基于凸优化的激光诱导击穿光谱基线校正方法

在激光诱导击穿光谱定量分析中,基线是LIBS光谱信号的重要组成部分,由于受到实验参数设置及实验环境变化等影响,导致等离子体的发射谱线呈现不同程度的基线漂移现象,因此基线校正是光谱分析的重要环节。现有算法如多项式拟合通常需要设定关键参数,不具备自适应性。由于激光诱导产生的等离子体光谱信号的特征峰具有明显的独立性和稀疏性,以及基线具有低通特性,因此在凸优化约束框架下,提出了非参数化基线校正模型。同时,利用高效率的迭代算法来保证结果的收敛性。首先对23个高合金钢样本的光谱信号进行基线校正,然后以合金钢样本中的铬(Cr)元素为分析对象,并选取11条分析线进行定量分析。分别采用PLS和SVM定量模型进行训练和预测,并且与传统方法相比较,证明了所提出方法可以提高定量分析精度。     

采用激光诱导击穿光谱技术探测等离子体温度

阐述了激光诱导击穿技术的基本原理,研究了激光诱导击穿光谱技术在探测等离子体温度方面的应用,并进行了实验研究。在等离子体达到局部热平衡时,通过探测Cu的等离子体特征谱线相对强度的方法,达到用激光诱导击穿光谱技术探测等离子体温度的目的。实验结果表明,该方法方便、快捷,具有一定的实际应用价值。     

远程激光诱导击穿光谱技术分析岩石元素成分

远程激光诱导击穿光谱技术是一种利用脉冲激光和聚焦光路对远距离目标烧蚀击穿,获取目标等离子体光谱,定性或定量分析物质元素组成的光谱探测技术。设计并搭建了一套远程激光诱导击穿光谱系统。该系统结合卡式望远镜光学结构,实现探测2～10 m距离的目标、并可自动变焦。基于该系统提出一种远程探测岩石主要元素含量方法。通过对比实验,研究了脉冲能量、采集延时、积分时间、探测点累计探测次数对光谱信号的影响,确定了岩石谱线获得的最佳条件。选择48块岩石标本和6种常见国标岩石样品(页岩、花岗岩、安山岩、玄武岩、片麻岩、伟晶岩)进行LIBS实验。以原子光谱数据库为参考,根据岩石的主要元素提取特征谱线(SiⅠ390.55 nm,AlⅠ394.40 nm,AlⅠ396.15 nm,CaⅡ396.85 nm,FeⅠ404. 60 nm,SiⅠ500.60 nm,MgⅠ518.36 nm,NaⅠ589.59 nm)。利用偏最小二乘算法(PLS)建立岩石成分定量分析模型,将48块岩石标本作为训练集进行求解,并用六种国标岩石对模型进行检测,预测岩石Si和Al元素含量,平均误差分别为9.4%和9.6%。     

一种基于激光诱导击穿光谱的塑料分类方法

传统的废旧塑料处理主要采用焚烧掩埋的方式,不仅污染环境,还造成了资源浪费,废旧塑料回收对于推行循环经济、促进可持续发展具有重要意义。传统的塑料分类装置存在精度较低,成本较高,分类结果易受样品颜色影响及对操作人员身体健康造成威胁的缺点。激光诱导击穿光谱技术(LIBS)具有多元素同时分析、无需样品预处理,检测速度快,对样品损害小,不受塑料颜色影响等优点。将其与基于化学计量学的样品分类方法相结合,应用到塑料样品检测领域,有利于提升塑料分类精度。但是,现有分类方法需要更改参数多、所构建模型普适性差。通过自主搭建的LIBS实验平台,研究激光器能量、延时时间、积分时间和光谱信号接收角度对光谱信号强度的影响,获取最佳的实验条件。并通过该平台分析11种塑料的2200个样品点,选用偏最小二乘算法(PLS)对谱图数据进行建模分析,研究最优的训练集和验证集比例及最佳的主成分数的选取方法,实现样品类别与样品数据的最大相关性,达到克服背景干扰、提高分类精度的目的。实验结果表明,不替换干扰谱图时,验证集样品的分类精度为99.80%,测试集样品的分类精度为99.09%;替换掉干扰谱图后,验证集和测试集的样品分类精度均达到100%,且分类时间减少。由此可见,激光诱导击穿光谱与偏最小二乘方法结合可以成功的用于塑料样品分类。     

