spectrometer in continuous flow mode (EA-CF-IRMS). For organic samples of up to 13 mg weight and with total S contents of more than 10 microg, the reproducibility of the delta34S(organic) values was +/-0.4 per thousand or better. However, the delta34S values of organic samples measured directly by online EA-CF-IRMS analysis were between 0.3 and 2.9 per thousand higher than those determined on BaSO4 precipitates produced by Parr Bomb oxidation from the same sample material. Our results suggest that structural oxygen in organic samples influences the oxygen isotope ratios of the SO2 produced from organic samples. Consequently, SO2 generated from organic samples appears to have different 18O/16O ratios than SO2 generated from BaSO4 precipitates and inorganic reference materials, resulting in a deviation from the true delta34S values because of 32S16O18O contributions to mass 66. It was shown that both the amount of structural oxygen in the organic sample, and the difference of the oxygen isotope ratios between organic samples and tank O2, influenced the magnitude of the observed deviation from the true delta34S value after direct EA-CF-IRMS analysis of organic samples. Suggestions are made to correct the difference between measured delta34S(organic) and true delta34S values in order to obtain not only reproducible, but also accurate S isotope ratios for organic materials by EA-CF-IRMS.     

Nanostructured strategies towards boosting organic lithium-ion batteries

Pursuing material development for next-generation batteries,organic electrode materials have shown great potential for lithium-ion batteries.However,their widespread adopting is plagued by intrinsic problems such as poor electronic conductivity,high dissolution inside electrolytes and unstable chemical peculiarity.Recently,nanostructured-strategies promoted organic electrodes with exotic properties for enhancing electron and ion transport together with the stability during electrochemical process,have received increasing attention and have been extensive applied in boosting the organic lithium-ion based energy storage.In this review,we summarize the applications of nanostructures to improve the performance of both organic anodes and cathodes,including(i)nanoscale design of zero-dimensional organic electrode materials,(ii)strategies of one-dimensional nanostructured organic electrode materials,(iii)construction of two-dimensional nanosized organic composite electrodes,and(iv)three-dimensional exploration of nanosized organic electrodes.We hope to stimulate high-quality applied research on understanding and handling the relationship between the nanostructure and performance of organic lithium-ion batteries that might speed up the commercialization of organic lithium ion batteries.     

有机化学科研渗透教学法的尝试

有机化学涉及的有机反应类型繁多,反应机理复杂,理论性强,难以理解和掌握。而大学有机化学的教学模式基本以教师为中心,以课堂讲授为主,这在某种程度上束缚了学生的创造思维和积极性。融入科研的有机化学教学法的尝试,可以破解有机化学授课的困惑,调动了学生对有机化学的兴趣及精准掌握。科研渗透的教学可以拓宽学生知识视野,激发学习兴趣,实现理论联系科研、实际生产,能够加强学生对有机化学知识的掌握。     

Ion chromatography-electrospray mass spectrometry for the identification of low-molecular-weight organic acids during the 2,4-dichlorophenol degradation

End-product identification of organic pollutants during oxidation water treatments is of environmental concern due to their potential toxicity. In this work the coupling of ion chromatography (IC), equipped with a membrane ion suppressor, and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) has been successfully exploited for the identification of novel low molecular weight organic acids formed as final by-products of 2,4-dichloro-phenol (DCP) degradation by Fenton's reagent, an oxidation method widely employed to degrade recalcitrant organic pollutants in industrial wastewater. The IC-ESI-MS analytical set-up not only allowed the detection of known organic acids but also the identification of 13 new low molecular weight organic acids as a result of extensive oxidation of the parent organic pollutant. Some of the novel organic acids were shown to be chlorine containing by-products and, consequently, of environmental concern. The analytical set-up could be used for characterizing the unknown organic carbon fraction arising from oxidation water treatments.     

