漫透射视觉密度计密度片标准物质的研制

以工业射线胶片为主材,经过曝光和暗室处理等工艺,制备检定校准漫透射视觉密度计用的密度片标准物质。密度片的级数达到24级、光学密度值范围为0.03~5.00,密度片的量值、均匀性及光谱特性等参数均优于相关规程对标准密度片的规定参数,可广泛应用于漫透射视觉密度计的检定校准工作。     

一种新型的多功能照相胶片影像质量评价方法

本文设计了一种新型的多功能照相胶片感光性能和影像质量评价方法.这种方法的主要特点是快速、方便并有满足实用要求的精确度.该方法仅使用一个测试标板,就可以很容易地测定出照相胶片的感光性能、分辨率、均方根颗粒度和密度振幅响应(DAR)值等多种表征影像质量的参数.本文简要介绍该方法并给出试验结果及其与传统测试方法的比较和讨论意见.     

染料黑白片XP1 400的粒度研究

本文测定了依尔福染料黑白片XP1 400在XPI套药中冲洗的染料影像及中间银影像的均方根粒度,同时又测定了在同样曝光条件下的涂层在普通黑白显影液中冲洗的黑白银影像的均方根粒度。结果表明,三种影像粒度随密度变化的规律完全不同。本文又用selwyn公式计算了中间银影像及黑白银影像的单位面积显出颗粒数,测试和计算结果表明,与黑白银影像比较,中间银影像具有均方根粒度明显低和单位面积显出颗粒数高的特点。这与光学显微镜下现察到的中间银影像及黑白银影像的形态是一致的。本文还根据实验及计算结果讨论了DIR成色剂在影像形成过程中的作用。     

黑白胶片噪声测定方法的研究

本文采用实验测定和计算机模拟的方法,研究了黑白胶片的宏观噪声与微观噪声的性质及其相互关系。实验结果表明,黑白胶片的宏观噪声通常大于微观噪声,这是由于宏观噪声包括了胶片的宏观不均匀性的影响,而微观噪声则反映了由乳剂性质所决定的密度的统计涨落。因此,宏观噪声(相当于均方根粒度)适于用做感光材料的评价,而如果要研究卤化银乳剂的性质对影像质量的影响则微观噪声更有意义。在大面积范围内的多次测定结果表明,宏观噪声波动幅度较大,而微观噪声则重复性较好。实验结果表明,标准相关系数(r)在一定程度上可以作为感光材料宏观不均匀性的量度。     

Li_2SO_4-Na_2SO_4-H_2O和Li_2SO_4-K_2SO_4-H_2O溶液的体积性质（英文）

本文用高精度数字式振荡管密度计测定了288K至318K温度范围内三元体系Li_2SO_4-Na_2SO_4-H_2O和Li_2SO_4-K_2SO_4-H_2O的密度。溶液的离子强度范围从0. 1到4. 5mol·kg-1,在两种混合溶液中Na_2SO_4和K_2SO_4的离子强度分数为0. 2,0. 4,0. 6和0. 8。用密度实验值拟合得到了不同温度下Pitzer离子相互作用模型混合参数θ~V和ψ~V,模型的计算值与实验值的偏差在±0. 002 g·cm-3以内。用Pitzer模型计算了不同离子强度下三元体系的混合体积。     

NaCl-KCl-H2O体系的体积性质及其与Pitzer模型的相关性研究(英文)

本文用高精度数字式振荡管密度计测定了288～323K范围内NaCl-KCl混合溶液的密度,溶液的离子强度范围从0.1到4mol·kg^-1。用密度实验值计算了三元体系的超额体积并拟合得到了实验温度和浓度范围内的Pitzer模型参数,模型计算值与实验值的偏差在±0.0004g·cm^-3以内。用Pitzer模型计算了不同离子强度下三元体系在298.15K下的混合体积。     

NaCl-KCl-H_2O体系的体积性质及其与Pitzer模型的相关性研究（英文）

本文用高精度数字式振荡管密度计测定了288～323K范围内NaCl-KCl混合溶液的密度,溶液的离子强度范围从0.1到4mol·kg~(-1)。用密度实验值计算了三元体系的超额体积并拟合得到了实验温度和浓度范围内的Pitzer模型参数,模型计算值与实验值的偏差在±0.0004g·cm~(-3)以内。用Pitzer模型计算了不同离子强度下三元体系在298.15K下的混合体积。     

微乳中纳米胶囊的复凝聚法制备

在O/W型APG微乳液模板上, 以明胶和阿拉伯树胶作为包裹材料, 用复凝聚的方法制备纳米胶囊, 对影响纳米胶囊的合成条件进行了分析. 用粒度仪测定产物的粒径及其分布, 用透射电镜观察产物的形貌. 结果表明, 用复凝聚法在微乳中合成了粒度均匀、粒径30～100 nm的球性纳米胶囊. 考察了微乳液的组成、高分子的浓度和复凝聚的条件对纳米胶囊性质的影响. 纳米胶囊对氯氰菊酯的包裹率较高, 在60%以上. 本方法条件温和, 操作简单, 是一种新型的纳米胶囊合成技术.     

