Technical and economic operation parameters of a high-temperature plasma plant for production and consumption waste conversion (calculation results and their analysis)

Principal technical and economic operation parameters of the high-temperature plasma waste conversion plant (production of electricity, heat, and basaltiform slag, amount of waste disposed, profitability, payback period, etc.) are presented. The combination of plasma waste conversion and electricity generation with the help of the self-produced pyrolysis gas provides a high profitability index and an acceptable payback period.     

Hydrophobic Derivatization of <Emphasis Type="Italic">N</Emphasis>-linked Glycans for Increased Ion Abundance in Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry

A library of neutral, hydrophobic reagents was synthesized for use as derivatizing agents in order to increase the ion abundance of N-linked glycans in electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI MS). The glycans are derivatized via hydrazone formation and are shown to increase the ion abundance of a glycan standard more than 4-fold. Additionally, the data show that the systematic addition of hydrophobic surface area to the reagent increases the glycan ion abundance, a property that can be further exploited in the analysis of glycans. The results of this study will direct the future synthesis of hydrophobic reagents for glycan analysis using the correlation between hydrophobicity and theoretical non-polar surface area calculation to facilitate the development of an optimum tag for glycan derivatization. The compatibility and advantages of this method are demonstrated by cleaving and derivatizing N-linked glycans from human plasma proteins. The ESI-MS signal for the tagged glycans are shown to be significantly more abundant, and the detection of negatively charged sialylated glycans is enhanced.     

Derivative spectrophotometric analysis of benzophenone (as an impurity) in phenytoin

Background

Biomass and municipal solid waste offer sustainable sources of energy; for example to meet heat and electricity demand in the form of combined cooling, heat and power. Combustion of biomass has a lesser impact than solid fossil fuels (e.g. coal) upon gas pollutant emissions, whilst energy recovery from municipal solid waste is a beneficial component of an integrated, sustainable waste management programme. Concurrent combustion of these fuels using a fluidised bed combustor may be a successful method of overcoming some of the disadvantages of biomass (high fuel supply and distribution costs, combustion characteristics) and characteristics of municipal solid waste (heterogeneous content, conflict with materials recycling). It should be considered that combustion of municipal solid waste may be a financially attractive disposal route if a 'gate fee' value exists for accepting waste for combustion, which will reduce the net cost of utilising relatively more expensive biomass fuels.

Results

Emissions of nitrogen monoxide and sulphur dioxide for combustion of biomass are suppressed after substitution of biomass for municipal solid waste materials as the input fuel mixture. Interactions between these and other pollutants such as hydrogen chloride, nitrous oxide and carbon monoxide indicate complex, competing reactions occur between intermediates of these compounds to determine final resultant emissions.

Conclusions

Fluidised bed concurrent combustion is an appropriate technique to exploit biomass and municipal solid waste resources, without the use of fossil fuels. The addition of municipal solid waste to biomass combustion has the effect of reducing emissions of some gaseous pollutants.     

Products of high-temperature plasma conversion of solid production and consumption wastes. Comparative quality assessment of plasma conversion and incineration products

The plasma technology provides the possibility to prevent hazardous industrial waste formation. Moreover, it is reasonable to include into the pyrogas treatment technology the catalytic stages of steam and carbon dioxide reforming and Fischer-Tropsch hydrocarbon synthesis. Plasma technology allows waste to serve as an inexhaustible source of raw materials for production of electricity, hydrogen, and fuels.     

Continuous‐Flow Electrochemical Generator of Hypervalent Iodine Reagents: Synthetic Applications

An efficient and reliable electrochemical generator of hypervalent iodine reagents has been developed. In the anodic oxidation of iodoarenes to hypervalent iodine reagents under flow conditions, the use of electricity replaces hazardous and costly chemical oxidants. Unstable hypervalent iodine reagents can be prepared easily and coupled with different substrates to achieve oxidative transformations in high yields. The unstable, electrochemically generated reagents can also easily be transformed into classic bench‐stable hypervalent iodine reagents through ligand exchange. The combination of electrochemical and flow‐chemistry advantages largely improves the ecological footprint of the overall process compared to conventional approaches.     

