微/纳米制造技术的摩擦学挑战

评述了国内外航天、信息和军事等高技术领域中微/纳米制造技术的研究现状和发展趋势,介绍了微/纳米制造技术特征及其关键技术问题,揭示了当器件的尺度由毫米量级减小到微米甚至纳米量级时,微器件材料表面和界面的摩擦学(摩擦磨损及润滑)、力学和化学等及其控制方法是微/纳米制造研究中急需解决的关键技术问题.这些问题的解决对摩擦学研究提出了严峻挑战,新的摩擦学理论和技术的出现将为微/纳米制造技术的发展以及相关问题的解决提供保障.     

表面黏附及表面输运的最新研究进展

表面黏附及表面输运作为典型的材料表面行为,已成为表面力学关注的重要课题及学科前沿,揭示该类表面效应的形成机制及其影响因素,对微纳米器件、微纳米传感器、微纳米传输、智能材料表面等创新设计具有重要的指导意义。本文针对表面黏附及表面输运两种典型的表面力学行为,综述了国内外在该方面的最新研究进展,主要介绍了作者课题组在该方面的最新工作及取得的成果,最后针对该方面研究提出未来工作展望。     

力学超材料研究进展与减振降噪应用

力学超材料是一类由人工微结构单元构筑的复合结构或复合材料,具有天然材料所不具备的静力学/动力学性能.由于这些超常特性通常取决于微结构单元而非材料组分,这就为力学性能调控和结构功能材料设计提供了新思路.本文在简述力学超材料概念的提出、发展及其超常力学性能的基础上,以装备减振降噪工程需求为牵引,重点探讨力学超材料在水声调控,空气声吸隔声降噪,结构减振抗冲设计等方面的应用探索及发展趋势,为相关领域的科研及工程人员提供一定参考.     

多场耦合非热平衡低温等离子体与微纳米结构材料的相互作用

低温等离子体是制备微纳米材料和调控其结构特性的最重要方法之一,其中材料结构及特性的改变是等离子体电磁场、热场、化学场等多场耦合综合作用的结果.本文系统而简要地回顾了如下主要内容:电源的频率及其调制、施加方式对等离子体放电特性与稳定性的影响;大气压等离子体物理化学反应动力学;等离子体场对微纳米颗粒的聚集态结构与运动的调控、以及对沉积薄膜微纳米结构的影响.总结并得出如下主要结论:放电频率、脉冲调制功率、容性或者感性耦合方式、单体种类、基片温度等对等离子体活性粒子成分与特性具有主要影响,在kHz～MHz范围可以实现稳定放电和微纳米颗粒制备和薄膜沉积;微纳米颗粒/颗粒膜结构形貌随时间和空间而发生动态变化;低温等离子体多场调制可以快速实现微纳米颗粒的结晶,并调控微纳米颗粒的成分、尺度、带隙、晶型、晶面比例及其形貌特征;引入微颗粒可以在鞘层位置悬浮形成规则的二维等离子体晶格与无序的等离子体非晶,在介观尺度研究复杂系统的结构与动理学过程.     

微机电系统磨损特性研究进展

对微机电系统,尤其是微旋转机械的磨损研究现状进行评述,介绍MEMS及微旋转机械中的各种磨损问题,分析材料和不同工况(表面粗糙度、环境以及载荷)等条件对MEMS及微旋转机械磨损性能的影响,介绍不同形式的磨损模型、分析方法与检测仪器,并对相关领域的研究进展进行展望.     

微机电系统的微观摩擦学研究进展

对微机电系统的微观摩擦学研究现状进行了综述,介绍了在微机电系统中摩擦学呈现的各种新特征,以及材料、环境和不同工况条件对微机电系统运行稳定性的影响,从微观摩擦学角度探讨了微机电系统的润滑问题,介绍了表面改性和薄膜润滑等在解决微机电系统润滑问题方面的研究现状,并对相关领域的工作进展进行了总结和展望。     

微/纳尺度接触问题计算方法研究进展

接触问题广泛存在于现实生活的众多领域,近来随着微/纳米技术的不断发展,接触力学在基础理论和研究方法上面临许多新的挑战.本文在摩擦学的范畴内,对近年发展的若干求解微/纳尺度接触问题的计算方法及理论进行了综述.按发展先后及所解决问题的尺度范围划分,主要有3类评估微/纳尺度接触性能的计算方法:(1)连续介质力学方法;(2)分子动力学模拟; (3)多尺度方法.介绍了这3类计算方法的典型理论和主要数学描述,给出了这些方法对解决若干微/纳观接触问题如黏着效应、粗糙表面描述、表面摩擦及润滑、表面热效应、生物接触等的主要应用.最后, 探讨了微/纳尺度接触问题计算方法可能的发展方向及应用领域.      

