液相色谱-四极杆/飞行时间高分辨质谱组合化学计量学方法快速筛查婴幼儿配方乳粉中化学危害物

采用液相色谱-四极杆/飞行时间(LC-Triple TOF^®)高分辨质谱组合化学计量学方法建立了婴幼儿配方乳粉中化学危害物的快速筛查模型。实验采用人工添加外源化学物质(沙丁胺醇、林可霉素、磺胺嘧啶、螺旋霉素、双氯西林和醋酸甲地孕酮)模拟婴幼儿配方乳粉中未知化学危害物污染,15种不同的乳粉等量混合后用水复溶,配制代表性乳粉溶液样品。依据添加与否将样品分为参照组(不含添加的化合物)和添加组。乳粉溶液试样加入乙腈进行提取,经Captiva ND^Lipids固相萃取柱净化,CORTECS^TM UPLC C₁₈₊柱液相色谱分离,以0.3%(v/v)甲酸-5%(v/v)水-乙腈溶液和0.3%(v/v)甲酸-5%(v/v)乙腈-水溶液为流动相梯度洗脱;飞行时间质谱全扫描(TOF MS)-信息依赖性采集(IDA)-子离子扫描(product ion scan)正离子模式采集样品数据。数据经MarkerView^TM软件预处理后导入SIMCA-P软件,对比分析参照组和添加组样品数据,拟合构建正交偏最小二乘法-判别分析(OPLS-DA)模型,并利用此模型进行样品组别区分和添加化合物识别。结果表明,实验构建的筛查模型拟合度和预测能力良好(R²X(cum)=0.742, R²Y(cum)=0.997, Q²Y(cum)=0.905),参照组和添加组样品被显著区分,6种添加的化合物(最低添加水平为50 μg/kg,以乳粉计)全部被可靠地识别。该研究建立的方法为婴幼儿配方乳粉质量安全主动分析监控体系提供了有益技术参考。     

正相液相色谱法测定婴幼儿配方乳粉中1,3-二油酸-2-棕榈酸甘油三酯

建立并比较了正相色谱与反相色谱测定婴幼儿配方乳粉中1,3-二油酸-2-棕榈酸甘油三酯的方法。利用乙醚和石油醚提取婴幼儿配方乳粉中的油脂,经旋转蒸发浓缩后,分别采用银离子色谱柱和C18色谱柱,配合蒸发光散射检测器检测。其中采用银离子色谱柱以二氯甲烷-丙酮为流动相梯度洗脱的正相色谱法完全分离了1,3-二油酸-2-棕榈酸甘油三酯(OPO)和1,2-二油酸-3-棕榈酸甘油三酯(OOP)两种同分异构体,方法的重复性和线性关系良好,回收率为93.0%~101.5%,精密度(RSD)为2.89%~4.56%,检出限为20 mg/kg。该方法可准确测定婴幼儿配方乳粉中OPO的含量。     

梯度洗脱优化-离子色谱-脉冲安培法分析婴幼儿配方乳粉中的糖和糖醇

建立了梯度洗脱优化-离子色谱-脉冲安培检测技术分析婴幼儿配方乳粉中麦芽糖醇、半乳糖、葡萄糖、蔗糖、果糖、乳糖6种与代谢疾病紧密相关的糖和糖醇的方法。该方法对样品的前处理、色谱柱的选择、淋洗液的梯度等色谱条件进行了优化,重点研究了淋洗液梯度对各组分分离效果的影响。将梯度洗脱程序分解为弱保留组分分离、乳糖分离、基质消除、系统平衡4个子程序,并分别对其进行了条件优化,实现了6种组分的完全分离,并有效解决了弱保留组分色谱峰易重叠、乳糖色谱峰易拖尾等现象。6种组分的线性范围为0.5~100 mg/L,相关系数（r）>0.99,方法的检出限（S/N=3）为0.06~0.40 mg/L。该方法具有分离度好、灵敏度高等优点,可满足例行分析的要求,同时也为淋洗液的梯度优化提供了可借鉴的方法。     

