硅藻土的形态、结构对明胶溶液脱色效率的影响

本文采用两种硅藻土进行了明胶脱色实验,并用电子显微镜对它们的形态、晶态进行对比.发现硅藻土脱色性能的好坏与其形态结构密切相关.     

碱性染料-硅藻土复合粉末制备及用于手印显现的综合化学实验

基于物理吸附原理,采用硅藻土和碱性染料（亚甲基蓝、藏红T）制备新型手印显现粉末。利用扫描电子显微镜和傅里叶变换红外光谱表征硅藻土的形貌与结构,通过紫外可见吸收光谱测试硅藻土对碱性染料的吸附性能,使用制得的复合粉末显现出不同客体表面的手印。该综合化学实验涉及多个领域,包括分析化学的数据处理和仪器使用、物理化学的表面吸附机理、法庭科学的手印显现与提取,有利于拓展学生的科学视野,提升学生的科学素养。     

钡添加剂对二次碱性锌电极性能的影响

采用直接化学合成法制备以钡作添加剂的二次碱性锌电极活性物质,样品的表面形貌及其晶态结构由SEM和XRD表征,并以循环伏安、充放电循环及电化学阻抗谱测定样品的电化学性能.实验表明,锌电极因Ba的添加而生成一种化学式为BaZn(OH)4·xH2O的锌酸钡,改善了电极的电化学性能.此外发现,Zn电极的电化学阻抗谱含有一个对应于电极表面放电产物覆盖率的时间常数.     

硅藻土基吸附与光催化材料在水处理中的应用

硅藻土是一种由硅藻遗骸所形成的多孔材料,具有比表面积大、抗腐蚀性好和绿色无毒等优点。作为一种原料易得且价格低廉的吸附与催化载体材料,硅藻土在水处理方面表现出广泛的应用前景。天然硅藻土中含有不同比例的金属氧化物杂质,会降低硅藻土的孔隙率和影响其吸附及催化活性。因此,表面修饰和复合改性增强硅藻土吸附及催化性能是目前硅藻土材料应用于水处理方向的研究重点。本文从吸附和光催化原理出发,分析了不同表面修饰及复合改性方法对硅藻土结构与性能的影响,总结了硅藻土基材料在有机废水,富营养污水和重金属离子废水等污水处理方面的应用进展,并对硅藻土基吸附与光催化材料的发展和研究方向进行分析和展望。     

ZnS微米球的水热合成及光催化性能研究

以L-半胱氨酸为硫源,明胶作为组装剂,采用水热方法制备了粒径均一的ZnS微米球。利用XRD,TEM,FESEM,FTIR探讨了明胶、反应时间和反应温度对产物形貌和尺寸的影响,其结果表明ZnS微米球是由ZnS纳米颗粒组装而成的3D多级结构。光催化性能研究表明,明胶的加入提高了最终产物的光催化性能。利用产物的荧光发光性能解释了其光催化性能产生差异的原因。     

负载型混晶纳米TiO_2/硅藻土复合材料的制备及其光催化性能

选用市售硅藻土作为载体,采用液相沉积法制备了负载型混晶纳米TiO2/硅藻土复合材料;采用扫描电镜、X射线衍射仪及红外光谱仪分析了复合材料的表面形貌和晶体结构;基于甲醛光催化降解实验考察了不同组成的负载型TiO2/硅藻土复合材料的光催化性能.结果表明,TiO2负载量为33.3%(TiO2与硅藻土的质量比为1∶2)的复合材料对甲醛光催化降解具有最佳催化活性.     

凝胶过滤-原子吸收光谱法在研究照相明胶中的应用

照相明胶中的微量金属元素对卤化银乳剂的性能有多方面的影响,所以研究照相明胶中金属杂质的总量,以及它们的化学形态对改善乳剂质量和生产优质照相明胶具有重要意义。本文以明胶中钙的测定为例探讨了凝胶过滤─-火焰原子吸收法在研究照相明胶中金属形态的特点,并且提出了不经消化或水解而用火焰原子吸收法直接测定明胶中钙的方法。     

静电纺微量串珠纤维复合滤料的制备及过滤性能探究

以聚偏氟乙烯(PVDF)为原材料,以PET熔喷非织造布为接收基材,通过静电纺丝技术制备了微量串珠纤维复合滤料,利用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)观察纺丝液浓度、纺丝电压、纺丝距离对纤维形貌的影响,并研究了静电纺丝时间对复合滤料过滤性能的影响。结果表明,工艺参数最优组合为:纺丝液质量分数20%,纺丝电压38 kV和纺丝距离25 cm,并且各纺丝时间的复合滤料样品都表现出极高的过滤效率和较低的过滤阻力,综合考虑,优选纺丝时间为5min时,复合滤料可达到最佳的过滤性能。     

有机模板剂辅助喷雾干燥法制备LiFePO4/C正极材料及其电化学性能研究

分别使用3种有机物辅助模板剂,由喷雾干燥制得LiFePO4/C复合正极材料,X射线衍射（XRD）、扫描电镜（SEM）表征、考察了不同模板剂对样品的形貌和性能的影响.交流阻抗（EIS）、循环伏安（CV）和恒电流充放电测试电极性能.结果表明：样品的形貌和结构因添加不同的有机模板剂而改变.无模板剂时,得到的样品是光滑实心球;...     