基于激光诱导击穿光谱的岩屑识别方法研究

石油钻井过程中的岩屑录井无论对油气勘探开发还是钻井工程都是极为关键的技术,而岩屑描述工作是岩屑录井过程中的一个重要的环节。利用激光诱导击穿光谱(LIBS)技术结合判别偏最小二乘法(PLS-DA)对来自录井现场的粉砂岩、石英砂岩、青绿色泥岩、黑色泥岩四种岩屑样品进行识别。在获取LIBS光谱数据后分别建立了全谱模型和特征模型,其中特征模型的识别正确率为86.7%,略低于全谱模型的88.3%,但通过特征提取使得模型中变量数由24 041个减少到27个,极大缩减了数据量,提高了运算效率,更加符合岩屑录井现场快速分析的要求。结果表明LIBS技术结合一定的化学计量方法能够对不同种类的岩屑进行快速、有效的识别,在岩屑录井现场中有很大的应用潜力。     

基于激光诱导击穿光谱技术的咖啡豆中咖啡因含量快速检测方法

应用激光诱导击穿光谱(LIBS)技术研究了快速检测咖啡豆中咖啡因含量的可行性。将咖啡豆磨粉压成片状作为采集LIBS光谱数据的样本,应用原子吸收分光光度计测量每个样本中咖啡因的含量。应用基线校正,小波变换和归一化等数据预处理方法;针对基于全部变量的偏最小二乘(PLS)模型会出现过拟合,分别应用回归系数和主成分分析(PCA)选择特征变量,并建立了基于特征变量的PLS和BP神经网络模型。结果表明：基于回归系数所选特征变量的PLS模型中,建模集相关系数R_c=0.96,预测集R_p=0.91;基于PCA提取特征变量的PLS模型中,R_c=0.94,R_p=0.90;基于PCA所选特征变量的BP神经网络模型中,R_c=0.96,R_p=0.96。两种方法所提取特征变量均对应C,H,O,N,Na,Mn,Mg,Ca和Fe,且基于上述两种方法所选特征变量的PLS模型均对预测集样本有较好的预测结果,说明上述元素与咖啡因含量存在联系,应用回归系数和PCA选择的特征变量是有效的,但是咖啡豆内C,H,O,N,Na,Mn,Mg,Ca,Fe与咖啡因含量的确切关系需要进一步研究。基于PCA所选特征变量的BP神经网络模型有更优的预测结果,说明所选特征变量适用于不同的建模方法。研究表明LIBS技术结合化学计量学方法可以实现咖啡豆中咖啡因含量的快速检测。     

基于激光诱导击穿光谱的合金钢组分偏最小二乘法定量分析

在炼钢中合金浓度的检测和控制对产品质量影响很大,激光诱导击穿光谱(laser induced breakdown spectroscopy, LIBS)技术具有快速、非接触、无需制样等特点,非常适合应用于合金成分的在线分析。但是由于合金中的C, S, P元素的成分含量都很低,其原子发射谱线极易淹没在复杂的铁元素特征谱线之中,造成这些重要元素在线定量分析困难。以合金钢标准光谱样品为研究对象,获取激光诱导击穿光谱数据,采用定标曲线法(calibration curve, CC)和偏最小二乘法(partial least squares, PLS),对合金钢样品的主量和微量元素进行定量分析。比较两种方法的定标结果得出：对于主量元素,PLS方法的定量分析水平优于传统的CC法;更重要的是对于微量元素,由于特征谱线极弱,CC法无法得出定量结果,而PLS法仍然具有良好的定量分析能力。同时,将PLS法回归模型特征谱线处的回归系数与原始有背景干扰的光谱强度数据进行比较,阐述了LIBS数据定量分析中PLS方法的优势。结果表明,在激光诱导击穿光谱合金成分分析中,PLS方法适合用于C等微量元素的定量分析。     

阻尼最小二乘法用于激光诱导击穿光谱重叠特征谱线分离提取

近年来,激光诱导击穿广谱技术发展迅速。作为一种用于物质成分探测的新技术,它具有简单、快速、无需复杂样品制备、多种元素同时检测等优点,可实现待测样品物质成分现场、在线的检测,在很多领域都极具应用前景。激光诱导击穿光谱特征谱线的分离拟合提取是光谱特征识别与后续元素浓度定量反演研究的基础。为实现激光诱导击穿光谱重叠特征谱线的有效分离拟合提取,采用阻尼最小二乘法,分析并确定了迭代前的初始拟合参数值,实现了在重叠特征谱线情况下对某火力发电厂粉煤灰中的铬元素特征谱线的分离提取。阻尼最小二乘法基于高斯-牛顿迭代,在迭代步长中引入阻尼因子,在迭代的过程中根据每一步迭代后所反馈的信息动态的调整迭代步长,从而有效防止了迭代的发散,保证了迭代的快速收敛,最终使得元素特征谱线拟合提取的效果更佳、所得到的特征谱线强度值更准确。分别采用阻尼最小二乘法和最小二乘法对不同浓度的样品中铬元素特征谱线进行分离拟合提取并给出特征谱线的强度值,作出特征谱线强度值关于元素浓度的定标曲线并对比两种方法所得结果的线性相关性。结果表明,阻尼最小二乘法所得结果的线性相关性更高,该方法稳定、可靠,适用于激光诱导击穿光谱重叠特征谱线的分离拟合提取。     

