The Hopf algebra of uniform block permutations

We introduce the Hopf algebra of uniform block permutations and show that it is self-dual, free, and cofree. These results are closely related to the fact that uniform block permutations form a factorizable inverse monoid. This Hopf algebra contains the Hopf algebra of permutations of Malvenuto and Reutenauer and the Hopf algebra of symmetric functions in non-commuting variables of Gebhard, Rosas, and Sagan. These two embeddings correspond to the factorization of a uniform block permutation as a product of an invertible element and an idempotent one. Aguiar supported in part by NSF grant DMS-0302423. Orellana supported in part by the Wilson Foundation.     

Quasiequational Theories of Flat Algebras

We prove that finite flat digraph algebras and, more generally, finite compatible flat algebras satisfying a certain condition are finitely q-based (possess a finite basis for their quasiequations). We also exhibit an example of a twelve-element compatible flat algebra that is not finitely q-based. The first author was partially supported by the grant # 201/02/0594 of the Grant Agency of the Czech Republic, and by the Institutional grant MSM0021620839; the second author was partially supported by the grant No. Tn37877 of the Hungarian National Foundation for Scientific Research (OTHA); the third author was supported by the NSF grant # DMS-9971352.     

Canonical maps to twisted rings

If A is a strongly noetherian graded algebra generated in degree one, then there is a canonically constructed graded ring homomorphism from A to a twisted homogeneous coordinate ring , which is surjective in large degree. This result is a key step in the study of projectively simple rings. The proof relies on some results concerning the growth of graded rings which are of independent interest. D. Rogalski was partially supported by NSF grant DMS-0202479. J. J. Zhang was partially supported by NSF grant DMS-0245420 and Leverhulme Research Interchange Grant F/00158/X (UK).     

Geometric combinatorial algebras: cyclohedron and simplex

In this paper we report on results of our investigation into the algebraic structure supported by the combinatorial geometry of the cyclohedron. Our new graded algebra structures lie between two well known Hopf algebras: the Malvenuto–Reutenauer algebra of permutations and the Loday–Ronco algebra of binary trees. Connecting algebra maps arise from a new generalization of the Tonks projection from the permutohedron to the associahedron, which we discover via the viewpoint of the graph associahedra of Carr and Devadoss. At the same time, that viewpoint allows exciting geometrical insights into the multiplicative structure of the algebras involved. Extending the Tonks projection also reveals a new graded algebra structure on the simplices. Finally this latter is extended to a new graded Hopf algebra with basis all the faces of the simplices.     

Factorization in Weighted Wiener Matrix Algebras on Linearly Ordered Abelian Groups

Factorizations of Wiener-Hopf type of elements of weighted Wiener algebras of continuous matrix-valued functions on a compact abelian group are studied. The factorizations are with respect to a fixed linear order in the character group (considered with the discrete topology). Among other results, it is proved that if a matrix function has a canonical factorization in one such matrix Wiener algebra then it belongs to the connected component of the identity of the group of invertible elements in the algebra, and moreover, the factors of the canonical factorization depend continuously on the matrix function. In the scalar case, complete characterizations of canonical and noncanonical factorability are given in terms of abstract winding numbers. Wiener-Hopf equivalence of matrix functions with elements in weighted Wiener algebras is also discussed. The second author is supported by COFIN grant 2004015437 and by INdAM; the third and the fourth authors are partially supported by NSF grant DMS-0456625; the third author is also partially supported by the Faculty Research Assignment from the College of William and Mary.     

Semi-infinite homological algebra

Summary The paper provides a homological algebraic foundation for semi-infinite cohomology. It is proved that semi-infinite cohomology of infinite dimensional Lie algebras is a two-sided derived functor of a functor that is intermediate between the functors of invariants and coinvariants. The theory of two-sided derived functors is developed. A family of modules including a module generalizing the universal enveloping algebra appropriate to the setting of two sided derived functors is introduced. A vanishing theorem for such modules is proved.Oblatum 28-IX-1992 & 11-I-1993Research supported in part by NSF grant DMS-8505550     

Comparison of Hopf algebras on trees

Several Hopf algebra structures on vector spaces of trees can be found in the literature (cf. [10], [8], [2]). In this paper, we compare the corresponding notions of trees, the multiplications and comultiplications. The Hopf algebras are connected graded or, equivalently, complete Hopf algebras. The Hopf algebra structure on planar binary trees introduced by Loday and Ronco [10] is noncommutative and not cocommutative. We show that this Hopf algebra is isomorphic to the noncommutative version of the Hopf algebra of Connes and Kreimer [3]. We compute its first Lie algebra structure constants in the sense of [7], and show that there is no cogroup structure compatible with the Hopf algebra on planar binary trees.     

