有机线粒体及线粒体巯基荧光探针研究进展

线粒体是一种重要的细胞器,对细胞的存亡起着至关重要的作用,与细胞凋亡和分化、机体衰老、老年痴呆、癌症等密切相关。同时线粒体内许多活性小分子对生命过程也起着至关重要的影响,其中线粒体内巯基分子,如半胱氨酸、高半胱氨酸和还原谷胱甘肽等,在细胞生理和病理过程中发挥着重要作用。因此,可视化监测线粒体自身及内部巯基分子对于生命现象的研究以及疾病的诊断与治疗具有重要的科学意义。荧光分析法具有灵敏度高、选择性好、检测成本低以及对生物体损伤小等优点而得到了广泛的研究和应用。双光子荧光探针技术具有高度的三维空间选择性、大的穿透深度、避免荧光漂白和光致毒以及降低组织自发荧光干扰等特点,为生命科学的研究提供了重要工具。介绍了有机单光子和双光子线粒体以及线粒体巯基荧光探针的研究现状,同时展望了它们今后的研究方向。     

有机巯基小分子生物荧光探针研究进展

生命体内许多重要的巯基小分子,如半胱氨酸(Cysteine,Cys)、同型半胱氨酸(Homocysteine,Hcy)和还原谷胱甘肽(Glutathione,GSH)等,在维持生命体系中的氧化还原平衡发挥着重要作用。因此,定量检测和专一性识别巯基生物分子在生物医学研究中具有非常重要的意义。荧光分析法具有操作简便、灵敏度高、选择性好、实时检测以及对生物体损伤小等优点而受到广泛关注。双光子荧光探针技术相对于单光子荧光技术具有长波吸收,短波发射、高度的三维空间选择性、大的穿透深度、避免荧光漂白和光致毒以及降低组织自发荧光干扰等特点,在生命科学领域具有广阔的应用前景。介绍了有机单光子和双光子巯基小分子荧光探针的研究现状,同时展望了有机巯基小分子荧光探针未来的研究方向。     

用于检测生物体系中线粒体活性氧的荧光探针（英文）

线粒体不仅是细胞的能量单元,还是重要的活性氧产生场所。线粒体内的活性氧与正常的生理功能和人类疾病具有紧密的联系,包括细胞信号传导,损伤核酸蛋白质以及诱导氧化应激。然而,线粒体活性氧和细胞病态之间的复杂联系还研究得不够透彻。有效检测线粒体内活性氧的手段有助于研究线粒体内活性氧在各种人类疾病中所起的作用。近年来,发展了许多具有高灵敏度和选择性的荧光探针用于检测线粒体内活性氧。基于这一点,我们综述了用于选择性检测线粒体内活性氧的小分子荧光探针的研究进展,并详细讨论了荧光探针的设计、合成、特点及其应用。     

双光子荧光探针在生物传感中的应用

荧光探针由于其灵敏度高、选择性好等优势已经成为研究复杂生物系统的有力工具。和单光子荧光探针相比,双光子荧光探针由于其激发光源较大的穿透深度、低的组织自发荧光干扰以及较好的空间选择性在生物传感中发挥着不可替代的重要作用。在本篇综述中,我们从双光子荧光探针的设计原理出发,系统全面地介绍了双光子荧光探针在金属离子、细胞微环境、活性物质(包含活性氧、活性氮、活性硫)、酶和亚细胞器(线粒体、溶酶体)等检测中的应用研究。在此之后,展望了有机双光子荧光探针在开发和应用方面尚待科学界解决的关键机遇和挑战。     

线粒体荧光探针研究新进展

近年来,许多基于有机小分子既能定位于线粒体又能够检测线粒体内各类活性小分子的双功能线粒体荧光探针被相继报道,成功地实现了线粒体内多种活性物种的检测和可视化成像,这些物种包括活性氧、还原性物种、金属离子、质子、阴离子等.为进一步对线粒体内特定活性小分子进行组织及活体内无创检测与成像,性能优良的双光子及近红外探针的设计合成备受瞩目.围绕近年来出现的线粒体荧光探针依据检测对象进行总结与评述,展望了线粒体荧光探针在癌症等病症的前期诊断和后期治疗方面的发展趋势.     