硅藻土增强橡胶复合材料的研究进展

硅藻土是单细胞硅藻的遗骸经自然条件形成的硅质沉积岩,因其具有质轻、大的比表面积、超强的吸附性、隔音、耐磨、耐热以及耐腐蚀等特点而被广泛应用于化工、石油、建材、生物医药卫生以及环保等众多领域。然而由于硅藻土与白炭黑的结构成分相似,白炭黑通常用作橡胶的补强填料,目前硅藻土用于橡胶补强填料的研究鲜少报道。本文综述了硅藻土的性能、硅藻土的国内外研究现状、硅藻土的改性以及硅藻土增强橡胶复合材料的制备过程,并对硅藻土增强橡胶复合材料的发展趋势做了展望。     

Synthesis of silver nanoparticles in chitosan, gelatin and chitosan/gelatin bionanocomposites by a chemical reducing agent and their characterization

In this research, silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were synthesized in chitosan (Cts), Cts/gelatin and gelatin suspensions using a chemical reducing agent. Cts and gelatin were used as natural stabilizers and solid support, whereas AgNO(3) was used as the silver precursor. Sodium borohydride (NaBH(4)) was used as the reducing agent. The properties of AgNPs in Cts, Cts/gelatin and gelatin bionanocomposites (BNCs) were studied in terms of their surface plasmon resonance, crystalline structure, average diameter size, particle distributions, surface topography and functional groups. All the samples were characterized by UV-visible spectroscopy, powder X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy.     

The origin of the formation of cavities in galvanized coatings

The role of water‐soluble corrosion products on galvanized wires was examined. The samples used were industrial hot‐dip galvanized wires, which were exposed to the open air under all weather conditions for a relatively short time (6 and 12 months), in an urban environment close to the sea. The samples were studied by different methods, i.e. scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X‐ray diffraction (XRD) and optical microscopy (OM). Several phases were detected because of the galvanization procedure and the steel substrate. Furthermore, phases which were formed as a result of the reaction of zinc with the atmosphere were also detected. These were oxides like ZnO, carbonates like ZnCO₃ and hydrated Zn and Fe sulfates. Their presence influences the corrosion resistance of the wires, which finally, strongly depends on the solubility of the wires in water. The SO₄^2? compounds especially are very soluble and consequently are easily removed from the coating surface, leading to its degradation by the formation of cavities. In any case, their presence, even after a short period of exposure, implies that the coating is highly affected by the atmosphere of the modern city. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Controlled Synthesis of Sea-urchin-like ZnO Nanomaterials with the Aid of Ethylene Glycol Using a Solvothermal Method

Sea-urchin-like ZnO nanomaterials were successfully synthesized by decomposition of zinc acetate precursor in the presence of sodium hydroxide and ethylene glycol(EG) in an ethanol solution using a solvothermal method at 180 ℃ for 12 h.The crystalline phase and morphology of the resultant nanomaterials were characterized by X-ray diffraction(XRD),scanning electron microscopy(SEM),transmission electron microscopy(TEM),selected-area electronic diffraction(SAED) and high-resolution electron microscopy(HRTEM).Interestingly,the sizes and prod length of the samples can be easily tuned by changing the amount of directing agent EG and keeping other reaction conditions unchangeable.On the basis of our experimental outcomes,EG-controlled-nucleation-growth formation mechanism was proposed to correspond for the sea-urchin-like ZnO growth processes.And the photoluminescence(PL) spectra of the as-selected samples were measured at room temperature,presenting two emission peaks centered at～388 and 480 nm.     

水热法制备多层核壳结构Gd_2O_3:Eu~(3+)空心微球

以稀土硝酸盐-葡萄糖的混合溶液作为前驱体,采用一步水热法和随后的热处理得到了多层核壳结构Gd_2O_3:Eu~(3+)空心微球,并用X-射线衍射(XRD)、场发射扫描电镜(FESEM)、透射电镜(TEM)、X-射线能量色散光谱(EDS)和荧光光谱等测试手段对所得样品进行了表征.结果表明:所得空心球样品为纯的立方相的Gd_2O_3.具有规则的多层核壳空心结构,空心球的直径在2～3μm左右,壁厚约为100 nml,并且Gd_2O_3:Eu~(3+)空心球是由尺寸约为30 nm的球形纳米颗粒白组装而成.样品中含有Gd、Eu、O元素.该空心球样品具有强的Eu~(3+)的特征红光发射以及长的荧光寿命,可以用来作为时间分辨荧光标记物.     

