Doping control analysis of methoxyphenamine using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry

Methoxyphenamine (o-methoxy-N,alpha-dimethylphenethylamine, Orthoxine) used in earlier times as a bronchodilator is prohibited in sports according to the regulations of the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA). The drug and several of its metabolites are commonly analysed in doping control screening assays using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry requiring extraction from urine specimens. A complementary method employing liquid chromatography-atmospheric pressure chemical ionisation-tandem mass spectrometry and direct injection of urine aliquots was developed, which provided a fast and sensitive alternative to confirm the presence of the prohibited compound and degradation products in sports drug testing samples. In particular, the chromatographic separation of the active drug from isomeric compounds such as the designer drug p-methoxymetamphetamine (PMMA) was of particular interest to unambiguously identify the applied substance and was accomplished using a C6-phenyl reverse-phase column with isocratic elution. The established procedure was validated for methoxyphenamine with regard to specificity, limit of detection (0.7 ng mL(-1)), intraday- and interday precision (2.5-5.8% and 10.8-16.2%, respectively) and its applicability was demonstrated with an authentic doping control sample which tested positive for the prohibited compound early in 2008.     

Detection of peginesatide in equine serum using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry for doping control purposes

Erythropoietin (EPO) and its recombinant analogues are suspected to be illicitly administered to horses for performance enhancing purposes and, consequently, prohibited in equine sports. Recently, a new erythropoiesis-stimulating agent, peginesatide (Omontys, formerly referred to as Hematide), belonging to the upcoming class of EPO-mimetic peptides, received approval for the treatment of anaemia in humans with chronic kidney disease on dialysis. As the pegylated dimeric peptide of approximately 45 kDa without sequence homology to EPO is not detectable by conventional EPO detection assays, specific methods are bound to be established for horse sports drug testing. Thus, by fortifying equine serum with peginesatide, an approach consisting of a proteolytic digestion with subtilisin after protein precipitation was developed, eventually targeting a proteotypic and xenobiotic pentapeptide which is easily accessible to liquid chromatography- tandem mass spectrometry analysis. The method was validated for qualitative purposes and demonstrated to be specific, precise (relative standard deviations below 14%), sensitive (limit of detection 10 ng mL(-1)) and linear. Being simple, cost-effective and readily transferable to other doping control laboratories, a mass spectrometric assay for the detection of therapeutic concentrations of peginesatide in equine serum is, in terms of preventive doping research, applicable to routine analysis shortly after approval of the drug.     

液相色谱-串联质谱法测定毛发中的司坦唑醇

采用液相色谱-串联质谱(LC-MS/MS)建立了毛发中司坦唑醇的分析方法,并将其应用于单次给药动物实验中的动物毛样品分析。将10 mg样品碱水解后加入戊烷提取,然后进行LC-MS/MS分析,采用正离子电喷雾电离、多反应监测模式测定,方法的最低定量限为25 pg/mg。剃去豚鼠背部中央的毛,以60 mg/kg的剂量于豚鼠腹腔注射司坦唑醇,然后隔天在同一部位剃取其毛,两周内该豚鼠毛中均能检出司坦唑醇;给药后豚鼠毛中司坦唑醇的含量在第1周内保持稳定,在给药后第10天达到峰值。所建立的方法毛发取样量少,特异性强,灵敏度高,适用于毛发中司坦唑醇的分析。     

液相色谱-串联质谱法测定猪肉中咪唑类药物及其代谢物

建立了高效液相色谱-串联质谱同时测定猪肉中29种咪唑类药物及其代谢物残留的检测方法。样品采用乙酸乙酯提取,浓缩复溶后加入乙腈饱和正己烷净化除脂,以0.3%(体积分数)甲酸水溶液和乙腈为流动相,反相C_(18)色谱柱梯度洗脱分离,采用电喷雾正离子(ESI+)源多反应监测(MRM)模式进行检测。29种化合物在0.05~20.0μg/L范围内线性关系良好,相关系数r~20.99。在1.0~5.0μg/kg添加范围内,平均回收率为65.4%~103%,相对标准偏差(RSD)为1.3%~6.8%。方法检出限为0.02~0.3μg/kg,定量限为0.1~1μg/kg。该方法简便、快速、灵敏,适用于猪肉中咪唑类及其代谢物残留的检测。     