Cartan determinants and Shapovalov forms

We compute the determinant of the Gram matrix of the Shapovalov form on weight spaces of the basic representation of an affine Kac-Moody algebra of ADE type (possibly twisted). As a consequence, we obtain explicit formulae for the determinants of the Cartan matrices of p-blocks of the symmetric group and its double cover, and of the associated Hecke algebras at roots of unity. Received: 20 November 2001 / Revised version: 7 February 2002 / Published online: 27 June 2002 Second author partially supported by the NSF (grant no. DMS-9900134).     

Combinatorics of rooted trees and Hopf algebras

We begin by considering the graded vector space with a basis consisting of rooted trees, with grading given by the count of non-root vertices. We define two linear operators on this vector space, the growth and pruning operators, which respectively raise and lower grading; their commutator is the operator that multiplies a rooted tree by its number of vertices, and each operator naturally associates a multiplicity to each pair of rooted trees. By using symmetry groups of trees we define an inner product with respect to which the growth and pruning operators are adjoint, and obtain several results about the associated multiplicities.

Now the symmetric algebra on the vector space of rooted trees (after a degree shift) can be endowed with a coproduct to make a Hopf algebra; this was defined by Kreimer in connection with renormalization. We extend the growth and pruning operators, as well as the inner product mentioned above, to Kreimer's Hopf algebra. On the other hand, the vector space of rooted trees itself can be given a noncommutative multiplication: with an appropriate coproduct, this leads to the Hopf algebra of Grossman and Larson. We show that the inner product on rooted trees leads to an isomorphism of the Grossman-Larson Hopf algebra with the graded dual of Kreimer's Hopf algebra, correcting an earlier result of Panaite.

     

The hypertoric intersection cohomology ring

We present a functorial computation of the equivariant intersection cohomology of a hypertoric variety, and endow it with a natural ring structure. When the hyperplane arrangement associated with the hypertoric variety is unimodular, we show that this ring structure is induced by a ring structure on the equivariant intersection cohomology sheaf in the equivariant derived category. The computation is given in terms of a localization functor which takes equivariant sheaves on a sufficiently nice stratified space to sheaves on a poset. T. Braden’s research was supported in part by NSF grant DMS-0201823. N. Proudfoot’s research was supported in part by an NSF Postdoctoral Research Fellowship and NSF grant DMS-0738335.     

Restarted block Lanczos bidiagonalization methods

The problem of computing a few of the largest or smallest singular values and associated singular vectors of a large matrix arises in many applications. This paper describes restarted block Lanczos bidiagonalization methods based on augmentation of Ritz vectors or harmonic Ritz vectors by block Krylov subspaces. Research supported in part by NSF grant DMS-0107858, NSF grant DMS-0311786, and an OBR Research Challenge Grant.     

Rayleigh processes, real trees, and root growth with re-grafting

The real trees form a class of metric spaces that extends the class of trees with edge lengths by allowing behavior such as infinite total edge length and vertices with infinite branching degree. Aldous's Brownian continuum random tree, the random tree-like object naturally associated with a standard Brownian excursion, may be thought of as a random compact real tree. The continuum random tree is a scaling limit as N→∞ of both a critical Galton-Watson tree conditioned to have total population size N as well as a uniform random rooted combinatorial tree with N vertices. The Aldous–Broder algorithm is a Markov chain on the space of rooted combinatorial trees with N vertices that has the uniform tree as its stationary distribution. We construct and study a Markov process on the space of all rooted compact real trees that has the continuum random tree as its stationary distribution and arises as the scaling limit as N→∞ of the Aldous–Broder chain. A key technical ingredient in this work is the use of a pointed Gromov–Hausdorff distance to metrize the space of rooted compact real trees. Berkeley Statistics Technical Report No. 654 (February 2004), revised October 2004. To appear in Probability Theory and Related Fields. SNE supported in part by NSF grants DMS-0071468 and DMS-0405778, and a Miller Institute for Basic Research in Science research professorship JP supported in part by NSF grants DMS-0071448 and DMS-0405779 AW supported by a DFG Forchungsstipendium     

