On the possibility of reconstruction of wind-wave spectra from reverberation signals in two-position acoustic sounding of the ocean

Formulas are derived that relate the running energy spectrum of a surface-reverberation signal to the space spectrum of a wind wave in two-position acoustic sounding of the ocean.Institute of Applied Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences. Translated from Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenii, Radiofizika, Vol. 36, No. 8, pp. 856–861, August, 1993.     

Application of time reversal to passive acoustic remote sensing of the ocean

This paper investigates a novel approach to processing records of ambient noise in the ocean that are measured concurrently in spatially separated locations. The approach is a synthesis of two well-known phase-coherent signal processing techniques. At the first stage of processing, an approximation to the transient acoustic Green function is found by the method of noise interferometry. At the second stage, the approximate Green function is time reversed and back propagated from the location of one of the receivers, thereby producing a focus in the vicinity of the other receiver. Unlike the earlier work, measurements at just two points (rather than vertical array measurements) are used when the sound-propagation range is large compared to the ocean depth. The requirement for optimal focusing of the back-propagated field is shown to lead to extraction of estimates of the unknown physical parameters of the waveguide and, hence, to passive acoustic remote sensing of the ocean.     

The possibility of reconstructing the seasonal variability of the ocean using acoustic tomography methods

The possibility of reconstructing by acoustic methods the typical annual variations of the sound velocity profile in different regions of the ocean is investigated. The effect of local seasonal variations of the sound velocity profile on the field received by a system of vertical arrays is simulated for an acceptable number of such systems. The latter is attained by using a mosaic basis, which considerably simplifies the solution of the direct problem, the construction of the perturbation matrix, and the subsequent solution of the inverse problem, as well as by describing the vertical structure of the sound velocity profile within the Karhunen-Loéve basis. The field representation in the vertical modes-horizontal rays approximation is used.     

On the feasibility of remote palpation using acoustic radiation force

A method of acoustic remote palpation, capable of imaging local variations in the mechanical properties of tissue, is under investigation. In this method, focused ultrasound is used to apply localized (on the order of 2 mm3) radiation force within tissue. and the resulting tissue displacements are mapped using ultrasonic correlation based methods. The tissue displacements are inversely proportional to the stiffness of the tissue, and thus a stiffer region of tissue exhibits smaller displacements than a more compliant region. In this paper, the feasibility of remote palpation is demonstrated experimentally using breast tissue phantoms with spherical lesion inclusions, and in vitro liver samples. A single diagnostic transducer and modified ultrasonic imaging system are used to perform remote palpation. The displacement images are directly correlated to local variations in tissue stiffness with higher contrast than the corresponding B-mode images. Relationships between acoustic beam parameters, lesion characteristics and radiation force induced tissue displacement patterns are investigated and discussed. The results show promise for the clinical implementation of remote palpation.     

A Brillouin lidar system using F–P etalon and ICCD for remote sensing of the ocean

A Brillouin lidar using F–P etalon and intensifier CCD (ICCD) for remote sensing of the ocean is developed. The spectrum of Brillouin scattering in the open ocean can be obtained in real time and can be used for real-time measurement of sound velocity, bulk viscosity, temperature in the ocean, as well as real-time detection of a submerged object. PACS 42.68.Wt; 42.79.Qx; 78.35.+c     

Decoupling error for the atmospheric correction in ocean color remote sensing algorithms

This paper studies the decoupling error associated with the atmospheric correction procedures in the ocean color remote sensing algorithms. The decoupling error is caused by the lack of proper consideration of multiple scattering between the atmospheric and ocean components. In other words, the atmosphere and ocean are not coupled properly. A vector radiative transfer model for the coupled atmosphere and ocean (CAO) system based on the successive order of scattering (SOS) method is used to study the error. The inherent optical properties (IOPs) of the ocean are provided by the most updated bio-optical models. Two wavelengths are used in the study, 412 and 555 nm. For a detector located just above the ocean interface, the decoupling errors range from 0.3% to 7% at 412 nm; and from 0.3% to 3 % at 555 nm for zenith viewing angles smaller than 70°. The decoupling errors are significantly larger for larger zenith viewing angles for this detector. For a detector at the top of the atmosphere (TOA), it is hard to separate the decoupling error from the error introduced by the diffuse transmittance. If we assume the upwelling radiance is uniform just below the ocean surface when estimating the diffuse transmittance, the decoupling errors are from ?4% to 8% for zenith viewing angles smaller than 70°; and negative decoupling errors show up at mainly large zenith viewing angles.     