Determination of denaverine and its metabolites in urine samples by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry

A liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometric (LC-MS-MS) method was developed for the determination of the neurotropic-musculotropic spasmolytic agent denaverine and five of its metabolites in urine. In a first step beta-glucuronidase was used to cleave glucuronides in the human urine. After that samples containing denaverine and its phase I metabolites were extracted and cleaned up using an automated solid phase extraction method. An external calibration was used. The analytes were measured employing the multiple reaction-monitoring mode (MRM). The linear dynamic range for denaverine and its five metabolites determination was demonstrated from lower limit of quantification (8.0 ng/ml) to at least 500 ng/ml. The presented method is suitable for pharmacokinetic or toxicokinetic studies. With the help of reference substances some additional potential metabolites could be excluded in the urine samples. To look for additional unknown metabolites the LC-MS-MS system operated on one hand in the precursor ion mode using typical product ions of denaverine and of its metabolites and on the other hand in the product ion mode using postulated protonated molecules [M+H](+). With the help of the chromatographic behaviour and typical fragment ions of the unknown metabolites it was possible to elucidate their structures. Nine until now unknown metabolites were found in the urine samples. However, without reference substances a quantification of these analytes was not possible.     

Determination of alkylbenzene metabolites in groundwater by solid-phase extraction and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry

Benzylsuccinate (BSA), methylbenzylsuccinate (methylBSA), and ethylbenzylsuccinate (ethylBSA) are unambiguous anaerobic biotransformation products from toluene, xylenes, and ethylbenzene decay, respectively, and may be used to indicate intrinsic bioremediation is occurring at hydrocarbon-contaminated sites. In order to improve upon current methods that detect and quantify anaerobic hydrocarbon metabolites in field samples, solid-phase extraction (SPE) and direct sample injection methods coupled with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS-MS) were evaluated. In laboratory studies, recoveries of authentic standards of non-deuterated or deuterated benzylsuccinates and toluates ranged from 80 to 106% with relative standard errors ranging from 2 to 4%. The method detection limits for these analytes using SPE-LC-MS-MS ranged from 0.006 to 0.029 microg/L whereas those for direct injection-LC-MS-MS ranged from 0.61 to 1.5 microg/L. Given the increased sensitivity of using SPE coupled with LC-MS-MS, this technique was then used to analyze for the presence of putative anaerobic alkylbenzene metabolites in groundwater from a hydrocarbon-contaminated site where single-well push-pull tests were conducted using deuterated aromatic hydrocarbons. Both deuterated and non-deuterated benzylsuccinates and toluates were successfully detected and quantified in field samples using this method.     

Determination of propiverine and its metabolites in rat samples by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry

A liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometric (LC-MS-MS) method was developed and validated for the determination of the anticholinergic and antimuscarinc drug propiverine and eight of its metabolites in serum, urine, faeces and different tissue samples of rats. Samples containing propiverine and its metabolites in serum and urine and in the supernatants of faeces and tissue homogenates were extracted and cleaned up using an automated solid phase extraction (SPE) method. An external calibration was used. The analytes were measured employing the multiple reaction monitoring mode (MRM). A sufficient response over the range of 10-1000 ng/ml was demonstrated. The lower limit of quantification of the nine substances was 10 ng/ml. The presented method is suitable for pharmacokinetic or toxicokinetic studies. To look for additional unknown metabolites, the LC-MS-MS system operated in the precursor ion mode using typical product ions of propiverine and of its metabolites. With the help of the chromatographic behaviour and typical fragment ions of the unknown metabolites, it was possible to elucidate their structure. Five until now unknown metabolites were found in the urine and faeces samples. However, without reference substances, a quantification of these analytes was not possible.     