有机双光子线粒体内活性氧荧光探针研究进展

作为真核细胞中最重要的细胞器,线粒体不仅在细胞能量代谢中发挥着重要作用,而且是细胞中活性氧(ROS)的主要来源。细胞内ROS在人体生理和病理过程中发挥着重要作用。大量研究表明,ROS与机体衰老、老年痴呆症、心血管疾病、癌症、神经退行性疾病等密切相关。因此,细胞内ROS的研究引起了人们越来越广泛的关注。荧光成像检测由于具有灵敏度高、操作简单、较高的时间和空间分辨率以及对生物体损伤小等优点而成为检测生物活性分子一种强有力的工具。介绍了有机双光子吸收过程,分析了有机双光子线粒体内ROS荧光探针的研究现状,同时对其今后的发展趋势进行了展望。     

细胞与活体中小分子荧光成像研究进展

本文根据检测活性小分子的类别,概要介绍了近年来分子荧光探针针对还原性活性小分子、氧化性活性小分子、金属离子以及p H的细胞与活体荧光成像研究进展。最后对细胞、活体内活性小分子荧光成像研究领域提出展望。引用文献75篇。     

有机小分子荧光探针对甲醛的识别及其应用

甲醛不仅用作工业化学品,也是调节人体生理活动的必要代谢产物。但是,人体从外环境过量的摄入甲醛或者内环境甲醛代谢的不平衡,会造成器官癌变和老年痴呆等重大疾病。有机小分子荧光探针以其高灵敏度、高选择性、可视化和原位检测等特点,使其在生物体内外甲醛检测和生物成像领域具有应用优势,同时也为实际产品中甲醛的痕量检测提供一种新方法。近五年来,甲醛荧光探针得到了快速的发展。本文主要从甲醛荧光探针的反应类型、生物体中甲醛的荧光成像以及在实际样品(商品)检测应用三个方面,介绍有机小分子荧光探针对甲醛的识别和应用。最后总结指出,不同类型的有机小分子荧光探针在不断开发、结构优化和光学性能提升及满足辅助生物医学方向长期性研究的同时,也能拓展应用范围,达到短期内对实际产品中甲醛快速(原位)检测的目的。     

基于Nile Red的线粒体靶向性增强型硫化氢荧光探针及其细胞成像

硫化氢作为一类重要的信号分子, 除了在神经系统、炎症应激和心血管等生理系统方面发挥着调控作用之外, 还对线粒体ATP酶的活性和抗氧化应激起着重要的调节作用. 为了实时定量的检测线粒体中的硫化氢, 本文报道了一个可以定位于线粒体并检测外源硫化氢的荧光增强型荧光探针NRS. 探针NRS以尼尔红为母体通过引入吸电子的2,4-二硝基苯结构单元构建了基于光诱导电子转移(PET)机理的荧光探针. 探针NRS表现出快速的硫化氢响应性和较高的硫化氢选择性, 不受其他活性氧、活性氮、阴离子以及金属离子等物种的干扰. 随着硫化钠的加入, 探针NRS的最大吸收峰由565 nm蓝移至550 nm, 溶液由紫色变为红色; 同时在640 nm处的荧光光谱强度不断增强, 当硫化钠的浓度处于32～176 μmol·L^-1范围内, 荧光强度与硫化钠的浓度呈现出较好的线性关系. 细胞染色实验表明, 探针NRS能够进入到细胞内部, 具有细胞膜的透过性; 与Rh123进行共定位成像进一步证明探针NRS能够定位于细胞的线粒体中并检测硫化氢.     

基于三苯基磷的线粒体靶向荧光探针研究进展

简述了线粒体内各种相关活性物质及实时变化是探索生命体奥秘的重要组成部分,而化学荧光探针则是研究该领域的重要工具之一。近年来,具有定位和检测双功能的线粒体荧光探针被相继报道,其中,基于三苯基磷的线粒体靶向荧光探针因具有良好检测性能而成为当前研究的热点。综述了近十年以三苯基磷为定位基团的线粒体靶向体荧光探针在检测活性氧和还原性物质等方面的研究进展,并归纳了文献报道中各探针的特点,以期为进一步探索构建新的线粒体靶向荧光探针提供借鉴与参考。     

国内光催化研究进展简述

分1975~1985, 1985~1995和1995~2012三个时期简要介绍了国内光催化研究进展, 主要侧重于光催化材料及其改性、应用和反应机理方面的研究进展, 并指出了当前光催化领域存在的一些重要问题和未来的发展趋势, 涉及到光解水、CO₂还原、环境净化和选择性有机合成等方面.     

青蒿素研究进展

青蒿素是目前治疗疟疾的特效药。本文对自青蒿素发现以来的最新研究进展进行了比较详尽的综述。内容包括: 青蒿素的发现及历史, 青蒿素的来源, 青蒿素的全合成,青蒿素的生物合成, 青蒿素衍生物以及植物组织培养生产青蒿素。     

Reactions in droplets in microfluidic channels

Fundamental and applied research in chemistry and biology benefits from opportunities provided by droplet-based microfluidic systems. These systems enable the miniaturization of reactions by compartmentalizing reactions in droplets of femoliter to microliter volumes. Compartmentalization in droplets provides rapid mixing of reagents, control of the timing of reactions on timescales from milliseconds to months, control of interfacial properties, and the ability to synthesize and transport solid reagents and products. Droplet-based microfluidics can help to enhance and accelerate chemical and biochemical screening, protein crystallization, enzymatic kinetics, and assays. Moreover, the control provided by droplets in microfluidic devices can lead to new scientific methods and insights.     