Microwave-assisted silica-supported aluminum chloride-catalyzed Friedel-Crafts alkylation

Microwave irradiation is a popular method in organic synthesis to achieve high yields in shorter reaction times. This decreases total ‘man-hours’ in a synthetic setting. Another technique used in organic chemistry to decrease manual manipulations, is solid support reagents. The benefits of this approach is that upon completion of a reaction, a simple filtration can be performed which expedites the work-up and also produces less organic waste. Friedel-Crafts alkylation has been explored using microwave chemistry as well as with solid-supported reagents. In comparison with traditional heating, as well as with AlCl₃, superior yields were observed with silica-gel bound aluminum chloride (Si-AlCl_x) when microwave irradiated for only 5 min.     

双极膜电渗析法处理工业高盐香料废水

采用双极膜电渗析法处理某企业的工业高盐香料废水,旨在将无机盐氯化钠从香料废水中脱除并转化为附加值更高、较高浓度的盐酸和氢氧化钠. 当一次性处理3 L废水时,保证了足够的处理时间,生成盐酸和氢氧化钠的浓度分别能达到1.93 mol·L^-1和1.70 mol·L^-1,脱盐率为99.4%,生成盐酸和氢氧化钠的电流效率分别为30.7%和36.0%,电耗为2.58 kW·h·kg^-1. 分别通过向盐室中补加废水原料和氯化钠固体的方式,均可抑制盐室中氯化钠浓度的减小,将生成的氢氧化钠浓度显著地提高,且后者提高的程度更为明显. 为提高酸、碱产品的纯度,分别考察了阳离子交换膜和阴离子交换膜对Cl^-和Na⁺的阻隔效果,阳离子交换膜对Cl-的阻隔效果有着JAM-II>N2030>TRJCM的顺序,阴离子交换膜JAM-II对Na⁺的阻隔效果高于TRJAM. JCM-II相比于N2030膜有着更低的膜电阻. 综合考虑使用JAM-II/BPM-I/JCM-II组合时效果最好,电耗最低.     

An air-carrier continuous analysis system

An air-carrier continuous analysis system (ACCAS) is introduced that permits the reaction of a fixed volume of a sample with fixed volumes of one or more reagents, either simultaneously or sequentially. ACCAS is envisioned as a complement to segmented continuous-flow analysis (SCFA) and flow-injection analysis (FIA). ACCAS is capable of high throughput rates ( approximately 3600 samples/hr) and low waste generation.     

Chemoselective Coupling of π-Systems to Access Metallated 1,4- or 1,5-Skipped Dienes in Multicomponent Reactions

Integrating distinct unsaturated C−C systems while simultaneously installing metallic groups has been significantly challenging to execute in a multicomponent reaction. Therefore, designing a suitable mechanistic pathway that provides the required reactivity and selectivity for target C−C bonds with metallic reagents to ensure successful coupling is the key to success. Copper-catalyzed borylallylation and silylallylation have emerged as the most efficient strategies for assembling borylated/silylated skipped (1,4 or 1,5) dienes by catalytically combining an organocopper intermediate with allyl electrophiles. However, reactions involving interelemental reagents (e. g., [Si]−[B]) to accomplish intermolecular atom-economic couplings have not been studied thoroughly. Therefore, to aid the development of new transformations in this research area, this article attempts to include all precedents, including recent studies by the authors. The present Concept article may be helpful for researchers working in this area as it provides a basic conceptual framework.     

炔酰胺类缩合剂研究进展

缩合剂是指用于促成羧酸与胺或者醇直接缩合构建酰胺键或酯键的一类试剂的总称.由于酰胺和酯的重要性,缩合剂的开发成为了学术界与工业界广泛关注的一个重要研究方向.多肽合成就是α-氨基酸在缩合剂的作用下反复形成酰胺键的过程,因此,缩合剂在多肽合成中发挥着至关重要的作用.当前多肽合成所使用的试剂和技术大多是20世纪50~80年代发展起来的,这些试剂和技术的天生弊端逐渐显现出来.比如传统多肽缩合剂过度活化α-氨基酸而诱发的外消旋化和其它副反应导致的副产物成为药物多肽生产过程中一个极为关切的问题.另外固相多肽合成的低原子经济性给可持续发展带来了极大的挑战.这些问题只能依靠原始创新的颠覆性技术和全新的缩合方法来解决.我们课题组致力于通过发展新试剂和新反应来解决多肽与蛋白质化学合成领域的难题.本文系统介绍了我们发展的一种结构全新的炔酰胺类缩合试剂及其在酰胺、酯、大环内酯、多肽、硫代多肽合成中的应用研究进展.     