水体COD激光诱导击穿光谱快速测量方法研究

水体化学需氧量（COD）是一个重要的水体质量指标,一般用来衡量有机物的污染程度。对COD的检测长期依赖采样后的实验室化学分析方法,目前应用最普遍的是重铬酸钾氧化法与酸性高锰酸钾氧化法。化学分析的方法操作复杂,耗时费力,且引入新的化学药剂,造成二次污染,因此,急需一种能够实现水体COD快速测量的检测技术。在前期研究基础上,对水体COD的激光诱导击穿光谱检测方法进行深入探索,重点是优化模型预测速度,目的是研究激光诱导击穿光谱技术用于对水体COD的快速测量方法。采集了不同COD浓度的99个水体样本,分为训练集和测试集两组,通过重铬酸钾氧化法测定各水样的COD值,作为真实值,利用实验室自建的激光诱导击穿光谱采集系统采集各水样波长在200～1 000 nm的光谱信息,利用偏最小二乘算法建立训练集水样COD的定量化测量模型,然后对测试集光谱数据进行预测,将预测结果与实验室化学方法测定的真实值进行对比,评估预测效果。通过对原始光谱建立的预测模型进行分析,发现在建模过程中,大量的激光诱导击穿光谱数据与COD浓度相关性很差,而这些无用数据参与计算,浪费了计算资源,延长了检测时间,造成系统负载过大,不利于便携式检测设备的开发。重点研究贡献度最大的前几个主成分,通过对COD测量原理和PLS模型载荷分析,找到LIBS光谱中与水样COD浓度相关性最高的主要特征峰,经过分析发现,主要为来源于水中有机物中的C,H,O,N以及水中一些还原性离子元素的特征峰,这些特征峰对COD的模型预测能力贡献最大,而COD的定义正是衡量水体中这些元素的多少,这与该研究分析结论相吻合。为了实现检测速度的提升,提取这些特征峰,对光谱数据进行降维,剔除大量无关或相关性较低的数据,经过多次筛选和降维,最终将原来参与计算的每条光谱的13 622个数据降到28个,大大降低系统的运算量,却依然能够保留不错的预测能力。筛选出的28个特征波长最能反映水体COD浓度,为水体COD便携式的多波段检测设备的研发,实现对COD的快速测量奠定了基础。     

远程激光诱导击穿光谱技术进展

远程激光诱导击穿光谱技术(Remote LIBS)是一种利用高能激光和聚焦手段实现远距离分析物质元素组成的光谱探测技术,是远程探测的一种重要手段。本文对远程LIBS的三种探测方式(开放路径式、光纤光路式和便携式探针式)及相应的系统结构做了总结和分析。传统的开放路径式对激光器、光学系统和检测系统的性能和规格要求严格,一直是远程LIBS的研究热点;光纤光路LIBS优点主要体现在系统光学聚焦结构的简化和等离子体光的有效接收。本文综述了远程LIBS新技术的研究进展,着重分析了飞秒成丝远程LIBS技术及与Raman光谱探测相结合等远程LIBS新技术的特点和优势。新技术大大提高了探测距离,增强了物质识别能力,为扩大远程LIBS的应用做出巨大的贡献。同时,论文详细介绍了远程LIBS技术在深空探测、危害物质检测、工业冶金、文物检测修复等领域的研究现状和应用新进展。远程LIBS技术随着激光技术和光谱检测技术的发展以及对LIBS定标反演的研究,探测距离和应用范围不断扩大,检测精度和准确度也在提升。     

Plasma stoichiometry correction method in laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy

The spectra correction approach for the quantitative analysis of alloys by laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy was proposed. A disproportion between the composition of the laser-plasma plume and the bulk sample is explained by the selective evaporation of components during the melting-evaporation stage. The Batanov-Bunkin-Prohorov-Fedorov phenomenon of the transparent wave propagation in a melted metal during the laser ablation was accounted for by the discussed approach. The proposed spectra correction procedure gives good results for the composition measurement of the Al alloy.     