Interpretation of inorganic arsenic metabolism in humans in the light of observations made in vitro and in vivo in the rat

The toxicity of inorganic trivalent arsenic for living organisms is reduced by in vivo methylation of the element. In man, this biotransformation leads to the synthesis of monomethylarsonic (MMA) and dimethylarsinic (DMA) acids, which are efficiently eliminated in urine along with the unchanged form (As_i). In order to document the methylation process in humans, the kinetics of As_i, MMA and DMA elimination were studied in volunteers given a single dose of one of these three arsenicals or repeated doses of As_i. The arsenic methylation efficiency was also assessed in subjects acutely intoxicated with arsenic trioxide (As₂O₃) and in patients with liver diseases. Several observations in humans can be explained by the properties of the enzymic systems involved in the methylation process which we have characterized in vitro and in vivo in rats as follows: (1) production of As_i metabolites is catalyzed by an enzymic system whose activity is highest in liver cytosol; (2) different enzymic activities, using the same methyl group donor (S-adenosylmethionine), lead to the production of mono- and di-methylated derivatives which are excreted in urine as MMA and DMA; (3) dimethylating activity is highly sensitive to inhibition by excess of inorganic arsenic; (4) reduced glutathione concentration in liver moderates the arsenic methylation process through several mechanisms, e.g. stimulation of the first methylation reaction leading to MMA, facilitation of As_i uptake by hepatocytes, stimulation of the biliary excretion of the element, reduction of pentavalent forms before methylation, and protection of a reducing environment in the cells necessary to maintain the activity of the enzymic systems.     

Recent Advances in Analytical Methodology for in vivo Electrochemistry in Mammals

Electrochemistry is one of the most advanced techniques for monitoring neurochemical activities in the living brain because electrochemical approaches bear the advantageous features of high spatial and temporal resolutions, which facilitate its tremendous potential in investigating the highly spatially heterogeneous brain system and the fast dynamics of neurochemical activities. On the other hand, since brain is the most complicated organ in the sense of its numerous kinds of neurochemical species, high selectivity is always required for any analytical methods that approach the brain. In this review, we will discuss various electrochemical methodologies to achieve selective detection of neurochemicals in mammalian brain and the strategies developed mainly by our group towards selective monitoring of both electrochemically active and inactive neurochemicals. At the end, we will discuss possible solutions towards brain mapping of neurochemical species and combination of neurochemical detection strategy with electrophysiology as the direction of future development of electroanalysis in living brain.     

乙基香兰素研究前景

报导了近几十年来国内外关于乙基香兰素的研究进展与动态,并简单介绍了本文作者在该方面所取得的研究成果,参考文献33篇。     

Gemini表面活性剂合成进展

系统总结了近百种Gemini表面活性剂的合成路线和方法,并且按照其结构特点分门别类地进行比较和归纳,对今后Gemini表面活性剂的合成发展方向提出了一些看法,这对促进此类新颖表面活性剂的工业化进程将具有指导意义。     

钙与人体及临床

钙是宏量元素，是人体中含量较高的元素之一，体内99％的钙构成骨骼和牙齿以及维持骨骼结构，1％的钙调节人体重要生理功能。钙的含量过高或过低都与许多疾病有关，只有保持一种平衡状态，才能使机体处于正常环境。     

Trends in education in analytical chemistry

Summary At the session of the WPAC of Fechem on education in analytical chemistry it was concluded that it is now essential to include chemometrics and basic knowledge of computers in all courses on analytical chemistry.

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Tendenzen in der analytisch-chemischen Ausbildung

Zusammenfassung Bei einer Tagung der WPAC über die Lehre auf dem Gebiet der analytischen Chemie wurde bei der Betrachtung neuer Aspekte festgestellt, daß vor allem Chemometrie und Grundkenntnisse in Computertechnik in die Ausbildung aufgenommen werden sollten.

     

AGET ATRP in the Presence of Air in Miniemulsion and in Bulk

Summary: The recently developed initiation system, activators generated by electron transfer (AGET), is used in atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) in the presence of a limited amount of air. Ascorbic acid and tin(II ) 2‐ethylhexanoate are used as reducing agents in miniemulsion and bulk, respectively. An excess of reducing agent consumes the oxygen present in the system and, therefore, provides a deoxygenated environment for ATRP. ATRP of butyl acrylate is successfully carried out in miniemulsion and in the presence of air. During polymerization the radical concentration remains constant. The polymerization reaches over 60% monomer conversion after 6 h, which results in polymers with a predetermined molecular weight = 14 000 g · mol⁻¹ and a low polydispersity ( = 1.23). AGET ATRP of styrene is also successful in bulk in the presence of air, as evidenced by linear semi‐logarithmic kinetics, which leads to polystyrene with an of 13 400 g · mol⁻¹ and a low polydispersity index ( = 1.14).

Appearance of miniemulsion before and after the reducing agent ascorbic acid was added (left); and GPC traces representing molecular weights during the AGET ATRP of BA in miniemulsion in the presence of air (right).