原位自组装形成二氧化硅/十六烷基三甲基溴化铵纳米网络粒子

提出了以具有纳米尺寸孔径及孔壁厚度的MCM 48作为无机基体、以无机 有机原位自组装的方法形成纳米网络粒子 .研究结果表明 ,在一定实验条件下 ,有机相可进入无机相的三维孔道自组装形成立方有序结构的纳米网络复合粒子 .通过研究纳米网络粒子在极性介质和非极性介质中的分散发现 ,有机相的存在有利于纳米网络粒子的分散     

多孔有机聚合物吸附分离水体系中有机污染物研究和应用进展

有机物对水体的污染严重威胁生态环境安全和人类健康。 如何有效控制和消除水体系中的有机污染物是当前全球性热点问题之一,基于多孔材料的高效吸附是处理水体有机污染的有效方法。 多孔有机聚合物(Porous Organic Polymers,POPs)具有比表面积高、物理化学稳定性好、易修饰等特点,作为新型吸附剂在处理水体系有机污染方面具有广阔的应用前景。 本文综述了近10年来新型多孔有机聚合物对水体系中有机溶剂、农药与杀虫剂、有机染料等污染物的吸附分离研究进展。     

钐试剂在有机合成中的应用

钐试剂在有机合成中的应用是近年来有机合成方法学研究中的热点之一。综述了十余年来本课题组在钐试剂应用于有机合成方面所开展的有关工作：(1)二碘化钐作为偶联剂和还原剂在有机合成中的应用;(2)金属钐直接应用于有机合成;(3)三碘化钐作为路易斯酸应用于有机合成;(4)有机钐试剂在有机合成中的应用。     

A new method for identifying the types of organic matter

A new method for dividing the types of organic matter according to V and Ni contents in soluble organic matter determined by NAA is introduced. The research site was an oil-gas field in northeastern China. The type of organic matter is an important parameter in evaluating an oil or a gas field. The conventional organic geochemistry methods will meet unsurmountable difficulties when the maturity of organic matter is high. The method described in this paper can solve the problem.     

Determination of trace organic carbon and nitrogen in the presence of carbonates in anorganic bovine bone graft materials

The widespread concern of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (mad cow disease) has raised questions about the possibility of residual organic material in bovine-derived bone graft materials. Conflicting reports have shown both the presence and the absence of organic materials in bone derived products. This study compared residual organic levels in two commercial bone graft products: a bovine bone product treated chemically and at low temperature, and a bovine bone product treated at high temperature. In this study, organic carbon, the primary constituent of organic materials, is defined as carbon that is not liberated as CO₂ upon acidification (i.e. non-carbonate carbon). Three approaches to the determination were used: (1) organic carbon was calculated as the difference between total carbon determined by high temperature combustion and carbonate carbon determined by acid evolution of CO₂. (2) Organic carbon was determined by measuring total carbon by high temperature combustion of a sample that had been pretreated with acid to remove all carbonate. (3) The total organic carbon remaining in solution after acid dissolution was determined. In addition, organic nitrogen was determined as the difference between total Kjeldahl and ammonia nitrogen. Total nitrogen values were confirmed using an instrumental nitrogen analyzer. No detectable organic carbon or organic nitrogen was observed in the high temperature bone product. In the low temperature treated bovine product, however, approximately 2000 μg/g organic carbon was measured by all three methods, as well as 15 μg/g organic nitrogen.     

Ion-exchange resins in non-aqueous solvents-II Sorption of P-nitroaniline and other weak bases in water-organic solvent mixtures

Sorption of p-nitroaniline and several weak organic bases on macro- and microreticular hydrogen-form resins is reported. The solvents used in the study are mixtures of water and fourteen watermiscible organic solvents. The distribution coefficients change from a large value at pure organic solvent to a minimum value at 80% organic solvent-20% water, then increase again except for the basic solvents where no sorption takes place at high organic solvent concentration. It is suggested that in the vicinity of the minimum D a transition in sorption mechanism takes place. A similar behaviour is observed for several other weak organic bases. The sorption of p-nitroaniline in 80% organic solvent-20% water as a function of time is reported. Mesh size and percentage cross-linking are other variables considered.     

环番作为人工受体和人工酶的研究进展

本文综述了水溶液和有机溶液中环番作为人工受体包结有机分子的行为,重点综述了功能化环番作为人工酶的研究进展。     

大学有机化学教学中类比思维的培养与实践

大学有机化学课程是培养类比思维的重要阵地之一。基于类比思维的内涵以及在有机化学学习中的重要作用，探讨了大学有机化学教学中对学生类比思维的培养和实践体会，希望提高学生有机化学学习效率，以及培养大学生解决新问题的创新思维能力。