海洋混响特性研究

海洋混响是海洋环境产生的回声。对于目标探测来说,混响是一种严重的干扰;对于大规模海洋生物探测及海洋环境遥感来说,海洋混响是其应用的基础。经过近一个世纪的理论和实验研究,深海混响的产生机理相对明确,基本的特性也较为清楚。浅海环境较深海环境复杂,目前浅海混响研究大多关注混响的平均特性,对其完整特性的研究将成为未来浅海混响特性研究的重点。文章对海洋混响的研究工作进行了综述,介绍了海洋混响的基本理论和应用。     

The edge technique as used in Brillouin lidar for remote sensing of the ocean

A new approach to remote sensing of the ocean is proposed. It is based on a combination of Brillouin scattering, incoherent lidar techniques and high-resolution frequency discrimination via gas absorption cells. The results of theoretical and experimental research are given. This approach provides the capability of rapid real-time monitoring of sound-speed or temperature profiles both in the open ocean and in littoral zones with high resolution and high accuracy. PACS 42.68.Wt; 42.79.Qx; 78.35.+c     

海洋混响信号的自适应非线性预测

基于非线性动力学对海洋混响建模,提出了一种自适应非线性预测方法,通过设计一个滤波器来逼近混响信号在相空间的演化轨迹;采用在不同海域进行的两次海上实验获取的混响信号,对自适应预测方法进行验证,其单步预测结果与实验信号符合较好;以模型的单步预测误差作为检验统计量来检测混响中的目标回波,可以在一定程度上抑制混响干扰,提高信混比。     

Adaptive nonlinear prediction of ocean reverberation

An adaptive nonlinear prediction algorithm is proposed to predict ocean reverberation based on the phase space reconstruction of nonlinear dynamic system. The prediction algorithm is tested by experimental reverberation data measured in two areas, and the one-step forward prediction results are in good agreement with the experimental data. If the errors between the predicted and experimental data are chosen as the variable to detect the target in the reverberation series, the reverberation is suppressed and the signal-to-reverberation ratio is improved.     

Geophysical exploration of the ocean floor using acoustic methods

Sediment patterns on the ocean floor of the continental shelf can be studied using ultrasonic sonar systems, in which the geophysical patterns are mapped on a permanent paper record. Housed within a streamlined fish-like towed body, a transmitter sends an ultrasonic acoustic beam towards the sea bed, illuminating a path of the sea floor of width 1 km parallel to the track of the ship. The strength of the echo reverberation signals increases progressively through the sediment series soft mud, sands, cobbles, rocks and corals, so some measure of sediment identification is possible.     

The influence of random drift of resonance-scattering harmonics on the frequency spectrum of surface acoustic reverberation in the ocean

We propose a modified model for the frequency spectrum of surface reverberation with allowance for random drift of Bragg resonance harmonics due to long wind-generated waves. The dependence of this effect on the parameters of large-scale surface waves is analyzed. Analytical expressions for the reverberation frequency spectrum are obtained for both narrow-band and wideband sounding signals. It is shown that for matched filtering of wideband signals, the considered effect leads to an increase in the effective pulse reverberation volume. __________ Translated from Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenii, Radiofizika, Vol. 50, No. 1, pp. 20–30, January 2007.     

Passive acoustic tomography of the ocean using arrays of unknown shape

It was recently established that ocean acoustic tomography based on an inversion of ray travel times can be implemented without use of any dedicated sound sources by cross-correlating the ambient noise recorded on two line arrays, the shapes of which are known. In contrast to active tomography, the amount of useful information from noise interferometry is proportional to the product of the numbers of receivers in the two arrays. In our study based on the 2D and 3D numerical experiments, we examine a hypothesis concerning the feasibility of simultaneous performance of a passive ray tomography and passive positioning of arrays through cross-correlation of ambient or shipping noise. The numerical experiments are conducted under conditions close to those of a field experiment on passive ocean tomography. It is demonstrated that, when using arrays of 20–40 hydrophones, the sound velocity profile and the array shape can be found from noise correlation to an accuracy adequate for oceanological and acoustic applications.     

On the possibility of self-trapping transition of acoustic polarons in two dimensions

A 2D electron-longitudinal-acoustic-phonon interaction Hamiltonian is derived and used to calculate the ground-state energy of the acoustic polarons in two dimensions. The numerical results for the ground-state energy of the acoustic polarons in two and three dimensions are obtained. The 3D results agree with those obtained by using the Feynman path-integral approach. It is found that the critical coupling constant of the transition from the quasifree state to the self-trapped state in the 2D case is much smaller than in the 3D case for a given cutoff wave-vector. The theory has been used to judge the possibility of the self-trapping for several real materials. The results indicate that the self-trappings of the electrons in AlN and the holes in AlN and GaN are expected to be observed in 2D systems.     

