电荷转移聚合研究——苯肼及其衍生物引发丙烯腈聚合

研究了苯肼(PHZ)及其衍生物引发丙烯腈(AN)聚合以及苯肼作为电子给体与醌作为电子受体形成的电荷转移复合物(CTC)对丙烯腈的引发聚合作用。测定了光聚合时的引发剂、单体指数和聚合活化能分别为0.66、2.1和33.4千焦耳/摩尔。光聚合机理认为是PHZ与AN在光照下形成激基复合物(exciplex),它分解产生自由基引发单体聚合。而暗聚合的机理认为是PHZ与醌形成CTC,CTC再分解引发单体聚合。exciplex与CTC分别已由荧光光谱和紫外吸收光谱检出。     

芳香胺与电子受体相互作用的吸收光谱研究

芳香胺与电子受体相互作用形成的电荷转移复合物(CTC)的吸收峰位置与两者的结构有关。弱的电子受体使芳胺紫外吸收峰加宽,而强的电子受体如四氰基乙烯(TCNE)与芳胺作用产生的CTC显示新峰。受体的受电子能力越强,新峰红移越多。芳胺苯环上氨基对位的取代基给电子能力越强,氮原子上烷基取代基越多,其与受体形成的CTC的吸收峰红移也越多。     

4-乙烯基吡啶-氯化锌络合物与电子给体单体光照下共聚合研究

受电子单体4-乙烯基吡啶-氯化锌络合物(4-VP)_2ZnCl_2(M_1)可以和电子给体单体如苯乙烯(M_2)在365nm光照下共聚合。聚合是二者形成的基态电荷转移复合物(CTC)吸收光后产生自由基引发的。测得竞聚率为r_1=2.04,r_2=0.23。对溶剂极性的影响和(4-VP)_2Znal_2与其它电子给体单体光照下共聚合也作了研究。     

有机胺与醌类化合物电荷转移络合物的研究

研究了二异丙胺(DIPA)、2,2,6,6—四甲基—4—羟基啶(TMHP)与四氯苯醌(CA)、苯醌(BQ)在一些溶剂形成电荷转移络合物(CTC)的反应。结果表明:DTPA—CA呈色较快,生成的CTC紫外光谱λ_(CTC)吸收值变化大。在环已烷中分离出N-取代产物。用甲醇作溶剂,则得到2,3,5,6-四甲氧基-1.4-苯醌(TMOBQ)。文中还用电子自旋共振谱,证实了CTC中存在醌负离子自由间体。     

取代苯基重氮盐的直接光解和敏化光解的研究

本工作合成了一系列带取代基的苯基重氨盐化合物。对它们的直接光解研究表明:带推电子基的重氮盐化合物具有较高的光解反应速度,但在敏化光解研究中发现:带有拉电子基的重氟盐化合物,不论是它的敏化光解或是猝灭敏化剂荧光的能力都较带推电子基的重氮盐为强,这清晰地表明,此敏化过程是通过电子转移反应而实现的。工作中还发现,在基态条件下,重氮盐和N,N-二甲基苯胺间可生成电荷转移络合物(CTC),经Benesi-Hildebrand公式处理表明:可形成1:1的CTC。     

带不同取代基氧鎓盐化合物电子光谱的研究

本工作对几种不同取代氧鎓盐化合物的荧光光谱和荧光猝灭进行研究,发现在液氮温度下,激发的氧鎓盐分子能和作为猝灭剂的电子给体分子在光谱的长波方向发出激基复合物的荧光。在基态条件下,氧鎓盐能和电子给体生成稳定的电荷转移络合物(CTC)。在冻结的条件下,由于激发的络合物不容易解离或减少了某些无辐射衰减的途径,有可能明显地观察到激发的CTC的发光。     

芳香叔胺引发丙烯腈光聚合的引发机理

芳香叔胺引发丙烯腈(AN)光聚合是通过形成激基复合物(exciPlex)进行的。紫外光谱和荧光光谱表明,芳香叔胺在基态可以和AN形成电荷转移复合物(CTC),而在激发态可和AN形成exciplc(称定域激发)。CTC经光照亦可激发(称CTC激发)。 定域激发引起光聚合速率为CH_3C_6H_4N(CH_3)_2>C_6H_5N(CH_3)_2>HOCH_2·C_6H_4N(CH_3)_2>CH_3C_6H_4N(CH_2CH_2OH)_2,与芳胺荧光被AN淬灭的Stern-Vo-lmer常数顺序一致。CTC激发引起的光聚合顺序为:CH_3C_6H_4N(CH_3)_2>CH_3C_6H_4N(CH_2CH_2OH)_2>HOCH_2C_6H_4N(CH_3)_2>C_6H_5N(CH_3)_2,与芳胺上取代基推电子能力一致。端基分析表明聚合物有芳胺端基。     