固相支撑液液萃取-苯硼酸衍生化法测定婴幼儿配方乳粉中氯丙二醇酯及缩水甘油酯

建立了一种基于固相支撑液液萃取技术与苯硼酸衍生化法相结合测定婴幼儿配方乳粉中氯丙二醇酯（MCPDE）及缩水甘油酯（GE）含量的气相色谱-质谱法。样品经乙酸乙酯提取,甲醇钠-甲醇溶液水解,苯硼酸衍生化,硅藻土柱固相支撑液液萃取净化,气相色谱-质谱法选择离子监测分析,内标法定量。结果表明,氯丙二醇酯及缩水甘油酯质量浓度在4～400 ng/mL范围内线性关系良好,线性相关系数均大于0.999,定量限为0.010 mg/kg;在婴幼儿配方乳粉中进行0.010, 0.025, 0.10和0.25 mg/kg加标回收实验,回收率在81.6%～109.3%之间,相对标准偏差（RSD）为3.8%～6.3%。该方法能够满足婴幼儿配方乳粉中氯丙二醇酯及缩水甘油酯的检测要求。     

气相色谱–质谱法同时测定婴幼儿配方乳粉中氯丙醇酯和缩水甘油酯

建立快速溶剂萃取–酸性酯交换–气相色谱–质谱法同时测定婴幼儿配方乳粉中氯丙醇酯和缩水甘油酯含量的分析方法。利用快速溶剂萃取仪提取婴幼儿配方乳粉中目标分析物,经溴化钠转化、酸性水解、苯基硼酸衍生处理后,采用气相色谱–质谱法检测,以内标法定量。婴幼儿配方乳粉中2-氯丙醇酯、3-氯丙醇酯和缩水甘油酯在0.01～1.60 mg/L范围内的线性关系良好,相关系数均大于0.999,检出限均为10 μg/kg,定量限均为25 μg/kg。平均回收率为84.3%～103.0%,测定结果的相对标准偏差不大于6.0%(n=6)。该方法具有简单、高效、灵敏、准确等特点,可为婴幼儿配方乳粉中2-氯丙醇酯、3-氯丙醇酯和缩水甘油酯污染水平的日常监测提供技术支持。     

高效液相色谱/大气压化学电离质谱分析新型复合抗氧剂

 应用高效液相色谱 /大气压化学电离质谱技术 ,其中包括直接进样技术、同时正负离子扫描方式、可编程的源内碰撞诱导解离 (CID)技术 ,以及红外光谱分析技术 ,对一种用于润滑油的新型复合抗氧剂进行了分离分析 ,并对其中的有效组分进行了定性鉴定。该方法简便、快速、可靠。     

复杂色谱信号自动解析中的化学计量学方法

色谱及其联用技术日趋完善,并向自动化、高通量和快速的方向发展。化学计量学利用"数学分离"手段,可以实现色谱信号的自动化解析,已成为现代色谱分析中非常活跃的研究领域。但以往的化学计量学方法并不能完全有效地实现复杂色谱信号自动化解析。为此,自动化色谱解析算法成为科研工作者关心的重点,众多新型的自动化解析算法被提出。针对复杂一维色谱数据以及联用仪器得到的二维和更高维数据的自动化分析,化学计量学研究主要集中在自动色谱峰识别、背景以及基线漂移校正、色谱谱峰漂移校正以及重叠色谱峰的解析。该文对近十年来发展的复杂体系色谱信号自动化解析中化学计量学方法的原理与应用进行了总结与评述,比较了各类方法的优势与不足。在此基础上,针对当前色谱自动化分析过程中的难题对未来该领域的研究方向进行了展望。     

液相色谱-串联质谱法快速同时测定婴幼儿配方乳粉中氯霉素、三聚氰胺、甲硝唑和洛硝达唑

建立了婴幼儿配方乳粉中三聚氰胺、氯霉素、甲硝唑和洛硝达唑残留的高效液相色谱-串联四极杆质谱联用测定方法.样品经碱性乙腈提取,以MGⅢ-C18色谱柱(150 mm× 2.1 mm,5 μm)分离,流动相为60 mmol/L乙酸铵溶液(含0.4‰甲酸)和甲醇,梯度洗脱,流速为0.25 mL/min.采用多反应监测正离子或负离子模式,可以同时对婴幼儿配方乳粉中的三聚氰胺、氯霉素、甲硝唑和洛硝达唑进行快速定性和定量测定.在优化条件下,4种化合物检出限为0.3 ～ 50.0μg/kg,方法回收率为61.4％ ～ 96.2％,相对标准偏差(RSD)为1.8％ ～9.8％.采用本方法测定了多种市售婴幼儿配方奶粉.本方法操作简单、测定结果准确,可用于婴幼儿配方奶粉中三聚氰胺、氯霉素、甲硝唑和洛硝达唑残留的同时快速测定.     