The Asymmteric Syntheses of Alkaloids via Electro-Oxidation of Aza-Rings

Recently, we found the N-(hydroxyalkyl) aza-rings 1 can produce 2-oxazolidine 2 through electrolysis. With the chiral side chain, the 2-oxazolidine 2 can generate a new chiral center at the 0-aminocarbon when treated with Grignard reagents. Repeat the process of electro-oxidation and substitution by Grignard reagents, we can prepare the two most popular alkaloids bases, pyrroliding and piperidine, with substitutions in an enantioselective fashion. This presentation will discuss the efficiency of electro-oxidation of aza-ring compounds in terms of the oxidation conditions, such as the applied potential, quantity of electricity, solvent effect,and temperature effect. Meanwhile, several demonstrative syntheses of chiral alkaloids, such as Monomorine,(-)-pyrroliding 197B, and(-)-Solenopsin A, will also be presented.     

Hypervalent iodine chemistry in synthesis: scope and new directions

The impressive development of hypervalent iodine chemistry in recent years is reflected by the number of publications in this area. Although the synthesis of the first hypervalent iodine compound dates back more than 100 years, the investigation of the reactivities of these compounds and their efficient use as metal-free reagents in organic synthesis is still ongoing. This contribution summarizes recent achievements and highlights key findings and developments that will influence future research and lead to novel applications of hypervalent iodine reagents in synthesis.     

高校化学教学实验室小型试剂库改造

有机化学实验是培养学生掌握实验基本技能和技术、提高动手能力的必修课。有机化学实验产生的废液成分复杂,尽管目前广大师生的环保意识比较强,实验室废液能够做到分类收集并交由有资质的公司进行处理,但是完全依赖环保公司的处理成本比较高。因此我们尝试对有机化学实验室产生的废液进行实验室原点处理,真正做到谁污染、谁治理,有效降低废液的处理成本,并实现有机试剂的循环使用。     

Environmentally Benign,Rapid, and Selective Extraction of Gold from Ores and Waste Electronic Materials

The extraction of gold from ores and electronic waste is an important topic worldwide, as this precious metal has immense value in a variety of fields. However, serious environmental pollution and high energy consumption due to the use of toxic oxidation reagents and harsh reaction conditions is a well‐known problem in the gold industry. Herein, we report a new chemical method based on the combined use of N ‐bromosuccinimide (NBS) and pyridine (Py), which has a greatly decreased environmental impact and reagent cost, as well as mild reaction requirements. This method can directly leach Au⁰ from gold ore and electronic waste to form Au^III in water. The process is achieved in a yield of approximately 90 % at room temperature and a nearly neutral pH. The minimum dose of NBS/Py is as low as 10 mm , which exhibits low toxicity towards mammalian cells and animals as well as aquatic creatures. The high leaching selectivity of Au over other metals during gold leaching is demonstrated, showing that this method has great potential for practical industrial application towards the sustainable refining of gold from ores and electronic waste.     

Environmentally Benign,Rapid, and Selective Extraction of Gold from Ores and Waste Electronic Materials

The extraction of gold from ores and electronic waste is an important topic worldwide, as this precious metal has immense value in a variety of fields. However, serious environmental pollution and high energy consumption due to the use of toxic oxidation reagents and harsh reaction conditions is a well‐known problem in the gold industry. Herein, we report a new chemical method based on the combined use of N ‐bromosuccinimide (NBS) and pyridine (Py), which has a greatly decreased environmental impact and reagent cost, as well as mild reaction requirements. This method can directly leach Au⁰ from gold ore and electronic waste to form Au^III in water. The process is achieved in a yield of approximately 90 % at room temperature and a nearly neutral pH. The minimum dose of NBS/Py is as low as 10 mm , which exhibits low toxicity towards mammalian cells and animals as well as aquatic creatures. The high leaching selectivity of Au over other metals during gold leaching is demonstrated, showing that this method has great potential for practical industrial application towards the sustainable refining of gold from ores and electronic waste.     