On the spatial resolution of the IR remote sensing systems

According to the close relation between spatial resolution and radiant resolution and utilizing the experimental equation of MRTD, it is proved that there is a selectable optimum value of IFOV for particular spatial frequency or spatial frequency region which is interesting. The convolution process of line scanner is also analyzed, it is concluded that the spatial resolution can greatly exceed the limit of IFOV as long as the contrast is large enough, especially for linear or spot targets. Thus, the relative phenomena of the satellite image can be explained effectively. It is indicated that the spatial resolution can further be improved, if the processing of solving convolution operation is carried out in the digitized image processing.     

基于感兴趣区域的海洋卫星遥感图像压缩算法

针对海洋监视卫星遥感图像的特点,提出了一种基于感兴趣区域的自适应遥感图像近无损压缩算法。该算法利用红-黑小波提升方法检测出目标的边缘,采用阈值法将目标和背景分割,使用外接矩形来描述目标,从而自动确定感兴趣区域。感兴趣区域采用Rice无损熵编码方法,背景区域采用比特平面编码的有损压缩方法。实验结果表明,该算法能有效地划分感兴趣区域,其压缩比较无损压缩有了很大提高,目标无失真,整幅图像的峰值信噪比都在40dB以上。算法的计算复杂度较低,易于硬件实现,而且还具有自适应性和数据包独立的优点,适合于海洋监视卫星遥感图像近无损压缩应用。     

On one possibility of studying dynamics of ferroelectric repolarization

It was shown that the time dependence of the current appeared during ferroelectric repolarization is controlled by nonstationary dynamics of spontaneous polarization caused by external influences. Furthermore, even a flowing charge yields information on domain structure transformation. The paper conclusions are illustrated by experimental data on ferroelectric repolarization under electric fields and laser pulses.     

Mapping of the ocean surface wind by ocean acoustic interferometers

Measurements of marine surface winds are crucial to understanding mechanical and thermodynamic forces on the ocean. Satellite measurements of surface winds provide global coverage but are problematic at high wind speeds. Acoustic techniques of wind speed retrieval, and even for tracking hurricanes, have been suggested as an alternative since wind is a strong source of ambient noise in the ocean. Such approaches involve near-local measurements with bottom-mounted hydrophones located close to the area of interest. This paper suggests a complementary approach: measuring directivity of low-frequency ambient noise in the horizontal plane. These measurements would employ long vertical line arrays (VLAs) spanning a significant portion of the ocean waveguide. Two VLAs separated by a distance of some tens of kilometers and coherently measuring acoustic pressure form a single ocean interferometer. By sampling the area of interest from different perspectives with at least two interferometers, marine surface winds might be mapped over horizontal scales of the order of 1000 km with about 10 km resolution (more specifically, the 10 km resolution here means that contribution from the basis functions representing surface wind field with the scale of spatial variations of the order of 10 km can be resolved; independent retrieval of the wind within 10(4) cells of a corresponding grid is hardly possible). An averaging time required to overcome statistical variability in the noise field is estimated to be about 3 h. Numerical simulations of propagation conditions typical for the North Atlantic Ocean are presented.     

On the dynamics of a novel ocean wave energy converter

Buoy-type ocean wave energy converters are designed to exhibit resonant responses when subject to excitation by ocean waves. A novel excitation scheme is proposed which has the potential to improve the energy harvesting capabilities of these converters. The scheme uses the incident waves to modulate the mass of the device in a manner which amplifies its resonant response. To illustrate the novel excitation scheme, a simple one-degree of freedom model is developed for the wave energy converter. This model has the form of a switched linear system. After the stability regime of this system has been established, the model is then used to show that the excitation scheme improves the power harvesting capabilities by 25-65 percent even when amplitude restrictions are present. It is also demonstrated that the sensitivity of the device's power harvesting capabilities to changes in damping becomes much smaller when the novel excitation scheme is used.     

海洋遥感偏振特性分布与偏振误差补偿方法

为了提高海洋水色卫星遥感的定量参数反演精度,确定入瞳处的偏振信号对传感器响应的影响逐渐受到重视。以Aqua-MODIS为例,分析了海洋卫星传感器大视场范围内的偏振特性分布,发现无论是大气程辐射还是考虑海表贡献的入瞳光,视场内偏振特性的变化与观测几何的变化密切相关。相比海表的偏振贡献而言,大气是偏振光的主要来源。在此基础上,研究了遥感器在不同偏振灵敏度条件下对入瞳处的偏振信号的响应以及由此引起的系统误差,发现只有当偏振灵敏度不超过2%时可以满足反演离水辐射产品的需要。提出了补偿大气偏振测量误差的方案,能够较好地提高卫星数据的利用率和遥感器的辐射测量精度。