利用标准加入法研究离子液体EMIBF4的密度和表面张力

在278.15～338.15 K温度范围内, 分别用Anton Paar密度计和最大气泡法测定了含有不同微量水的离子液体EMIBF₄ (1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate)的密度和表面张力, 讨论了微量水对这些性质的影响, 进而用标准加入法确定了无水离子液体EMIBF₄的密度和表面张力. 借助Glasser理论和空隙模型讨论了EMIBF₄的热力学性质. 用空隙模型计算的离子液体热膨胀系数与实验测定值较好一致, 说明空隙模型具有合理性.     

二元无机溶液的折射分析

研究了二元无机溶液的折射分析法,得到了联系二元无机溶液浓度、密度和折射率的方程,并用氯化钠溶液和溴化钾溶液对该方程进行了验证.配制了不同浓度的氯化钠溶液和溴化钾溶液各7种,在20℃下用阿贝折射仪测定各溶液的折射率和密度.将试验测量的折射率值和该方程的计算值进行了比较,发现两者吻合,最大差值在10-4量级上,在仪器的误差范围内.结果表明:该方程是获得不同浓度的二元无机溶液的折射率的简便而快速的方法.     

NIST transmission density instrument

The Optical Technology Division of NIST has developed a new instrument for measuring ISO standard visual diffuse transmission densities using the diffuse influx mode. This instrument is used to calibrate both X-ray and photographic film step tablet Standard Reference Materials. The design, characterization, and operation of the instrument are detailed. The instrument was fully characterized both to verify compliance with the applicable international standards and to determine the combined uncertainty in transmission density associated with the calibrations. Results from comparisons with other laboratories are also presented.     

PDS显微密度计的性能测试及分析

PDS(Photomaric Data Acquisition System)的主要技术指标指的是该仪器的一些性能指标的极限值。由于在实际工作中，光密度精度和坐标精度与仪器的线性、噪声、速度、扫描方向、步长、孔径等参数相互依赖和制约，所以必须弄清它们之间的关系，才能够获得高精度的数据。然而每台PDS显微密度计之间，这些相互制约的性能有很大的离散性，因此使某些参数的选取无固定方式，必须因不同型号的仪器和被研究图象的特征而变。为此，我们对本室引进的精密仪器PDS显微密度计的主要性能进行了测试及分析，获得了较为满意的测试及分析结果，可供PDS用户操作人员参考。     

有序卤化银照相层的颗粒度的计算机模拟测量——Ⅱ.圆形采样孔效应

本工作采用了圆孔采样的连续型模型对所设计的几种颗粒有序排列的照相层相应的影像层的颗粒度进行了计算机模拟测量。测量的结果表明,与方孔采样的结果不同,圆形采样孔孔径尺寸的微小变化所引起的颗粒度测量值的波动小,测量值比较稳定。此外,各种颗粒有序排列图案的试样在不同的显影密度下几乎具有相同的结果。     

坚膜反应对染印法空白片性能的影响

本文研究了在染印法空白片的各种坚膜条件下媒染层的物理机械性能和染印性能,包括媒染层的断裂强度、空白片的膨胀度、染色密度和线格清晰度。铬矾坚膜的效果用媒染层中铬的含量和媒染层经水萃取后所得交联物含量来表示。在此基础上计算出用铬矾坚膜的媒染层的交联密度。为排除空白片中乳剂层的干扰,采用了单独处理媒染层的方法。得到了在本实验中获得空白片最佳清晰度和最佳物理机械性能的条件,并对媒染层中主要物质分子间的相互关系进行了探讨。     