Recent Advances of the Halogen–Zinc Exchange Reaction

For the preparation of zinc organometallics bearing highly sensitive functional groups such as ketones, aldehydes or nitro groups, especially mild halogen–zinc exchange reagents have proven to be of great potential. In this Minireview, the latest research in the area of the halogen–zinc exchange reaction is reported, with a special focus lying on novel dialkylzinc reagents complexed with lithium alkoxides. Additionally, the preparation and application of organofluorine zinc reagents and transition-metal-catalyzed halogen–zinc exchange reactions are reviewed.     

Optimization of double chamber microbial fuel cell for domestic wastewater treatment and electricity production

Microbial fuel cells (MFCs) represent a new approach for treating waste water along with electricity production. The present study addressed electricity production from domestic wastewater using a mediator-less double chamber MFC. The electricity production was monitored under different operational conditions for both summer and winter samples. Optimization of the anodic and cathodic chambers resulted in a maximal current of 0.784 and 0.645 mA with the maximal power intensity of 209 and 117 mW/m² in power duration of 24 h for the summer and winter samples, respectively. Scanning electron microscopy showed that the bacterial biofilm formation on the anode was denser for the summer sample than that when the winter sample was used, so was the total bacterial count. Therefore, samples taken during summer were considered better in electricity production and waste water treatment than those taken during winter basically because of the high microbial load during the hot season. In parallel, there was a decrease in both biological oxygen demand (BOD₅) and chemical oxygen demand (COD) values which reached 71.8% and 72.85%, respectively at the end of the operation process for the summer sample, while there was no evident decrease for the winter sample. Optimizing the operating conditions not only increased the potential of using domestic waste water in microbial fuel cells to produce electricity, but also improved the quality of the domestic waste water.     

Determination of chelating agents and metal chelates by capillary zone electrophoresis

Aminopolycarboxylic acids such as diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA) are commonly used as chelating agents in many pulp and paper industries, particularly as scavengers of metal ions which catalyze the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide used as a bleaching agent. Concern for the effect of waste DTPA in the aquatic environment has led to a need for the development of methods to determine its levels in waste water. This paper describes the determination of free DTPA and several metal-DTPA complexes in water and waste water by capillary zone electrophoresis. The optimization of separation conditions included the selection of an appropriate carrier electrolyte composition (pH, organic solvents, ion-pairing reagents) and the systematic investigations of selective complexation of free DTPA as well as metal exchange reactions for metal-DTPA complexes in order to achieve selective and sensitive direct UV detection. The determination of DTPA in waste water from a paper mill was possible in the low ppm range.     

Microscale synthesis system for regulation and prediction of metal organic framework morphologies

Metal organic frameworks (MOFs) have attracted lot of attention. Traditional synthesis processes are usually conducted in beaker systems that always result in high reagents cost and time waste. Here, we introduce a microscale synthesis platform that integrated ultrasound unit array to solve the micro-stirring problem, and explore the influences of multi-parameters on the synthesis of Cu-MOFs. On such platform, the mini-pillars with high adhesion ability can be used for anchoring microdroplets (1–20 μL), and the ultrasound unit is applied for rapid micro-stirring of reagents. Such an integrated platform with low consumption of reagents can explore the influences of multiple synthesis parameters (e.g., ultrasound time and power, reagents concentration, solvents ratios, environmental humidity, and temperature) for precisely controlling and guiding Cu-MOF synthesis, and further to predict the specific Cu-MOFs nanostructures fabrication based on the miniature model database. We expect that such a platform can help the researchers to explore the relationships between the final morphology and input parameters, so as to achieve accurate material synthesis, which holds great potentials in future fully automated and robot-based laboratory.     

Zintl phases for thermoelectric devices

By converting waste heat into electricity and improving the efficiency of refrigeration systems, thermoelectric devices could play a significant role in solving today's energy problems. Increasing the thermoelectric efficiency (as measured by the thermoelectric material's figure-of-merit, zT) is critical to the development of this technology. Complex Zintl phases, in particular, make ideal candidates for thermoelectric materials because the necessary "electron-crystal, phonon-glass" properties can be engineered with an understanding of the Zintl chemistry. A recent example is the discovery that Yb(14)MnSb(11), a transition metal Zintl compound, has twice the zT as the material currently in use at NASA. This perspective outlines a strategy to discover new high zT materials in Zintl phases, and presents results pointing towards the success of this approach.