超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定婴幼儿配方乳粉中的丙烯酰胺

采用固相萃取净化-超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法(UPLC-MS/MS)测定婴幼儿配方乳粉中丙烯酰胺的含量。乳粉用水复溶后,用乙腈沉淀蛋白,MCX固相萃取柱净化,HSS T3色谱柱分离,甲醇-0.1%甲酸水(5∶95, V/V)等度洗脱,ESI+模式下,多反应监测模式(MRM)分析,内标法定量。结果表明,丙烯酰胺在5～200 ng/mL范围内线性关系良好,相关系数R²=0.9997。选用婴幼儿配方乳粉为基质,在10, 50,100μg/kg 3个含量水平进行加标回收实验,回收率在88.4%～104.6%,相对标准偏差在3.4%～5.8%。称样量为1 g时,方法检出限为6μg/kg。本方法适用于婴幼儿乳粉中丙烯酰胺的快速测定。     

旋转微扰法用于确定化学体系的组分数

本文提出了一个新的用于估计化学体系组分的化学计量学方法,方法的基础在于具有化学意义的特征子空间对微扰和数据的旋转变换具有较大的稳定性,通过观察多次实验中投影残差的标准方差来确定化学秩。对实际化学体系的分析结果表明,该法为组分数的估计提供了一个有价值的工具。     

液相色谱-大气压化学电离串联质谱法测定婴幼儿配方奶粉中的维生素D

建立了婴幼儿配方奶粉中维生素D的液相色谱-大气压化学电离串联质谱(LC-APCI-MS/MS)分析方法。样品经正己烷和甲基叔丁基醚混合溶液提取,ProElut VDC固相萃取柱净化,Kinetex C_(18)色谱柱分离,采用大气压化学电离(APCI)源、正离子扫描和多反应监测(MRM)模式对维生素D_2和维生素D_3进行检测,内标法定量。结果表明维生素D_2和维生素D_3在5~5 000μg/L范围内均具有良好的线性关系,检出限为2μg/kg,定量限为5μg/kg。在5、10和100μg/kg添加水平下,维生素D_2和维生素D_3的回收率为85.2%~105.3%,相对标准偏差为4.7%~8.1%。该方法简便准确,灵敏度高,适用于婴幼儿奶粉中维生素D的测定。     

HPLC-MS/MS法测定婴幼儿配方乳粉中胆碱、左旋肉碱、牛磺酸与肌醇

建立了一种同时测定婴幼儿配方乳粉中4种可选择成分(胆碱、左旋肉碱、牛磺酸和肌醇)的高效液相色谱-串联三重四极杆质谱(HPLC-MS/MS)分析方法。样品经温水溶解后用亚铁氰化钾和乙酸锌沉淀蛋白,上清液过滤后采用HSS T3色谱柱分离,三重四极杆质谱仪检测,胆碱和左旋肉碱使用内标法定量,牛磺酸和肌醇使用外标法定量。在最优化条件下,胆碱和左旋肉碱在0.01~2.0 mg/L范围内,牛磺酸和肌醇在0.1~2.0 mg/L范围内呈良好的线性关系,相关系数均大于0.997;胆碱和左旋肉碱的检出限均为1.5 mg/kg,牛磺酸和肌醇的检出限均为15 mg/kg。4种化合物的回收率为87.5%~102.4%,相对标准偏差(RSD,n=6)为3.0%~7.3%。该方法灵敏度高、净化效果好、定量准确,适用于婴幼儿配方乳粉中胆碱、左旋肉碱、牛磺酸和肌醇的同时快速检测。     