高分子电荷转移复合物

电荷转移复合物(charge transfer complex,CTC)的研究,始于本世纪二十年代。然而对CTC理论的阐述,及其实际应用方面,长期未取得实质性进展。1952年R.S.Mulliken在     

EQCM监测高氯酸溶液中金电极上苯二酚电荷转移配合物的沉积

用电化学石英晶体微天平(EQCM)研究了高氯酸溶液中电位环扫过程中邻(间、对)苯二酚/醌电荷转移配合物(CTC)的生成和电沉积。结果发现,邻(对)苯二酚可产生CTC并在电极上沉积,而间苯二酚仅发生电聚合反应。以邻苯二酚为例考察了高氯酸和邻苯二酚浓度及电位扫描速度的影响。红外光谱证实了邻苯二酚/醌CTC的生成。结果发现,添加肝素钠对邻苯二酚/醌CTC的沉积有显著影响,肝素钠质量浓度分别低/高于0.05 g/L时,能增强/减弱沉积现象。EQCM技术可作为一种快速、简便、灵敏的工具可望用于CTC制备过程中的实时监测和筛选。     

用气相渗透计研究电荷转移相互作用——平衡常数测量的新方法

当两种价态饱和的分子发生相互作用时,能形成一定计量的分子化合物,一般称为电荷转移络合物(或电荷转移复合物)。这两种分子当中,其一称为电子给体(B),另一称为电子受体(A)。B 给出一个电子,A 接受一个电子,A 和 B 之间产生电荷转移相互作用,成键 AB和非键 AB 处在一定的平衡状态。为了研究络     

Dications of benzylidenefluorene and diphenylmethylidene fluorene: the relationship between magnetic and energetic measures of antiaromaticity

Oxidation of m- and p-substituted benzylidene fluorenes to antiaromatic dications was attempted by electrochemical and chemical means. Electrochemical oxidation to dications was successful for benzylidene fluorenes with p-methoxy, p-methyl, p-fluoro, and unsubstituted phenyl rings in the 3-position; attempts to oxidize the m-substituted derivatives via electrochemistry were unsuccessful. Chemical oxidation with SbF(5)/SO(2)ClF gave the dication of 9-[(4-methoxyphenyl)methylene]-9H-fluorene cleanly; oxidation of all other substituted benzylidene fluorenes resulted in mixtures of products. The excellent linear relationship between the chemical shifts calculated by the GIAO method and the experimental shifts for the p-methoxy-substituted benzylidene fluorene dication suggests that the calculations satisfactorily reflect the magnetic properties of this dication and potentially those of the other dications studied. The redox potentials from electrochemical oxidation, a measure of the stability of the dications, showed a good linear relationship with another measure of stability, the calculated difference in energy between each dication and its neutral precursor. The dications of benzylidene fluorenes were less stable than the dications of diphenylmethylidene fluorenes; within each type of compound, dications with p-substituted phenyl rings were more stable than dications with m-substituted phenyl rings and dications with phenyl rings substituted with electron-donating groups were more stable than dications with phenyl rings substituted with electron-withdrawing groups. The antiaromaticity of the fluorenyl system was assessed through the nucleus-independent chemical shift (NICS) that was also calculated by the GIAO method. The plot of the NICS values per square area versus the calculated energy difference for the dications showed a moderate degree of linearity; the plot of NICS values per square area versus the oxidation potentials was less linear. Thus, a suggestive, but not conclusive, relationship between magnetic and energetic measures of antiaromaticity was observed.     

多溴代芴热力学性质的理论预测研究

为了预测环境污染物多溴代芴的热力学性质,计算了60种多溴代芴的分子连接性指数、电性距离矢量指数、电性拓扑状态指数以及分子形状指数.采用多元线性回归的方法建立了多溴代芴化合物的标准生成焓(Δ_fH~0)、标准熵(S~0)、标准生成吉布斯自由能(Δ_fG~0)及等容热容等热力学性质的QSPR相关性模型,方程的相关系数值均在0.99以上.与相关文献的相关系数R和标准误差S进行比较,该模型具有良好的预测能力和稳定性.     

