Graph-like continua, augmenting arcs, and Menger’s theorem

We show that an adaptation of the augmenting path method for graphs proves Menger’s Theorem for wide classes of topological spaces. For example, it holds for locally compact, locally connected, metric spaces, as already known. The method lends itself particularly well to another class of spaces, namely the locally arcwise connected, hereditarily locally connected, metric spaces. Finally, it applies to every space where every point can be separated from every closed set not containing it by a finite set, in particular to every subspace of the Freudenthal compactification of a locally finite, connected graph. While closed subsets of such a space behave nicely in that they are compact and locally connected (and therefore locally arcwise connected), the general subspaces do not: They may be connected without being arcwise connected. Nevertheless, they satisfy Menger’s Theorem. This work was carried out while Antoine Vella was a Marie Curie Fellow at the Technical University of Denmark, as part of the research project TOPGRAPHS (Contract MEIF-CT-2005-009922), under the supervision of Carsten Thomassen.     

James sequences and Dependent Choices

We prove James's sequential characterization of (compact) reflexivity in set‐theory ZF + DC , where DC is the axiom of Dependent Choices. In turn, James's criterion implies that every infinite set is Dedekind‐infinite, whence it is not provable in ZF . Our proof in ZF + DC of James' criterion leads us to various notions of reflexivity which are equivalent in ZFC but are not equivalent in ZF . We also show that the weak compactness of the closed unit ball of a (simply) reflexive space does not imply the Boolean Prime Ideal theorem : this solves a question raised in [6]. (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

Rolle's Theorem for Polynomials of Degree Four in a Hilbert Space

In an infinite-dimensional real Hilbert space, we introduce a class of fourth-degree polynomials which do not satisfy Rolle's Theorem in the unit ball. Extending what happens in the finite-dimensional case, we show that every fourth-degree polynomial defined by a compact operator satisfies Rolle's Theorem.     

Separable Banach spaces which admitl n ∞ approximations

In this paper we study a class of separable Banach spaces which can be approximated by certain special finite-dimensional subspaces. This class is characterized in Theorem 1.1, from which it follows that the space of continuous scalar-valued functions on a compact metric space always belongs to this class, and that every member of this class has a monotone basis. Supported in part by N.S.F. Grant 11-5020. Supported in part by N.S.F. Grant GP-3579.     

Dense Near-Rings of Operators on Locally Convex Spaces

We consider the near-ring C(V) of all continuous operators on a locally convex space V. Like in the Theorem of Stone-Weierstrass the question arises which subnear-rings N have the property that every operator in C(V) can be approximated by elements of N on compact subsets of V. It is our aim to show that this can be achieved with certain primitive subnear-rings of C(V). For this we invoke a deep Theorem of Wielandt-Betsch on interpolation properties of primitive near-rings. We also stress the fact that such a Theorem of Stone-Weierstrass type can only be obtained in the context of near-rings.     

Automorphism groups of compact projective planes

Compact connected projective planes have been investigated extensively in the last 30 years, mostly by studying their automorphism groups. It is our aim here to remove the connectedness assumption in some general results of Salzmann [31] and Hähl [14] on automorphism groups of compact projective planes. We show that the continuous collineations of every compact projective plane form a locally compact transformation group (Theorem 1), and that the continuous collineations fixing a quadrangle in a compact translation plane form a compact group (Corollary to Theorem 3). Furthermore we construct a metric for the topology of a quasifield belonging to a compact projective translation plane, using the modular function of its additive group (Theorem 2).     

The Ultrafilter Closure in ZF

It is well known that, in a topological space, the open sets can be characterized using ?lter convergence. In ZF (Zermelo‐Fraenkel set theory without the Axiom of Choice), we cannot replace filters by ultrafilters. It is proven that the ultra?lter convergence determines the open sets for every topological space if and only if the Ultrafilter Theorem holds. More, we can also prove that the Ultra?lter Theorem is equivalent to the fact that u_X = k_X for every topological space X, where k is the usual Kuratowski closure operator and u is the Ultra?lter Closure with u_X (A):= {x ∈ X: (? U ultrafilter in X)[U converges to x and A ∈ U ]}. However, it is possible to built a topological space X for which u_X ≠ k_X, but the open sets are characterized by the ultra?lter convergence. To do so, it is proved that if every set has a free ultra?lter, then the Axiom of Countable Choice holds for families of non‐empty finite sets. It is also investigated under which set theoretic conditions the equality u = k is true in some subclasses of topological spaces, such as metric spaces, second countable T0‐spaces or {?} (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

Intégrabilité au sens de Cauchy et -intégrabilité pour des applications à valeurs dans un espace de Banach

The equivalence between the Cauchy left-integrability and the Riemann-integrability, for a bounded function defined on a compact interval of with values in a Banach space, is a particular case of Theorem 2.1. A first generalization to the case of functions defined on a compact rectangle of ² is given by Theorem 2.5.     

Ordered spaces, metric preimages, and function algebras

We consider the Complex Stone-Weierstrass Property (CSWP), which is the complex version of the Stone-Weierstrass Theorem. If X is a compact subspace of a product of three linearly ordered spaces, then X has the CSWP if and only if X has no subspace homeomorphic to the Cantor set. In addition, every finite power of the double arrow space has the CSWP. These results are proved using some results about those compact Hausdorff spaces which have scattered-to-one maps onto compact metric spaces.     