Screening for 18 diuretics and probenecid in doping analysis by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry

A fast and selective liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometric (LC/MS/MS) method for the screening of 18 diuretics and probenecid in human urine is presented. Analyses were performed on a LCQ-Deca instrument equipped with ESI-interface using scan by scan polarity changing. All diuretics and probenecid were separated in less than 20 min after liquid-liquid extraction with ethyl acetate. The LOD for all substances was 100 ng/mL or better. The method was applied to detect diuretics after the oral administration of several drugs including hydrochlorothiazide, bumetanide, spironolactone, furosemide, amiloride, triamterene, chlortalidone and epithizide. All diuretics could be detected for periods up to 96 h after the intake of therapeutic amounts.     

Confirmatory analysis of acetylgestagens in plasma using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry

A confirmatory method has been developed and validated for the determination of chlormadinone acetate (CMA), megestrol acetate (MGA), melengestrol acetate (MLA) and medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA) in bovine and porcine plasma. Analytes are extracted from plasma samples using matrix-assisted liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) on Extrelut NT columns followed by C18 solid-phase extraction (SPE). Analytes were analysed using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), and quantification was performed using matrix-matched calibration standards in combination with deuterated internal standards. In accordance with Commission Decision 2002/657/EC, two ion transitions were monitored for each analyte. Decision limits (CCalpha) were estimated by analysing 20 blank plasma samples and ranged from 0.1 to 0.2 ng mL(-1). Detection capabilities (CCbeta) were estimated using 20 plasma samples fortified at 0.5 ng mL(-1) and were <0.5 ng mL(-1). In the range 0.5-2 ng mL(-1), the mean intra-laboratory reproducibility of the analytes ranged from 6 to 18% (%R.S.D.). Analytes were shown to be stable in fortified plasma samples for >8 months when stored at -20 degrees C.     

Determination of fesoterodine in pharmaceutical formulations by using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry

A simple, fast, sensitive, and specific liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method for the analysis of fesoterodine (FESO) in pharmaceutical formulations was developed and validated using manidipine as internal standard (IS). The LC-MS/MS method was carried out on a Luna C8(2) column (50 mm × 3.0 mm i.d., μm) with a mobile-phase consisting of methanol/0.1% formic acid (90:10, v/v). The mass spectrometry method was performed employing a positive electrospray ionization technique, operating in multiple reaction monitoring mode (MRM), monitoring the transitions of 412.2→223.0 and 611.1→167.0 for FESO and IS, respectively. The total analysis time was 2 min and it was linear in the concentration range of 5-1000 ng mL(-1). Placebo solution and mobile-phase components were evaluated on the specificity test and did not interfere with the analyte or the IS. Intra-day and inter- day precision and accuracy evaluated by RSDs and relative errors, respectively, were lower than 5% for all analytes. The method proved to be robust by a fractional factorial design evaluation. The proposed method was successfully applied for the quantitative analysis of FESO in tablet formulations to support the quality control.     

Determination of beta-agonist residues in bovine urine using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry

A multiresidue method was developed and validated to screen bovine urine samples for 10 beta-2-adrenergic agonistic drugs--brombuterol, cimaterol, clenbuterol, clenpenterol, isoxsuprine, mabuterol, ractopamine, ritodrine, salbutamol, and tulobuterol--at the 2 microg/L level. The method is also quantitative in the range of 1 to 4 microg/L for all analytes except salbutamol. The procedure uses enzymatic digestion, liquid-liquid extraction, and cleanup on solid-phase extraction columns, followed by detection using a liquid chromatograph-tandem quadrupole mass spectrometer operated in the positive-ion atmospheric pressure chemical ionization multiple-reaction monitoring mode. Method validation included assessment of recoveries, repeatabilities, linearity of responses, decision limits, and detection capabilities. Overall average recoveries ranged from 70-91%; recoveries were generally lower for salbutamol. The decision limits ranged from 0.4-1.0 microg/L, and detection capabilities from 0.6-1.7 microg/L.     