一类功能梯度材料表面接触力学研究进展

针对一类杨氏模量梯度变化的功能梯度材料, 考虑摩擦、微动磨损和黏附等因素, 综述了梯度材料有限尺寸、梯度变化规律、梯度涂层厚度、界面摩擦热、压头形状等对表面接触力学性能的影响; 根据不同接触模型中接触界面应力场分布, 分析多种因素影响下功能梯度材料表面抵抗磨损的能力; 最后给出了功能梯度材料接触力学研究中仍存在的主要科学问题及进一步研究展望.      

磁场力及膜曲率对磁敏感薄膜-基底界面黏附性能的影响与调控

界面黏附和脱黏的可调控在攀爬装置、黏附开关、机械抓手等方面具有重要的应用需求. 针对磁敏感薄膜-基底界面, 开展了薄膜初始曲率及外加磁场对界面黏附性能影响机制的研究. 首先实验制备了具有初始曲率的磁敏感薄膜, 分别开展了具有初始曲率的磁敏感薄膜-基底界面撕脱实验及理论研究, 研究了薄膜初始曲率、弯曲刚度和外加磁场强度对界面黏附性能的影响规律. 实验和理论结果一致表明: 具有初始曲率的磁敏感薄膜-基底界面黏附力随薄膜初始曲率的增大而减小, 而外加磁场能够有效提高界面黏附力;相比于初始零曲率薄膜-基底界面稳态撕脱力与薄膜弯曲刚度无关, 薄膜弯曲刚度减弱了具有初始曲率薄膜-基底界面的稳态撕脱力. 进一步从能量角度分析了界面等效黏附性能, 揭示了薄膜弯曲能、磁场势能、界面黏附能的相互竞争机制. 最后, 基于本文的实验及理论结果, 提出了一种磁场和薄膜初始曲率协同调控的简易机械抓手, 可连续实现物体的拾取、搬运和释放功能. 本文结果不仅有助于理解多场调控的界面可逆黏附机制, 对界面黏附可控的功能器件设计亦提供了一种新方法.      

压电与摩擦电复合型旋转能量采集动力学协同调控机制研究

低转速激励下能量采集性能差是目前制约旋转能量采集技术应用的瓶颈问题. 本文提出了动力学协同调控机制, 并用于调控系统的动力学行为, 可以使器件在低转速激励下有效工作, 提高了旋转能量采集系统的电学性能. 旋转刚度软化、非线性磁力、几何边界的协同调控既可以增加系统在低速下的振动位移以及压电材料的形变, 也可调控系统的最大位移, 使其振动可控并限制位移过大提高可靠性. 此外, 几何边界可以方便地集成摩擦纳米发电机, 实现压电与摩擦两种机电转换机制在振动和碰撞过程中协同发电, 有效利用空间和提高输出电能. 基于哈密顿原理建立了系统的机电耦合动力学模型并进行了实验验证. 实验结果表明系统能够在0~250 r/min的低转速范围内有效工作, 在转速为250 r/min时, 压电单元和摩擦纳米发电机的最大峰峰值电压分别为132 V和1128 V, 总平均功率为1426 μW. 本文提出的动力学协同调控机制为能量采集系统动力学和电学性能改进提供新的途径, 有益于促进自供能物联网技术的发展与应用.      

金属无润滑磨损过程的原位观察与研究

作者借助于新研制的可以直接观察磨损动态过程的试验装置和扫描电镜原位观察了无润滑条件下金属滑动表面的磨损特征与变化,发现摩擦表面可以划分为真实接触区和过渡磨损区,两者的磨损机理不同,真实接触区发生的是粘着磨损,而且磨粒沿摩擦力方向有明显增大的趋势;随着真实接触区的磨损,过渡磨损区可以逐渐转变为真实接触区,而且由于磨粒增多,非磨损区也可以逐渐转变为过渡磨损区。对磨损过程中摩擦力变化的测试结果表明,当磨损表面发生粘着时的粘着力与Bowden和Tabor粘着理论计算值十分接近。     

