Aberration correction of conformal dome based on rotated cylindrical lenses for ultra-wide field of regard

A new compact conformal dome optical system was designed, and the aberration characteristics of the dome were investigated using Zernike aberration theory. The aberrations induced by the conformal dome at different fields of regard(FORs) from 0° to 90° were effectively balanced by a pair of rotating cylindrical lenses. A design method was introduced and the optimization results were analyzed in detail. The results showed that the Zernike aberrations produced by the conformal dome were decreased dramatically. Also, a complete conformal optical system was designed to further illustrate the aberration correction effect of the rotating cylindrical lenses. Using a pair of rotating cylindrical lenses not only provided an ultra-wide FOR, but also perduced a better image quality of the optical system.     

Non-approximate method for designing annular field of two-mirror concentric system

Annular field aberrations of a three-reflection concentric system,which are composed of two spherical mirrors,are analyzed.An annular field with a high level of aberration correction exists near the position where the principal ray is perpendicular to the object-image plane.Aberrations are determined by the object height and aperture angle.In this letter,the general expression of the system aberration is derived using the geometric method,and the non-approximate design method is proposed to calculate the radii of the annular fields that have minimum aberrations under different aperture angles.The closer to 0.5（the ratio of the radius of convex mirror to the radius of concave mirror）is,the smaller the system aberration is.The examples analyzed by LABVIEW indicate that the annular field designed by the proposed method has the smallest aberration in a given system.     

Optical system design with conformal decentered and tilted elements

We investigate the aberration properties of the conformal optical system with decentered and tilted elements by vector aberration theory.By decentering and tilting the window and corrector of the system,two elements are effectively used together in a particular manner by aberration compensation to achieve off-axis imaging.A conceptual design is performed with a half-field of 2° ,the F# of 4,and the wavelength ranging of 3700-4800 nm.The imaging quality can reach the optical diffraction limit and satisfy corresponding requirements.     

Detection of a longitudinal defect in a pipe based on guided circumferential waves techniques

Based on elasticity theory, the multi-modes and disperse characteristics of guided circumferential waves in a pipe were investigated theoretically and experimentally, the disperse curves of guided circumferential waves were gotten by numerical calculations. The relationships between the angle of beam transducer, frequency and guided circumferential modes were analyzed by our guided wave experiment system. Then single guided circumferential mode was excited in the pipe (O.D 88.8 mm, I.D 80.8 mm). An artificial longitudinal defect (25×1×0.7 mm) on the surface of the pipe was detected by use of the single guided circumferential wave. The results show that single guided circumferential mode can be excited in the pipe by choosing special frequency and special angle beam transducer, similar to the excitation of Lamb wave in a plate, and it can be used to find the longitudinal defect on a pipe surface.     

Compact freeform off-axis three-mirror imaging system based on the integration of primary and tertiary mirrors on one single surface

In this Letter, a novel and compact freeform off-axis three-mirror imaging system and its detailed design method are proposed. The primary mirror and tertiary mirror of the system have the same surface analytical expression and they are integrated on one single freeform surface. In this way, the alignment process is made much easier due to the much fewer degrees of freedom. In addition, the difficulty and cost for the data handling, fabrication,and testing of the freeform surfaces and system can also be significantly reduced in some cases, especially compared with the configuration having multiple surfaces of different expressions integrated on one monolithic substrate. The final system has a 100 mm effective focal length and a 4°× 3° field of view. The modulation transfer function of the system is close to the diffraction-limit.     

Three different low-temperature plasma-based methods for hydrophilicity improvement of polyethylene films at atmospheric pressure

Three different low-temperature plasma-based methods were used to improve the surface hydrophilicity of polyethy- lene （PE） films, and all the modification processes were carried out by employing an atmospheric pressure plasma jet （APPJ） system. （a） PE films were directly modified by APPJ using a gas mixture of He and 02. （b） Acrylic acid （AA） was introduced into the system and a polymer acrylic acid （PAA） coating was deposited onto the PE films. （c） AA was grafted onto the PE surface activated by plasma pre-treatment. It was found that the hydrophilicity of the PE films was significantly improved for all the three methods. However, the samples modified by Process （a） showed hydrophobicity recovery after a storage time of 20 days while no significant change was found in samples modified by Process （b） and Process （c）. The Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy （FTIR） results indicated that the most intensive C=O peak was detected on the PE surface modified by Process （c）. According to the X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy （XPS） analysis, the ratios of oxygen-containing polar groups for samples modified by Process （b） and Process （c） were higher than that modified by Process （a）.     

Conformal optical system design with a single fixed conic corrector

A conformal optical system refers to the one whose first optical surface conforms to both aerodynamic and imaging requirements. Appropriate correction is required because a conformal dome induces significant aberrations. This paper intends to explain that an effective solution to the easy-fabrication conic surface corrector compensates aberrations induced by a coaxial aspheric dome. A conformal optical system with an ellipsoid MgF₂ conformal dome, which has a fineness ratio of 2.0, is designed as an example. The field of regard angle is pm 30 degrees with a pm 2 degree instantaneous field of view. The system's ultimate value of modulation transfer function is close to the diffraction limit, which indicates that the performance of the conic conformal optical system with a fixed conic corrector meets the imaging requirements.     