A novel method for quality consistency evaluation of Glycyrrhiza formula granules based on a spectrum-effect study

Quality consistency of Glycyrrhiza formula granules is essential for guaranteeing clinical efficacy. However, a suitable method to accurately and conveniently evaluate the consistency of the clinical efficacy of Glycyrrhiza formula granules is currently not available. This study established a method for the simultaneous determination of 12 active components in Glycyrrhiza formula granules using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole-time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry. The rate of inhibition of cyclooxygenase-2 by different batches of Glycyrrhiza formula granules was determined. Near-infrared spectra were collected for different batches of Glycyrrhiza formula granules to detect their biological activity in the inhibition of cyclooxygenase-2. The quality consistency of the 11 batches of Glycyrrhiza formula granules was evaluated using principal component and correlation analyses. The results showed significant differences in the formula granules of Glycyrrhiza uralensis produced by the different manufacturers. Some differences were also observed among batches of formula granules produced by the same manufacturer. Correlation analysis of the chemical components and cyclooxygenase-2 activity showed that glycyrrhizic acid, liquiritin, and isoliquiritin were the main active components of Glycyrrhiza. Correlation analysis of the near-infrared spectra and cyclooxygenase-2 inhibition activity showed a high correlation between the active components and three characteristic bands: 3383–3995, 4227–4651, and 5315–5878 cm⁻¹. In this study, the main active anti-inflammatory components of Glycyrrhiza granules were screened. Thus, the near-infrared spectrum and characteristic active band of multi-index active components can be used to quickly detect the quality consistency of Glycyrrhiza formula granules, thereby improving the ability to control the quality and consistency of these granules.     

快速皂化-气相色谱-串联质谱法同时测定乳粉中胆固醇和维生素E 4种异构体

胆固醇和生育酚都是人体所必需的重要营养元素,是乳粉中的重要质量指标。现行国家食品安全标准对胆固醇和维生素E 4种异构体（α -生育酚、β -生育酚、γ -生育酚和δ -生育酚）的检测前处理复杂繁琐、耗时长,且不能同时测定,因此,开发简单、快速且可同时测定胆固醇和4种生育酚的检测方法具有重要的现实意义。该研究采用气相色谱-串联质谱（GC-MS/MS）建立了乳粉中胆固醇和4种生育酚的定性定量测定方法。样品经脂肪酶酶解,采用快速的碳酸钾-乙醇皂化法,同时对酶解时间、皂化温度、萃取溶剂的种类、萃取溶剂的体积、萃取时间等前处理进行优化,从而确定出最优的前处理方法。结果表明,样品在37℃下酶解4 h,然后室温（25℃）下振荡10 min皂化,最后使用5 mL正己烷萃取10 min,4000 r/min离心6 min,取上层正己烷过膜,经TG-5MS Sil色谱柱分离,GC-MS/MS多反应监测离子模式扫描分析,同时获得定性和定量结果。实验结果表明,胆固醇在0.5~50.0 mg/L、4种生育酚在0.25~25.0 mg/L范围内具有较好的线性关系,相关系数（r ² ）大于0.99,加标回收率为76.6%~93.1%,相对标准偏差为0.9%~3.3%,胆固醇定量限为10.0 μg/100 g,4种生育酚的定量限均为5.0 μg/100 g。随机抽取市面上出售的20种婴幼儿配方奶粉及4种低脂乳粉,对其胆固醇和4种生育酚含量进行了分析测试,结果显示,婴幼儿配方乳粉中胆固醇、4种生育酚的含量高于低脂乳粉,其中婴幼儿乳粉的4种生育酚中α -生育酚和β -生育酚含量较高。该方法简便、快速、灵敏、准确,可满足乳粉中胆固醇和4种生育酚生育酚的检测要求,为乳粉品质的快速检测奠定了理论基础。     

Silicon determination in milk by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry using palladium as chemical modifier

A direct method for silicon determination in milk samples by Electrothermal Atomic Absorption Spectrometry was developed. Palladium was used as chemical modifier at a concentration of 610 mg L(-1); with this modifier, silicon was stable up to 1800 degrees C. The precision and accuracy of the method were investigated. The detection limit was 16.2, 2.7 and 7.2 micro g L(-1) for cows' milk, human milk and infant formula, respectively. The method was applied to silicon determination in 17 infant formula samples, 13 human milk samples and 12 cows' milk samples.     