液相色谱-串联质谱法检测玩具中的3种异噻唑啉酮类防腐剂

建立了液相色谱-串联质谱快速测定玩具中异噻唑啉酮类防腐剂(2-甲基-4-异噻唑啉-3-酮、5-氯-2-甲基-4-异噻唑啉-3-酮和1,2-苯并异噻唑啉-3-酮)的分析方法。样品经去离子水超声提取后进行液相色谱-串联质谱分析。色谱流动相为甲醇-水(15:85, v/v),等度洗脱,在选择反应监测(SRM)模式下定性和定量分析。3种被分析物的工作曲线线性范围均为2.0～1 000 μg/L,方法的定量限(信噪比大于10)为0.04 mg/kg,灵敏度优于欧盟玩具协调标准EN71-11-2005中推荐的方法。两种类型玩具样品中的加标回收率分别为95.9%～105.2%和94.7%～102.8%,精密度分别为3.04%～4.96%和2.36%～4.79%。应用本方法对10种玩具样品进行了测试,结果完全能满足欧盟玩具协调标准EN71-9-2005对玩具中异噻唑啉酮类防腐剂的检测要求。     

液相色谱-串联质谱法检测干血点中的同型半胱氨酸

建立了一种高通量液相色谱-串联质谱技术检测干血点(DBS)中同型半胱氨酸(homocycteine, Hcy)的方法。以DBS为样本,homocystine-D8为同位素内标,二硫苏糖醇(DTT)为蛋白结合态Hcy的还原剂,使用含0.1%(v/v)甲酸、0.05%(v/v)三氟乙酸的乙腈溶液萃取。整个前处理过程使用自动移液平台及96孔板实现高通量自动化操作。处理后的样本经过Phenomenex CN柱分离,使用多反应监测模式进行LC-MS/MS分析。结果表明:Hcy的检出限为0.12 μ mol/L(S/N=3),定量限为0.46 μ mol/L(S/N=10)。Hcy在1.16~148.00 μ mol/L范围内线性关系良好,R²=0.994。Hcy的平均回收率为(103.0±4.97)%~(112.0±2.13)%,日内相对标准偏差(RSD)为1.9%~4.6%,日间RSD为1.5%~7.1%。DBS样本在不同温度(-4、-20、22和37℃)下储存不同时间(0、1、2、3、4、5、6、14天)后的稳定性试验显示样本总体RSD<15%,经前处理后的样本在48 h内的稳定性试验显示样本总体RSD<5%。该方法与传统生化分析方法的相关性好(R²=0.9818, n=47)。     

液相色谱-串联质谱法测定稻米中的草甘膦和氨甲基膦酸残留

采用液相色谱-串联质谱建立了稻米中草甘膦及氨甲基膦酸残留量的测定方法。试样经水提取和C18固相萃取柱净化后,在硼酸缓冲液中与9-芴甲基氯甲酸酯(FMOC-Cl)进行衍生反应。以5 mmol/L乙酸铵溶液(pH 9)和乙腈为流动相,草甘膦和氨甲基膦酸的衍生产物在C18柱进行液相色谱分离;质谱检测采用电喷雾负离子化模式和多反应监测模式。结果表明,草甘膦和氨甲基膦酸在0.00050～1.0 mg/L范围内线性良好,线性相关系数(r)分别为0.9997和0.9999。通过对空白大米样品进行3个加标水平的添加回收实验(n=5),草甘膦和氨甲基膦酸的平均回收率和相对标准偏差(RSD)分别为72.5%～113.6%和3.8%～16.2%,方法的检出限分别为2.0 μg/kg和3.0 μg/kg。该方法快速、灵敏,适用于稻米中草甘膦和氨甲基膦酸的同时分析。     

固相萃取-液相色谱-串联质谱法测定蔬菜中4种有机磷农药及其代谢产物

在蔬菜种植中经常使用的有机磷农药马拉硫磷、甲基对硫磷、敌百虫及乙酰甲胺磷可能转化的主要代谢产物分别为O,O-二甲基二硫代磷酸酯、对硝基酚、敌敌畏及甲胺磷。根据蔬菜色素等基质的含量不同采用不同的净化方法,色素含量高的蔬菜采用活性炭和弗罗里硅土串联固相萃取小柱净化,其他蔬菜采用弗罗里硅土固相萃取小柱净化。色谱分离选择ACQUITY UPLC BEH HILIC色谱柱,以乙腈和5 mmol/L乙酸铵水溶液为流动相进行梯度洗脱,得到的分离效果较好;质谱采用电喷雾正或负离子电离、多反应监测模式检测。液相色谱-质谱检测的基质效应为15.3%~45.1%;4种有机磷农药及其代谢物的方法回收率为76.9%~102.8%,相对标准偏差为5.92%~10.19%;定量限范围为0.001~0.01 mg/L;在0.01~1.00 mg/L范围内线性相关系数为0.9982~0.9999。方法具有良好的回收率、相对标准偏差、定量限及线性关系,适合蔬菜中有机磷及代谢物的检测,应用该检测方法对农贸市场购买的白菜、辣椒、西红柿及洋葱进行了检测。     