Design of 20 mm~200 mm zoom objective lens for polarization imaging system北大核心CSCD

The zoom objective lens is an important part of the polarization imaging system. At present, the zoom objective lens on the market is relatively expensive due to the use of more aspheric surfaces. In order to reduce the processing cost of the polarization imaging system zoom objective lens, a 20 mm~200 mm zoom objective lens for polarization imaging system was designed. By using positive group compensation method and Zemax to optimize the zoom system, the final system used only 7 spherical lenses to achieve good image quality. The modulation transfer function (MTF) is greater than 0.3 at 120 lp/mm, the distortion is less than 4%, and the cam curve of the system is smooth without breakpoints. The system tolerance analysis results show that the tolerance range is set as follows: the aperture tolerance of the lens surface is 2, the thickness tolerance of the lens or air center is ±0.02 mm, the inclination tolerance of the lens surface center is ±0.025°, the lens assembly and adjustment tolerance is ± 0.025 mm, and the lens refractive index deviation is 0.002. The tolerance setting conforms to the component processing and system assembly and adjustment process, which has a certain reference value to reduce the cost of polarization imaging system. © 2022 Editorial office of Journal of Applied Optics. All rights reserved.     

Design of a hyper-numerical-aperture deep ultraviolet lithography objective with freeform surfaces

We have proposed and developed a design method of a freeform surfaces(FFSs) based hyper-numerical-aperture deep ultraviolet(DUV) projection objective(PO) with low aberration. With an aspheric initial configuration,lens-form parameters were used to determine the best position to remove elements and insert FFSs. The designed FFSs PO reduced two elements without increasing the total thickness of the glass materials. Compared with aspheric initial configuration, the wavefront error of the FFSs PO decreased from 0.006λ to 0.005λ, the distortion reduced from 1 to 0.5 nm, and the aspheric departure decreased from 1.7 to 1.35 mm. The results show that the design method of the FFSs PO is efficient and has improved the imaging performance of PO. The design method of FFSs PO provides potential solutions for DUV lithography with low aberrations at 10–5 nm nodes.     

利于像差校正的共形整流罩内表面面形设计

共形光学系统中,椭球形等厚度整流罩使入射的平行光线经过整流罩后不再平行,变为发散的光线,进而使系统像差急剧增加,不利于后续像差的校正。通过对等厚度共形整流罩的内表面进行重新设计,打破了共形整流罩的等厚度条件,从而在使用较少校正光学透镜的基础上实现了系统像差的校正。通过分析不同级次非球面分别作为整流罩内表面面形时的像差校正效果,确定了将6次非球面作为共形整流罩内表面面形初始结构。通过对内表面进行优化设计,最终得到整流罩内表面面形。结果表明,该方法有效地减小了共形整流罩引入的像差。最后使用固定校正器对内表面变化后的整流罩进行了像差校正,设计结果表明,内表面的改变有效地减少了光学元件数量,消像差效果良好。     

头盔式单目微光夜视仪中非球面物镜系统的设计

为提高头盔式微光夜视系统的成像质量，并满足整个夜视系统体积小、重量轻的指标要求，提出了非球面物镜系统的设计。通过在物镜系统中引入高次项非球面结构，不仅使系统成像质量在空间频率为40lp/mm时，轴上传递函数可以达到0.62，轴外可以达到0.42；而且光学系统的质量约为300g，物镜由原来的9片减少到6片，仪器总长由原来的81mm减少为72mm。设计结果表明，在头盔式单目微光夜视系统中采用非球面结构可以使系统的成像质量有很大提高，并可使系统结构大大简化。     

非球面数字波面检测技术

提出了一种快速检测浅度非球面（非球面度小于0.01 mm）的方法,该方法无需补偿器或其他辅助光学元件进行零位补偿。用移相干涉仪直接测量正轴或离轴的浅度凹非球面,剔除平移、倾斜、失焦等调整误差后,得到实际被测镜面的面形分布数据;根据正轴或离轴的浅度凹非球面矢高方程计算理想非球面的面形分布数据,得到理论波面数据,用实测的面形分布数据减去理论的面形分布数据即可得到被检非球面的剩余波像差,即面形误差。利用该方法测量了一口径为135 mm的双曲面,并用零位补偿法加以验证。两种方法的检测结果精度相当,说明数字波面法可实际应用于正轴或离轴的浅度凹非球面的检测。     

一种离轴计算全息图在凹非球面检测中的应用

为了精确检测大口径非球面面型质量,将CGH作为补偿器应用于凹非球面的离轴全息检测系统中.根据计算全息图的离轴全息检测系统检测凹非球面的基本原理,分析了离轴CGH的计算、制作过程,实现了对口径为150 mm,近轴半径为1499.7 mm,非球面系数为-1的凹非球面镜的检测.实验结果与轮廓仪检测结果吻合得很好.     