Au纳米颗粒织构化表面的黏着和摩擦学行为研究

利用自组装技术在单晶硅(100)面制备了Au纳米颗粒织构化表面(nanoparticle-textured surfaces,NPTS),采用原子力显微镜(AFM)和UMT-2MT摩擦磨损试验机考察了Au纳米颗粒织构化对表面微/纳尺度黏着与摩擦性能的影响机理.结果表明:在颗粒堆积密度较低的表面,接触力学符合连续接触力学模式;在颗粒堆积密度较高的表面,形成多峰接触,有效地减少了接触面积,降低了黏着和摩擦.与光滑硅表面相比,组装时间为3.0 h的Au纳米颗粒织构化表面的黏着力降低了77%,在试验载荷为7 nN时,其摩擦力降低了42%.     

离散型织构表面液滴的铺展及其接触线的力学特性分析

针对离散型织构表面上液滴的铺展过程,采用数值模拟和润湿性实验相结合的方法,引入织构润湿因子θ*,得到了不同类型的离散型织构对固体表面润湿性的影响,在此基础之上分析了液滴铺展过程中接触线的力学特性,以期从微观界面力学的角度解释微织构对液滴铺展过程的促进作用.研究表明:离散型织构增大了液滴铺展过程中的固-液接触面积,位于铺展前沿的液体分子部分浸润织构内部,导致液面曲率和液滴内部的拉普拉斯压力增大,相邻离散型织构间的液体获得了额外的驱动力和能量,铺展速度加快,平衡接触角减小;槽状离散型织构对表面润湿性的影响程度最大,液滴在其上铺展过程具有各向异性特性.另外数值仿真分析表明,接触线的钉扎效应与固体表面粗糙度的大小和微织构类型密切相关,表面粗糙度越大,钉扎效应越明显,其中槽状织构对接触线的钉扎作用还具有方向性.      

Adhesion and friction of an elastic half-space in contact with a slightly wavy rigid surface

The paper deals with the estimation of the pressure distribution, the shape of contact and the friction force at the interface of a flat soft elastic solid moving on a rigid half-space with a slightly wavy surface. In this case an unsymmetrical contact is considered and justified with the adhesion hysteresis. For soft solids as rubber and polymers the friction originates mainly from two different contributions: the internal friction due to the viscoelastic properties of the bulk and the adhesive processes at the interface of the two solids. In the paper the authors focus on the latter contribution to friction. It is known, indeed, that for soft solids, as rubber, the adhesion hysteresis is, at least qualitatively, related to friction: the larger the adhesion hysteresis the larger the friction. Several mechanisms may govern the adhesion hysteresis, such as the interdigitation process between the polymer chains, the local small-scale viscoelasticity or the local elastic instabilities. In the paper the authors propose a model to link, from the continuum mechanics point of view, the friction to the adhesion hysteresis. A simple one-length scale roughness model is considered having a sinusoidal profile. For partial contact conditions the detached zone is taken to be a mode I propagating crack. Due to the adhesion hysteresis, the crack is affected by two different values of the strain energy release rate at the advancing and receding edges respectively. As a result, an unsymmetrical contact and a friction force arise. Additionally, the stability of the equilibrium configurations is discussed and the adherence force for jumping out of contact and the critical load for snapping into full contact are estimated.     

Nanoindentation of polymers

This present work focuses on the surface characterization of reactor-thermoplastic-polyolefin copolymers (R-TPO) for automotive applications to deduce an appropriate parameter as a measure of the surface stickiness behavior. Therefore, nanoindentation experiments are performed and the well-known mechanical contact properties have been determined. Additional, it has been tried to measure an adhesion force between the indenter tip and the material’s surface. The adhesion force has been measured as negative force during unloading and is the tensile force needed to bring the indenter tip to the initial position. Moreover, the verification and correction of the viscoelastic effects have been considered.     