高效液相色谱-串联质谱法同时测定人尿液中7种邻苯二甲酸酯代谢物

建立了同时检测人尿液中7种邻苯二甲酸酯代谢物的高效液相色谱-串联三重四极杆质谱法。尿液经酶水解后,采用萃取柱净化,以2%(v/v)甲酸甲醇溶液为洗脱剂,经苯基柱分离,以0.1%(v/v)乙酸水溶液和0.1%(v/v)乙酸乙腈溶液为流动相进行梯度洗脱,采用电喷雾离子源负离子模式和多反应监测模式采集信号,用同位素内标法进行定量分析。尿液中7种邻苯二甲酸酯代谢物在0.2~200.0 μg/L范围内定量离子的相对峰面积比值与质量浓度均呈良好线性关系(r≥0.99976);检出限(LOD)为13.43~80.21 ng/L,定量限为44.77~267.37 ng/L; 3个水平的加标回收率为88.8%~108.9%,日内和日间精密度均不大于17.05%。该方法可同时准确、灵敏、简便地测定人尿液中7种邻苯二甲酸酯代谢物的暴露水平。     

超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法检测唾液中3种毒品及其代谢物

建立了超高效液相色谱-串联质谱测定唾液中甲基苯丙胺、吗啡、O6-单乙酰吗啡等3种毒品及其代谢物的方法。以乙腈为提取液沉淀蛋白质法提取,采用基质提取溶液配制标准溶液制作定量曲线。采用BEH HILIC超高效液相色谱柱对待测毒品进行分离;采用电喷雾离子源正离子(ESI+)模式和多反应监测(MRM)模式进行质谱分析,以被测毒品的同位素内标进行定量。结果表明,在10、20、50、100 μg/L 4个添加水平下的回收率范围为(68.7±6.5)%～(110.8±4.6)%,日内精密度小于16.5%,日间精密度小于16.3%; 3种毒品的检出限(LOD,以信噪比(S/N)＞3计)和定量限(LOQ,以S/N＞10计)分别为0.02～0.05 μg/L和0.1～0.2 μg/L。方法快速、简便、定量准确、灵敏度高;在1 h之内即可对采集的唾液样品进行毒品定性和定量分析,可用于涉嫌吸毒者的快速认定。     

高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定食品中曲酸

建立了食品中新型防腐剂曲酸的高效液相色谱-串联质谱的定量测定方法。动物禽肉、鱼虾甲壳类、酱菜类、水果蔬菜、面制品等固体样品经乙腈提取;酱及酱油、醋、酒、饮料、糖浆等液体样品经水稀释,乙酸锌和亚铁氰化钾沉淀蛋白;以C18柱为分离柱,流动相为乙腈和5 mmol/L乙酸铵甲酸溶液,采用电喷雾串联四极杆质谱进行检测。选择1个母离子和2个子离子进行选择反应监测,以13C6-曲酸作为内标,选择信号最强的子离子进行定量测定。固体类基质中的定量限(按信噪比(S/N)大于10计)为0.1 mg/kg;液体类基质中的定量限为2.5 mg/kg。在0.1～2.0 mg/L范围内呈现良好的线性关系,相关系数r＞0.99。各种基质在3个添加水平的平均回收率在72.6%～114%之间,相对标准偏差均小于11.4%。本方法简单实用,准确可靠,适用范围包括了食品中可能使用曲酸这种食品添加剂的大部分基质,可以满足进出口食品中曲酸的定性和定量要求。