二茂铁／过氧化苯甲酰引发体系光谱行为的研究

二茂铁／过氧化苯甲酰引发体系光谱行为的研究刘日新，周晓红，吴世康（中国科学院感光化学研究所，北京，１００１０１）关键词二茂铁过氧化苯甲酰引发体系，基态电荷转移复合物，甲基丙烯酸甲酯室温聚合Ｍ茂铁（Ｆ。）和过氧化物组成的体系，用以引发烯类单体聚合［‘ｌ...     

贫电子环丙烷衍生物与甲醇的反应

顺-1-呋喃乙酰基-2-对位取代苯基-6,6-二甲基-5,7-二氧-螺-[2,5]-4,8-辛二酮和顺-1-噻吩乙酰基-2-对位取代苯基-6,6-二甲基-5,7-二氧-螺-[2,5]-4,8-辛二酮与甲醇于封管中80℃反应72 h得到β-呋喃甲酰基-γ-甲氧基-γ-对取代苯基-丁酸甲酯及β-噻吩甲酰基-γ-甲氧基-γ-对取代苯基-丁酸甲酯,其结构经1H NMR,13C NMR,IR,MS及APT。讨论了反应机理。     

A denitrogenative palladium-catalyzed cascade for regioselective synthesis of fluorenes

We herein report a denitrogenative palladium-catalyzed cascade for the modular and regioselective synthesis of polysubstituted fluorenes. Hydrazone facilitates the Pd(ii) to Pd(iv) oxidative addition in a Catellani pathway and is also the methylene synthon in the proposed reaction. Aryl iodides and 2-bromoarylaldehyde hydrazones undergo a norbornene-controlled tandem reaction sequence to give a broad scope of fluorenes in the presence of a palladium catalyst. The method described is scalable and adaptable to a three-component reaction with in situ generation of the hydrazone group. Preliminary mechanistic investigations have been conducted.

Hydrazone assists Pd(ii)/(iv) oxidative addition and is the methylene synthon in a palladium-catalyzed, norbornene-mediated regioselective synthesis of fluorenes.     

Electron acceptors of the fluorene series. 10.(1) novel acceptors containing butylsulfanyl, butylsulfinyl, and butylsulfonyl substituents: synthesis, cyclic voltammetry, charge-transfer complexation with anthracene in solution, and X-ray crystal structures of two tetrathiafulvalene complexes

2,4,5,7-Tetranitro-9-fluorenone (1b) reacts readily with n-butanethiol in dipolar aprotic solvents with selective substitution of nitro groups by butylsulfanyl groups in positions 2 and 7 (2, 3); the 2,5-isomer 4 was formed only as a minor product (<1%). Condensation of fluorenones 2-4 with malononitrile yielded 9-dicyanomethylene derivatives 5-7, which showed strong intramolecular charge transfer (lambda approximately 510-560 nm) and were found to sensitize the photoconductivity of carbazole-containing polymer films. Oxidation of sulfides 2-4 gave sulfoxide 8 or sulfones 9-11, which then were converted into their corresponding dicyanomethylene derivatives 12-15. All these novel acceptors showed three reversible single-electron reduction waves (cyclic voltammetry) yielding radical anion, dianion, and radical trianion; moreover, acceptors 13-15 showed also a fourth reduction wave, representing reversible tetraanion formation. Substitution of the oxygen of the carbonyl group in the fluorenones by a dicyanomethylene group increased the thermodynamic stability (K(SEM) growth) of the radical anion; K(SEM) ranged from 3 x 10(5) to 3 x 10(9) M(-1). CV measurements characterize compounds 3, 4 (EA = 1. 86-1.89 eV) as poor acceptors, 2, 6-11 (EA = 2.13-2.31 eV) as moderate acceptors, and 5, 12-15 (EA = 2.53-2.66 eV) as strong electron acceptors. Charge-transfer complex (CTC) formation between acceptors 9, 10, 13, 14, and anthracene as a donor was monitored by the appearance of additional low-energy bands in the visible region (CTC bands) of their electron absorption spectra. Increasing the EA of the acceptors from 9-fluorenones to the corresponding 9-dicyanomethylenefluorenes increases the complexation constants K(CTC) by 2.5-3 times, while sulfonyl substituents present substantial steric hindrance for complexation (as compared to the nitro group), decreasing K(CTC) values. Two CTCs for acceptors 14 and 17 with tetrathiafulvalene (TTF) were obtained, and their structures were solved by single-crystal X-ray diffractometry, giving the stoichometries 14:TTF, 2:3, and 17:TTF:PhCl, 1:1:0.5. In the former complex the packing motif is a mixed.DDAD'A. stack; in the latter complex the D and A moieties form unusually close CT pairs, which pack in a herringbone motif.     