Characterization of 3D DNA Assemblies Using Cryogenic Electron Microscopy

DNA nanotechnology utilizes DNA double strands as building units for self-assembly of DNA nanostructures.The specific base-pairing interaction between DNA molecules is the basis of these assemblies.After decades of development,this technology has been able to construct complex and programmable structures.With the increase in delicate nature and complexity of the synthesized nanostructures,a characterization technology that can observe these structures in three dimensions has become necessary,and developing such a technology is considerably challenging.DNA assemblies have been studied using different characterization methods including atomic force microscopy(AFM),scanning electron microscopy(SEM),and transmission electron microscopy(TEM).However,the three-dimensional(3D)DNA assemblies always collapse locally due to the dehydration during the drying process.Cryogenic electron microscopy(cryo-EM)can overcome the challenge by maintaining three-dimensional morphologies of the cryogenic samples and reconstruct the 3D models from cryogenic samples accordingly by collecting thousands of two-dimensional(2D)projection images,which can restore their original morphologies in solution.Here,we have reviewed several typical cases of 3D DNA-assemblies and highlighted the applications of cryo-EM in characterization of these assemblies.By comparing with some other characterization methods,we have shown how cryo-EM promoted the development of structural characterization in the field of DNA nanotechnology.     

明胶/羟基磷灰石复合物微球中明胶对无机相影响的研究

在油包水的乳液体系中,通过原位合成的方法使羟基磷灰石(HAP)在明胶链上化学沉积,改变明胶溶液的浓度,制得了一系列的明胶/HAP复合物微球.采用X射线衍射仪(XRD)、傅里叶变换红外光谱仪(FTIR)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)和热失重分析仪(TGA)等对产物的组成、形貌以及热失重情况进行了表征.结果表明,明胶用量对复合物微球中HAP的形成具有重要影响.在明胶溶液浓度为0.025 g/mL时,明胶分子链提供的结合位点恰好与溶液中游离的Ca²⁺、PO₄^3-等离子达到平衡状态,复合物微球中无机相含量达40%,这是明胶与HAP以化学键合的形式结合所能得到的最大值.     

钙稀土氟碳酸盐矿物中体衍交生结构的电子显微镜研究

用高分辨电子显微术研究了四川西昌地区钙稀氟碳酸盐矿物中的体衍生复合多晶体超微结构特征，直观地揭示了该类矿物非均匀结构的复杂性。研究表明，该矿物体是由钙稀土氟碳酸盐矿物系列中不同组分的氟碳铈矿与直氟碳钙铈矿结构单元层沿ｃ轴方向无序堆垛而成。     

锂离子电池负极材料ZnMn2O4微米空心球的制备和电化学性能

通过溶剂热方法合成了ZnMn2O4微米空心球,并探讨了其形成机理。采用XRD,SEM,TEM等测试手段对产物的结构、形貌和组成进行了表征。实验结果表明,溶剂热反应条件如反应温度、反应介质对于产物的结构和形貌起着关键作用。在140℃,采用乙醇和水作为反应介质,反应6 h可以制备出直径约3μm的ZnMn2O4微米空心球;当以乙醇为溶剂,反应6 h可以得到团聚的尺寸约250 nm的ZnMn2O4纳米颗粒。将所制备的ZnMn2O4微米空心球/纳米颗粒组装成锂扣式模拟电池,考察其电化学脱嵌锂性能。电化学测试结果显示,与ZnMn2O4纳米颗粒相比,空心结构的ZnMn2O4微米球具有较高的初始放电容量(1335 mAh·g-1)和较好的倍率性能,有望作为锂离子电池的新型负极材料。     

Investigation of Commercial Graphenes

For graphene to achieve its full scientific and commercial potential, reliable mass production of the material on the multi-tonne scale is essential. We have investigated five samples of graphene obtained from commercial sources that state they can supply the product on the tonne scale per annum. From electron microscopy at the micrometre to the nanometre scale, and neutron vibrational spectroscopy, we find that none of the materials examined were 100 % isolated graphene sheets. In all cases, there was a substantial content of graphite-like material. The samples exhibited varying oxygen contents, this could be present as carboxylic acid (although other oxygenates, quinones, phenols may also be present) or water. We emphasise that INS spectroscopy is particularly useful for the investigation of inorganic materials that will be used commercially: it provides atomic scale information from macroscopic (10’s of g) amounts of sample, thus ensuring that the results are truly representative.