Nano-tribological study on a super-hydrophobic film formed on rough aluminium substrates

A novel super-hydrophobic stearic acid (STA) film with a water contact angle of 166^o was prepared by chemical adsorption on aluminum wafer coated with polyethyleneimine (PEI) film. The micro-tribological behavior of the super-hydrophobic STA monolayer was compared with that of the polished and PEI-coated Al surfaces. The effect of relative humidity on the adhesion and friction was investigated as well. It was found that the STA monolayer showed decreased friction, while the adhesive force was greatly decreased by increasing the surface roughness of the Al wafer to reduce the contact area between the atomic force microscope (AFM) tip and the sample surface to be tested. Thus the friction and adhesion of the Al wafer was effectively decreased by generating the STA monolayer, which indicated that it could be feasible and rational to prepare a surface with good adhesion resistance and lubricity by properly controlling the surface morphology and the chemical composition. Both the adhesion and friction decreased as the relative humidity was lowered from 65% to 10%, though the decrease extent became insignificant for the STA monolayer. The project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (50375151, 50323007, 10225209) and the Chinese Academy of Sciences (KJCX-SW-L2)     

An adhesive wear model of fractal surfaces in normal contact

A generalized adhesive wear analysis that takes into account the effect of interfacial adhesion on the total load was developed for three-dimensional fractal surfaces in normal contact. A wear criterion based on the critical contact area for fully-plastic deformation of the asperity contacts was used to model the removal of material from the contact interface. The fraction of fully-plastic asperity contacts, wear rate, and wear coefficient are expressed in terms of the total normal load (global interference), fractal (topography) parameters, elastic–plastic material properties, surface energy, material compatibility, and interfacial adhesion characteristics controlled by the environment of the interacting surfaces. Numerical results are presented for representative ceramic–ceramic, ceramic–metallic, and metal–metal contact systems to illustrate the dependence of asperity plastic deformation, wear rate, and wear coefficient on global interference, surface roughness, material properties, and work of adhesion (affected by the material compatibility and the environment of the contacting surfaces). The analysis yields insight into the effects of surface material properties and interfacial adhesion on the adhesive wear of rough surfaces in normal contact.     

Adhesive contact of an elastic semi-infinite solid with a rigid rough surface: Strength of adhesion and contact instabilities

The effect of adhesion on the contact behavior of elastic rough surfaces is examined within the framework of the multi-asperity contact model of Greenwood and Williamson (1966), known as the GW model. Adhesive surface interaction is modeled by nonlinear springs with a force–displacement relation governed by the Lennard–Jones (LJ) potential. Constitutive models are presented for contact systems characterized by low and high Tabor parameters, exhibiting continuous (stable) and discontinuous (unstable) surface approach, respectively. Constitutive contact relations are obtained by integrating the force–distance relation derived from the LJ potential with a finite element analysis of single-asperity adhesive contact. These constitutive relations are then incorporated into the GW model, and the interfacial force and contact area of rough surfaces are numerically determined. The development of attractive and repulsive forces at the contact interface and the occurrence of instantaneous surface contact (jump-in instability) yield a three-stage evolution of the contact area. It is shown that the adhesion parameter introduced by Fuller and Tabor (1975) governs the strength of adhesion of contact systems with a high Tabor parameter, whereas the strength of adhesion of contact systems with a low Tabor parameter is characterized by a new adhesion parameter, defined as the ratio of the surface roughness to the equilibrium interatomic distance. Applicable ranges of aforementioned adhesion parameters are interpreted in terms of the effective surface separation, obtained as the sum of the effective distance range of the adhesion force and the elastic deformation induced by adhesion. Adhesive strength of rough surfaces in the entire range of the Tabor parameter is discussed in terms of a generalized adhesion parameter, defined as the ratio of the surface roughness to the effective surface separation.     

定子表面织构对超声电机性能的影响

针对超声电机摩擦材料磨损严重和温升高的问题,采用在定子表面加工微织构的方法,提高了电机机械特性并降低了摩擦材料磨损. 首先,用显微镜测量超声电机定子表面摩擦材料黏着区域,设计出三种不同密度的凹坑织构,采用激光的方法加工在定子表面;然后,测试超声电机负载特性、效率特性和温升特性并观察定子表面. 结果表明:3-凹坑织构定子电机空载转速最高,相比光滑定子电机高出12.1%,5-凹坑织构定子电机堵转转矩和最大效率最高,分别高于光滑定子电机13.04%和17.1%,同时电机的温升也有所降低. 通过观察定子表面发现,凹坑织构有大幅降低摩擦材料黏着的作用,这种作用可以增加电机接触界面能量转换效率,提高了电机的性能并降低了摩擦材料的磨损.      

Adhesion of viscoelastic bodies

The influence of surface energy on the contact between viscoelastic bodies is investigated. An equation is derived for its effect upon the contact zone after reaching the equilibrium position. As an example of an application, the adhesion of a viscoelastic standard solid, which may be considered as a model of the mechanical properties of living cells, is described.