Self-dual weak Hopf algebras

In this paper, we define the notion of self-dual graded weak Hopf algebra and self-dual semilattice graded weak Hopf algebra. We give characterization of finite-dimensional such algebras when they are in structually simple forms in the sense of E. L. Green and E. N. Morcos. We also give the definition of self-dual weak Hopf quiver and apply these types of quivers to classify the finite- dimensional self-dual semilattice graded weak Hopf algebras. Finally, we prove partially the conjecture given by N. Andruskiewitsch and H.-J. Schneider in the case of finite-dimensional pointed semilattice graded weak Hopf algebra H when grH is self-dual.     

Commutant lifting and interpolation: The time-varying case

We show how the commutant lifting theorem for nest algebras due to Paulsen and Power can be used to give a unified framework for the treatment of a variety of interpolation problems for nest algebras which have been considered recently in the literature. Applications include the treatment of robust control for time-varying systems.Partially supported by NSF grant DMS-9500912     

Free and cofree Hopf algebras

We first prove that a graded, connected, free and cofree Hopf algebra is always self-dual. Then, we prove that two graded, connected, free and cofree Hopf algebras are isomorphic if and only if they have the same Poincaré–Hilbert formal series. If the characteristic of the base field is zero, we prove that the Lie algebra of the primitive elements of such an object is free, and we deduce a characterization of the formal series of free and cofree Hopf algebras by a condition of growth of the coefficients. We finally show that two graded, connected, free and cofree Hopf algebras are isomorphic as (nongraded) Hopf algebras if and only if the Lie algebras of their primitive elements have the same number of generators.     

Trees, set compositions and the twisted descent algebra

We first show that increasing trees are in bijection with set compositions, extending simultaneously a recent result on trees due to Tonks and a classical result on increasing binary trees. We then consider algebraic structures on the linear span of set compositions (the twisted descent algebra). Among others, a number of enveloping algebra structures are introduced and studied in detail. For example, it is shown that the linear span of trees carries an enveloping algebra structure and embeds as such in an enveloping algebra of increasing trees. All our constructions arise naturally from the general theory of twisted Hopf algebras.     

Growth of Lévy trees

We construct random locally compact real trees called Lévy trees that are the genealogical trees associated with continuous-state branching processes. More precisely, we define a growing family of discrete Galton–Watson trees with i.i.d. exponential branch lengths that is consistent under Bernoulli percolation on leaves; we define the Lévy tree as the limit of this growing family with respect to the Gromov–Hausdorff topology on metric spaces. This elementary approach notably includes supercritical trees and does not make use of the height process introduced by Le Gall and Le Jan to code the genealogy of (sub)critical continuous-state branching processes. We construct the mass measure of Lévy trees and we give a decomposition along the ancestral subtree of a Poisson sampling directed by the mass measure. T. Duquesne is supported by NSF Grants DMS-0203066 and DMS-0405779. M. Winkel is supported by Aon and the Institute of Actuaries, EPSRC Grant GR/T26368/01, le département de mathématique de l’Université d’Orsay and NSF Grant DMS-0405779.     

Galois-type correspondences for Hopf Galois extensions

In order to obtain a Galois correspondence between intermediate subalgebras of a Hopf-Galois extension and corresponding Hopf subalgebras, we have to reconstruct such Hopf algebras from the given Hopf-Galois extension. The construction of a suitable Hopf algebra associated to a commutativeH-Galois extension is provided; the results are applicable to field extensions.This author is supported by a grant of the European Liaisons Committee.     

Self-dual hopf algebras

We introduce the notions of self-dual (graded) Hopf algebras and of structurally simple (graded) Hopf algebras. We prove that the self-dual Hopf algebras are structurally simple and provide a construction of self-dual Hopf algebras. Finally, we classify the self-dual quotients of the form T_B (M)/I, where T_B (M) is a path algebra with a graded Hopf algebra structure, and I is a graded admissible Hopf ideal.     

The four-dimensional Sklyanin algebras

The four-dimensional Sklyanin algebras are certain noncommutative graded algebras having the same Hilbert series as the polynomial ring on four indeterminates. Their structure and representation theory is intimately connected with the geometry of an elliptic curve (and a fixed translation) embedded in ³. This is an account of the work done on these algebras over the past four years.Supported by NSF grant DMS-9100316.