Countable compact Hausdorff spaces need not be metrizable in ZF

We show that the existence of a countable, first countable, zero-dimensional, compact Hausdorff space which is not second countable, hence not metrizable, is consistent with ZF.

     

Restricted versions of the Tukey-Teichmüller theorem that are equivalent to the Boolean prime ideal theorem

We formulate a restricted version of the Tukey-Teichmüller Theorem that we denote by (rTT). We then prove that (rTT) and (BPI) are equivalent in ZF and that (rTT) applies rather naturally to several equivalent forms of (BPI): Alexander Subbase Theorem, Stone Representation Theorem, Model Existence and Compactness Theorems for propositional and first-order logic. We also give two variations of (rTT) that we denote by (rTT)⁺ and (rTT)⁺⁺; each is equivalent to (rTT) in ZF. The variation (rTT)⁺⁺ applies rather naturally to various Selection Lemmas due to Cowen, Engeler, and Rado.Dedicated to W.W. Comfort on the occasion of his seventieth birthday.     

Topological vector spaces, compacta, and unions of subspaces

In the first two sections, we study when a σ-compact space can be covered by a point-finite family of compacta. The main result in this direction concerns topological vector spaces. Theorem 2.4 implies that if such a space L admits a countable point-finite cover by compacta, then L has a countable network. It follows that if f is a continuous mapping of a σ-compact locally compact space X onto a topological vector space L, and fibers of f are compact, then L is a σ-compact space with a countable network (Theorem 2.10). Therefore, certain σ-compact topological vector spaces do not have a stronger σ-compact locally compact topology.In the last, third section, we establish a result going in the orthogonal direction: if a compact Hausdorff space X is the union of two subspaces which are homeomorphic to topological vector spaces, then X is metrizable (Corollary 3.2).     

Set existence property for intuitionistic theories with dependent choice

Let TC be intuitionistic higher-order arithmetic or intuitionistic ZF (with Replacement), both with Relativized Dependent Choice, or just Countable Choice. We show that TC[boxvr]?x. A(x) (closed) gives TC[boxvr]A(t) for some comprehension term t. This solves a problem left open by Myhill in [4].     

Russian Language Ignored

In this article the study of O?AN spaces is continued. In a space ??(??, ??) some topological properties are not disturbed if ?? and ?? are enlarged. The SORGENFREY plane can be identified with some O?AN space (Example 1). By use of systems of almost disjoint subsets some special topological rings on ??(X) can be constructed (Propositions 8 and 9). A metrisable or a locally compact O?AN ring has a simple structure (Propositions 10 and 11). If ??(??, ??) neither discrete nor compact, then the closedness of all simple maps is a very strong condition (Theorem 1). The space of VIETORIS is in general not σ-extremally disconnected space (Theorem 2). At the end of the article some generalizations are made and some bibliographical references are given.     

Noether's Theorem on Surfaces

In this article we prove a version of Noether's Theorem (of Calculus of Variations) which is valid for a general regular (compact) surface. As a special feature, the Lie group of transformations is allowed to act on the Cartesian product of the surface and the functional space. Additionally, we apply the Theorem to a problem in Classical Differential Geometry of surfaces. The given application is actually an example showing how Noether's Theorem can be used to construct invariant properties of the solutions to variational problems defined on surfaces, or equivalently, of the solutions to the associated Euler-Lagrange equations resulting from them.     

A nonstandard Riemann existence theorem

We study elementary extensions of compact complex spaces and deduce that every complete type of dimension is internal to projective space. This amounts to a nonstandard version of the Riemann Existence Theorem, and answers a question posed by Anand Pillay.

     

关于可三角剖分的紧致流形的模2示嵌类

<正> 引言 关于复合形或更一般的空間在欧氏空間中的实現問題,Whitney和Thom分別有下面的結果: 定理.(Whitney)n維紧致微分流形M~n可微分实現于R~N中的必要条件为 W~k(M~n)=0,k≥N-n.(1) 定理.(Thom)一个有可数基而局部可縮的紧致Hausdorff空間X可以拓扑实現     

Two Notes on Top ological Groups

In this short paper, we firstly give a short proof of Birkhoff-Kakutani Theorem by Moore metrizable Theorem. Then we prove that G is a topological group if it is a paratopological group which is a dense G_δ-set in a locally feebly compact regular space X.     

Fodor-type Reflection Principle and reflection of metrizability and meta-Lindelöfness

We introduce a new reflection principle which we call “Fodor-type Reflection Principle” (FRP). This principle follows from but is strictly weaker than Fleissner's Axiom R. For instance, FRP does not impose any restriction on the size of the continuum, while Axiom R implies that the continuum has size ?ℵ₂.We show that FRP implies that every locally separable countably tight topological space X is meta-Lindelöf if all of its subspaces of cardinality ?ℵ₁ are (Theorem 4.3). It follows that, under FRP, every locally (countably) compact space is metrizable if all of its subspaces of cardinality ?ℵ₁ are (Corollary 4.4). This improves a result of Balogh who proved the same assertion under Axiom R.We also give several other results in this vein, some in ZFC, others in some further extension of ZFC. For example, we prove in ZFC that if X is a locally (countably) compact space of singular cardinality in which every subspace of smaller size is metrizable then X itself is also metrizable (Corollary 5.2).