改进的高效液相色谱法测定婴幼儿配方奶粉中5种核苷酸

建立并优化了高效液相色谱检测婴幼儿配方奶粉中5种核苷酸(尿嘧啶核苷酸(UMP)、腺嘌呤核苷酸(AMP)、次黄嘌呤核苷酸(IMP)、鸟嘌呤核苷酸(GMP)、胞嘧啶核苷酸(CMP))的方法。样品用水提取后,经乙酸沉淀蛋白质和HLB固相萃取柱净化,采用Waters XBrigde Amide(150 mm×4.6 mm,3.5μm)色谱柱分离,以乙腈、10 mmol/L磷酸二氢钠溶液和0.12%(v/v)磷酸溶液为流动相进行梯度洗脱,二极管阵列检测器(波长为254nm)检测。结果表明,5种核苷酸检测的线性范围宽,相关性好,相关系数(r2)均为0.999 9;方法的加标回收率为86.9%~105.7%;定量限为5.6~8.0 mg/kg;日内和日间精密度分别为0.5%~1.7%(n=5)和0.6%~1.9%(n=9)。该法前处理简单,分离效果好,回收率高,重复性好,可作为婴幼儿配方奶粉中5种核苷酸的有效检测方法。     

离子色谱法测定婴幼儿配方奶粉中的核苷酸

建立了婴幼儿配方奶粉中5种核苷酸的离子色谱检测方法。分离柱为IonPac AS16柱,以KOH为流动相,梯度洗脱,流速为1.0 mL/min,柱温为25 ℃,检测波长为260 nm,进样量为25 μL。在上述条件下,胞嘧啶核苷酸(CMP)、腺嘌呤核苷酸(AMP)、尿嘧啶核苷酸(UMP)、次黄嘌呤核苷酸(IMP)、鸟嘌呤核苷酸(GMP)的质量浓度分别为0.09～50、0.06～50、0.06～50、0.09～50、0.06～50 mg/L时与对应色谱峰面积之间的线性关系良好,检出限分别为0.03、0.02、0.02、0.03和0.02 mg/L,回收率为92.5%～104.0%。该方法简便、快速、准确,可用于实际样品的测定。     

Melamine detection by mid- and near-infrared (MIR/NIR) spectroscopy: a quick and sensitive method for dairy products analysis including liquid milk, infant formula, and milk powder

Melamine (2,4,6-triamino-1,3,5-triazine) is a nitrogen-rich chemical implicated in the pet and human food recalls and in the global food safety scares involving milk products. Due to the serious health concerns associated with melamine consumption and the extensive scope of affected products, rapid and sensitive methods to detect melamine's presence are essential. We propose the use of spectroscopy data-produced by near-infrared (near-IR/NIR) and mid-infrared (mid-IR/MIR) spectroscopies, in particular—for melamine detection in complex dairy matrixes. None of the up-to-date reported IR-based methods for melamine detection has unambiguously shown its wide applicability to different dairy products as well as limit of detection (LOD) below 1 ppm on independent sample set. It was found that infrared spectroscopy is an effective tool to detect melamine in dairy products, such as infant formula, milk powder, or liquid milk. ALOD below 1 ppm (0.76 ± 0.11 ppm) can be reached if a correct spectrum preprocessing (pretreatment) technique and a correct multivariate (MDA) algorithm—partial least squares regression (PLS), polynomial PLS (Poly-PLS), artificial neural network (ANN), support vector regression (SVR), or least squares support vector machine (LS-SVM)—are used for spectrum analysis. The relationship between MIR/NIR spectrum of milk products and melamine content is nonlinear. Thus, nonlinear regression methods are needed to correctly predict the triazine-derivative content of milk products. It can be concluded that mid- and near-infrared spectroscopy can be regarded as a quick, sensitive, robust, and low-cost method for liquid milk, infant formula, and milk powder analysis.