Mechanism of signal uncertainty generation for laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy

Relatively large measurement uncertainty severely hindered wide application for laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS), therefore it is of great importance to understand the mechanism of signal uncertainty generation, including initiation and propagation. It has been found that the fluctuation of plasma morphology was the main reason for signal uncertainty. However, it still remains unclear what mechanism leads to laser-induced plasma morphology fluctuation. In the present work, we employed three fast-imaging cameras to capture three successive plasma images from a same laser-induced Titanium alloy plasma, which enables us to understand more clearly of the plasma evolution process especially for the early plasma evolution stage when plasma and surrounding gases interact drastically. Seen from the images, the plasma experienced an increasing morphological fluctuation as delay time increased, transforming from a “stable plasma” before the delay time of 100 ns to a “fluctuating plasma” after the delay time of 300 ns. Notably, the frontier part of plasma showed a significant downward motion from the delay time of 150 ns to 200 ns and crashed with the lower part of the plasma, making the plasma flatter and later even splitting the plasma into two parts, which was considered as a critical process for the transformation of “stable plasma” to “unstable plasma”. By calculating the correlation coefficient of plasma image pairs at successive delay times, it was found that the higher the similarity between two plasma at early stage, the more similar at later stage; this implied that the tiny plasma fluctuation earlier than the critical delay time (150–200 ns) was amplified, causing a large plasma fluctuation at the later stage as well as LIBS measurement uncertainty. The initiation of slight fluctuation was linked with Rayleigh–Taylor Instability (RTI) due to the drastic material interpenetration at the plasma-ambient gas interface at earlier stage (before 50 ns). That is, the uncertainty generation of LIBS was proposed as: plasma morphology fluctuation was inevitably trigged by RTI at the early stage and the tiny fluctuation was amplified by the back pressed downward process of plasma frontier material, leading to severe morphology fluctuation as well as LIBS signal uncertainty.     

支持向量机算法在激光诱导击穿光谱技术塑料识别中的应用研究

基于支持向量机 (support vector machines, SVM) 算法采用激光诱导击穿光谱技术对11种塑料进行了识别. 每种塑料各采集100个光谱, 其中50个光谱作为训练集, 用于建立支持向量机模型, 剩下的50 个光谱作为测试集, 用于测试所建立支持向量机模型的识别精度. 结果表明测试集550个光谱中有543个光谱识别正确,算术平均识别精度达到了98.73%. 其中有6个聚氨酯 (PU) 光谱被误判为有机玻璃 (PMMA), 原因主要是受空气中氮气的影响, 使得有机玻璃和聚氨酯两种塑料在氮元素含量上的差异不能通过N I 746.87 nm, C-N(0,0) 388.3 nm两条谱线的强度准确表征. 本结果为LIBS技术塑料分类提供了方法和数据参考. 关键词： 支持向量机 激光诱导击穿光谱 塑料识别     

Detection of explosives with laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy

Our recent work on the detection of explosives by laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is reviewed in this paper. We have studied the physical mechanism of laser-induced plasma of an organic explosive, TNT. The LIBS spectra of TNT under single-photon excitation are simulated using MATLAB. The variations of the atomic emission lines intensities of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen versus the plasma temperature are simulated too. We also investigate the time-resolved LIBS spectra of a common inorganic explosive, black powder, in two kinds of surrounding atmospheres, air and argon, and find that the maximum value of the O atomic emission line SBR of black powder occurs at a gate delay of 596 ns. Another focus of our work is on using chemometic methods such as principle component analysis (PCA) and partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) to distinguish the organic explosives from organic materials such as plastics. A PLS-DA model for classification is built. TNT and seven types of plastics are chosen as samples to test the model. The experimental results demonstrate that LIBS coupled with the chemometric techniques has the capacity to discriminate organic explosive from plastics.     

Biomedical and environmental applicationsof laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is an emerging analytical technique with numerous advantages such as rapidity, multi-elemental analysis, minimal sample preparation, minimal destruction, low cost and versatility of being applied to a wide range of materials. In this paper, we report the preliminary observations we obtained using LIBS for clinical and environmental samples. Elemental analysis has been done qualitatively in human teeth samples which show encouraging results. It has also been demonstrated in this paper that LIBS can be very well utilized in field applications such as plastic waste sorting and recycling.     