Influence of organic bases on constructing 3D photoluminescent open metal-organic polymeric frameworks

Four three-dimensional non-interpenetrating open coordination frameworks constructed from the CTC ligand (CTC =cis,cis-1,3,5-cyclohexanetricarboxylate) coordinated to metal ions (Mn(II) and Cd(II)): Mn(3)(CTC)(2)(DMF)(2)(1); Cd(3)(CTC)(2)(H(2)O)(3).H(2)O (2); Cd(3)(CTC)(2)(4,4'-bpy)(2)(EG)(2)(3); Cd(3)(CTC)(2)(mu(2)-hmt)(DMF)(C(2)H(5)OH)(H(2)O).2H(2)O (4)(DMF = dimethylformamide and EG = ethylene glycol) have been synthesized by slow evaporation of DMF-C(2)H(5)OH-H(2)O solutions of M(II)(Mn(II) or Cd(II)) and CTC in the presence of the organic bases TEA (triethylamine), TEA, 4,4'-bpy (4,4'-bipyridine) and hmt (hexamethylenetetramine), respectively, and structurally characterized by X-ray crystallography. The polymer constructed by CTC and Mn(II) exhibits a 3-D architecture with 5 x 9 A channels; the polymer formed by CTC and Cd(II) exists a 3-D extended framework with 9 x 9 A channels; wave-like sheet subunits of the polymer are upheld by 4,4'-bpy ligands resulting in a 3-D framework with 4 x 10 A channels; two-fold alternate sheet subunits of the polymer are interlinked by mu(2)-hmt ligands to form a novel 3-D architecture with 7 x 8 A channels. Polymers exhibit their strongest excitation peaks at 391, 390 and 394 nm, respectively, and their main strong emission peaks are at 543, 460 (with a shoulder peak at about 570 nm) and 557 nm, respectively.     

Time-resolved absorption spectroscopic studies on the reaction of conformationally fixed o-(9-fluorenyl)phenylnitrenes

Laser-flash photolysis studies have been carried out on a solution of ap- and sp-9-(2-azido-4,6-dimethylphenyl)fluorenes (3) in methanol-ether at 25°C. The rates of formation of azanorcaradiene (5) from ap-nitrene (4) ap, and of 9-methoxyfluorene (7) from o-quinoid intermediate (6) were determined. The deuterium isotope effect on the migration of the hydrogen is discussed.     

高效液相色谱法分析两种不同溴取代芴

建立了一种操作简单、适用于两种不同溴取代芴（2-溴芴和2,7-二溴芴）的高效液相色谱分析方法.采用反相C18柱,乙腈-水（体积比80∶20）为流动相,流速为1.3 mL/min,以270 nm为检测波长,外标定量测定2-溴芴和2,7-二溴芴的含量.在此条件下,2-溴芴和2,7-二溴芴在0.01~0.12 mg/mL范围内呈线性关系,相关系数均为0.999 9,平均回收率分别为106.7%和100.1%,相对标准偏差分别为0.72%和0.87%.方法操作简单,结果准确,适用于以上两种主要溴取代芴的分析检测.     

Hydrogenation of 9-pyridylmethylene- and 9-benzylidene(aza)fluorenes in the presence of rhenium heptasuifide

Hydrogenation of 9-pyridylmethylene(aza)fluorenes and 9-benzylidene-4-azafluorene at 250 °C andp _{H 2} = 130 atm in the presence of Re₂S₇ as a catalyst occurs preferably at the exoeyclic double bond of the fulvene fragment to yield pyridyl-9-(aza)fluorenylmethanes.Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 1, pp. 180–182, January, 1996.