有序卤化银照相层的颗粒度的计算机模拟测量——方形采样孔效应

在本工作中,设计了几种照相层中卤化银颗粒有序排列的图案,并采用计算机模拟测量颗粒度的方法分析了颗粒按各种图案排列的照相层在曝光和显影之后的影象层的颗粒度随密度的变化,从而确定较佳的颗粒排列的图案。在对颗粒有序排列的照相层进行颗粒度模拟测量的时候发现:与颗粒随机排列照相层的颗粒度测量不同,方形采样孔尺寸的微小变化会引起颗粒度测量值颇大的波动。可以预料,方形采样孔在试样上的取向对测量结果也会有影响。因此,圆形采样孔可能比较适合于用来测量有序卤化银照相层的颗粒度。     

A PORTABLE INSTRUMENT FOR MEASURING GROUND REFLECTANCE IN THE ULTRAVIOLET

Abstract— A lightweight, battery-powered instrument specifically designed for measuring ground reflectance in the UV is described. The instrument has been used to measure the UV reflectance over different terrains in Saudi Arabia, Canada and England, and data are presented for a number of surfaces including tarmac, grass, wood, concrete and sand. These values agree closely with those obtained by diffuse spectral reflectance measurements.     

Laser microdensitometer for spectrographical measurements

A linear microdensitometer was designed for wide range optical density measurements. A reduced stray light level and an extension of the linear measuring range were achieved by reducing the size of the sampled area isolated from the de-magnified image of the preslit and the use of laser illumination. Display of the spectrum was maintained by incorporating a second beam using an incandescent lamp.Owing to the very effective control of stray and scattered light, the laser microdensitometer proved to be the ultimate solution for the evaluation of photographically recorded spectra.     

Three dimensional film electrode prepared from oppositely charged carbon nanoparticles as efficient enzyme host

Three dimensional carbon film electrodes were prepared from oppositely charged carbon nanoparticles (ca. 9 to 18 nm diameter) by a layer-by-layer approach. This was done by alternative immersion of indium tin oxide plates into suspension of positively and negatively charged particles. A stable film is formed already after single immersion and withdrawal step as confirmed by scanning electron microscopy. Up to ten immersion and withdrawal steps can be used to systematically increase the amount of nanoparticulate carbon material. The capacitive current density and current density of hydrogen peroxide reduction are proportional to the number of immersion and withdrawal steps. The same can be seen for adsorbed redox active 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonate). After adsorption of bilirubin oxidase into the film efficient bioelectrocatalytic dioxygen reduction is observed.     

Effect of amine catalysts on preparation of nanometric SiO<Subscript>2</Subscript> particles and antireflective films via sol–gel method

SiO₂ sols were prepared by hydrolysis and condensation reactions of tetraethyl orthosilicate through a one step acid or a two step acid + base catalysis process, in the presence of nitric acid and four different base catalyzers, namely trimethylamine, triethylamine, tripropylamine and tributylamine. Hydrolysis of TEOS was followed by FT-IR analyses. Particle size distributions of the sols were evaluated after predetermined durations in 1–22 days. Particle growth was seen to be faster in amine catalyzed systems than in one step acid catalyzed system. The highest rate of growth was in triethylamine catalyzed system. Glass substrates were dip coated with the prepared SiO₂ sols. Effect of sol aging duration on film thickness and on light transmittance properties of the films was investigated with respect to type of base catalyst. Thicknesses of the films which were measured to be in the range of 100–400 nm, were seen to increase with aging duration of the sols. Triethylamine catalyzed system presented the highest film thickness. Films obtained from one step acid catalyzed system presented an increase of 4.8%; whereas acid + base catalyzed films provided an increase in the light transmittance of 5.7% in the first 4 days of aging. Surfaces of films were examined by FESEM and AFM. The antireflective character of the films was verified by diffuse reflectance analyses.     

界面张力在基板诱导共混物分散相粒子粗化生长加速现象中的作用

通过相差显微镜和计算机图像处理来研究两相聚合物体系的粗化过程 .将具有不同聚比的乙烯 聚醋酸乙烯酯 (EVAc)共聚物与聚丙烯 (PP)共混 ,制备不同相界面张力的系列共混物薄膜 .观察了在玻璃基板的作用下 ,不同界面张力体系的分散相粒子粗化行为 ,发现界面张力在约 0 4 8·1 0 - 5N cm以上的体系中分散相粒子的粗化有明显的加速现象 ,粒子体积生长与时间关系的指数大于 1 0 ;而两相界面张力较低的情况下 ,选择具有不同表面极性的基板对同一体系试验 ,我们均未发现有粗化加速现象产生 ,且采用不同基板之间的试验结果差异很小 ,亦即当高分子共混物的相界面张力大于一定值时 ,仅与基板存在有关 ,粒子的粗化行为被加速