A calibration-free model for laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy using non-gated detectors

Calibration-free (CF) laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is normally only applicable for gated detectors due to its dependence on the assumption of a steady-state plasma. However, most currently available LIBS systems are equipped with non-gated detectors such as charge-coupled device (CCD), which degrades the accuracy of CF method. In this paper, the reason for the less satisfactory quantification performance of CF for LIBS with non-gated detectors was clarified and a time-integration calibration-free (TICF) model was proposed for applications with non-gated detectors. It was based on an assumed temporal profile of plasma properties, including temperature and electron density, obtained from another pre-experiment. The line intensity at different time during the signal collection time window was estimated with self-absorption correction according to the temporal profile of the plasma properties. The proposed model was validated on titanium alloys and compared with traditional CF. The accuracy of elemental concentration measurement was improved significantly: the average relative error of aluminum and vanadium decreased from 6.07% and 22.34% to 2.01% and 1.92%, respectively. The quantification results showed that TICF method was able to extend the applicability of CF to LIBS with non-gated detectors.     

Classification of recyclables using laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy for waste management

With the ever-increasing amount of generated waste governments around the world are looking for, and implementing, ways to minimize waste output and maximize waste recovery. The main difficulties are sorting waste items, identifying the different types of plastics, and the time taken to sort them manually. Bioplastics such as polylactic acid and Novatein thermoplastic protein can be incorporated into the recycling stream to minimize waste. Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy spectra analyzed by k-nearest neighbor and soft independent modeling by class analogy were investigated as methods that can rapidly identify recyclables. Raw, peak normalized, and total intensity normalized spectra were used to identify which would improve classification. Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy spectra were generated by single laser shots to different locations on nine samples, glass (brown, green, and clear), tin, aluminum, polylactic acid, Novatein, polyethylene terephthalate, and high-density polyethylene. To prove that the system has the potential to be used on a waste sorting stream an autofocus unit was developed to move the laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy beam into focus on the different sample geometries. Two classification methods were investigated, soft independent modeling by class analogy and the k-nearest neighbors algorithm. k-Nearest neighbors on raw spectra produced the best results. Discrimination between bioplastics and plastics were 100%. Glass samples could not be reliably distinguished from each other. Surface contamination produced three misclassifications from 450 spectra. Similar results were obtained when the spectral range was reduced from 182.26–908.07?nm to 313.20–495.12?nm.     

Calibration-free laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy for quantitative elemental analysis of materials

The application of calibration-free laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (CF-LIBS) for quantitative analysis of materials, illustrated by CF-LIBS applied to a brass sample of known composition, is presented in this paper. The LIBS plasma is produced by a 355?nm pulsed Nd:YAG laser with a pulse duration of 6?ns focussed onto a brass sample in air at atmospheric pressure. The time-resolved atomic and ionic emission lines of Cu and Zn from the LIBS spectra recorded by an Echelle spectrograph coupled with a gated intensified charge coupled detector are used for the plasma characterization and the quantitative analysis of the sample. The time delay where the plasma is optically thin and is also in local thermodynamic equilibrium (LTE), necessary for the elemental analysis of samples from the LIBS spectra, is deduced. An algorithm relating the experimentally measured spectral intensity values with the basic physics of the plasma is developed. Using the algorithm, the Zn and Cu concentrations in the brass sample are determined. The analytical results obtained from the CF-LIBS technique agree well with the certified values of the elements in the sample, with an accuracy error <1%.     

激光诱导击穿光谱机理及爆炸物研究

激光诱导击穿光谱(LIBS)技术是基于激光诱导等离子体发光探测物质成分的方法。激光诱导等离子体的发射谱线由两部分组成:一部分是电子-离子复合及自由电子相互作用辐射的宽带连续谱;另一部分是原子和离子发射的特征谱线。对这些谱线进行识别并测量其强度,给出物质成分的定性和定量信息。分别讨论了样品所附着的基质为金属和电介质的两种情况,并对ns和fs级激光脉宽的影响作了介绍。     

A review of laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy signal enhancement

A review of the methods of signal enhancement in laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is presented. Conventional LIBS suffers from disadvantages of low sensitivity and high limits of detection compared with other analytical techniques, such as inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. During the last two decades, various methods have been applied to LIBS in order to realize highly quantitative and qualitative analysis. Current approaches include double-pulse excitation, spatial or magnetic confinement, spark discharge, etc. Different configurations of experimental setups and conditions are suggested for the realization of these improved techniques, while various parameters influence significantly on the enhancement effect. With the aim to study the laser ablation process and characterize the effectiveness of each method, several parameters such as plasma volume and emission intensity are reviewed. Several suggestions are proposed to explain the mechanism of each enhancement method. These modified techniques have been applied on various materials and fields.