使用激光跟踪仪测量研磨阶段离轴非球面面形

为满足离轴非球面镜在光学检验前的面形检测需求,对使用激光跟踪仪测量离轴非球面的方法进行了研究。详细介绍了使用激光跟踪仪测量离轴非球面的检测步骤及数据处理方法。使用激光跟踪仪对一处于研磨阶段的口径为150 mm,顶点曲率半径为1200 mm,离轴量为240 mm的离轴抛物面镜进行了测量,进行了测量不确定度分析并与三坐标测量机的测量结果进行了比对。结果显示激光跟踪仪与三坐标测量机的面形测量峰谷值一致性优于1 μm。分析及实验结果表明此检测方法简单易行,灵活通用,适用于离轴非球面抛光前的面形检测。     

CCD摄像机大视场光学镜头的设计

为提高CCD摄像机的成像质量，同时使镜头结构紧凑、小型化，在大视场光学镜头的设计中，引入标准二次曲面和偶次非球面。根据初级像差理论，分析了非球面的位置、初始结构参数的求解规律。通过理论计算和ZEMAX光学设计软件的优化，给出工作波长为0.4～0.7μm、全视场角为80°，相对孔径为1∶1.5的镜头设计实例。该镜头由7块镜片组成，包括一个标准二次曲面和两个8次方非球面；在40lp/mm空间频率处的MTF值超过0.85，全视场畸变小于3％，像质优良     

静、动态目标模拟离轴三反光学系统设计

基于单色像差理论,确定同轴三反光学系统的初始结构参数,通过二次曲面系数为0的偶次非球面的高次项之间的平衡,校正离轴系统引起的非对称性像差,同时结合DMD(数字微镜器件)目标生成器,设计出一款采用离轴三反光学系统的平行光管,为坦克承载的被测光电设备提供室内模拟目标。本光学系统的设计指标是工作波段为0.2~1.2μm,有效焦距为3000mm,全视场为2°,F数为8。结果表明,系统各视场的波像差均优于λ/34(主波长λ=0.6328μm),传递函数MTF均优于0.71@36.5lp/mm,接近衍射极限,成像质量好。对系统进行公差分析之后,系统的传递函数值远优于0.6@36.5lp/mm,合理的公差分配使系统加工难度降低,装调检测更加方便容易。     

鱼眼镜头光学系统的非球面优化设计

应用非球面提高光学系统成像质量是镜头设计的常用手段。基于平面对称光学系统的波像差理论,通过分析鱼眼镜头各光学面的波像差贡献,将波像差贡献突出的光学面作为应用非球面的待选对象,结合波像差随非球面系数的变化趋势,确定应用非球面的光学面;应用优化算法和基于光线点列图分布定义的评价函数优化鱼眼镜头系统。通过对一个鱼眼镜头实例进行非球面优化,其点列图范围从全球面优化设计时的200 μm下降到100 μm,其评价函数值下降1个数量级,证明该方法能明显提高镜头的成像质量,对如何有效应用非球面优化鱼眼镜头的光学系统具有借鉴意义。     

声光可调谐滤波器成像光谱仪非球面光学系统设计

基于声光可调谐滤波器(AOTF)的工作原理,设计了一套工作在440～780nm的光谱成像光学系统。该光学系统通过引入一面偶次非球面提高了系统的成像质量,简化了镜头的结构,提高了光学系统的透射率。前置光学系统采用由一组双胶合透镜构成的像方远心光路。后置成像光学系统由一组三胶合透镜构成,其中包含一面非球面,根据非球面变形系数与初级像差间的贡献关系,完成了非球面及其位置的优化和对AOTF的+1级衍射光成像。光学系统在32lp/mm的空间频率下的调制传递函数(MTF)大于0.6,像质优良,加工装调公差适中。     

Shack-Hartmann波前传感器非零位在轴检测离轴非球面反射镜

在离轴非球面反射镜研磨后期和粗抛光阶段,被测反射镜面形与理想面形存在着较大的偏差,表面反射率较低,采用干涉测量会因局部区域干涉条纹过密或条纹对比度过低,造成普通干涉仪无法进行全口径测量,而普通接触式轮廓仪测量精度此时已经不能满足加工要求。鉴于Shack-Hartmann波前传感器较大的动态范围和较高的测量精度,提出了采用Shack-Hartmann波前传感器非零位在轴检测离轴非球面面形,研究了该方法的检测原理并搭建了检测系统,分析了系统误差来源,并制作了用于在轴检测离轴非球面的参考波前,对两个不同加工精度的离轴非球面反射镜进行了测量,并与干涉仪的测量结果进行了对比。对比结果表明,Shack-Hartmann波前传感器的测量结果是正确可靠的,并且可以弥补轮廓仪测量和干涉仪测量的不足,从而证明了采用Shack-Hartmann波前传感器在轴检测离轴非球面的可行性和正确性。