The linked cluster expansion for two-body operators

It is argued that the usual Bethe-Goldstone wavefunction should be normalized before being used to calculate the effect of two-body correlations on expectation values of two-body operators. This normalization is related to specific linked cluster diagrams and is shown to be necessary for ‘pair number’ conservation.     

Irreducible U(3) tensor interactions in the symplectic collective model

The potential V(β, γ) of the Bohr-Mottelson and symplectic collective models is expressed as a linear combination of U(3) irreducible tensor operators in the symplectic enveloping algebra. This many-body collective potential is then projected onto the symplectic two-body tensor operators. The projected two-body potential is shown to give results similar to the many-body potential in ²⁰Ne. Hence, in the symplectic shell model, one has obtained a collective model with two-body forces.     

Integral equations for N-particle scattering

Integral equations are derived for the N-particle transition operators. The equations couple together only transition operators between two-body channels. The kernel of the equations becomes connected after a single iteration. Transition operators involving channels with three or more particles can be obtained by quadratures from the solution of the equations. It is also shown that the N-particle equations can be reduced to multichannel two-body equations by the use of the quasiparticle method.     

Variational Calculation on A = 3 and 4 Nuclei with Non-Local Potentials

The application of the hyperspherical harmonic approach to the case of non-local two-body potentials is described. Given the properties of the hyperspherical harmonic functions, there are no difficulties in considering the approach in both coordinate and momentum space. The binding energies and other ground-state properties of A = 3 and 4 nuclei are calculated using the CD Bonn 2000 and N3LO two-body potentials. The results are shown to be in excellent agreement with corresponding ones obtained by other accurate techniques.     

Exact matrix elements for general two-body central-force interactions,expressed as sums of products

ABSTRACT

In a manner similar to but distinct from concurrent tensor efforts in electronic structure, it is shown that the Laplace transform can serve as a generator for a sum-of-products (SOP) form that allows one to write essentially any function of distance between two particles (i.e. any central force potential) as an exact two-body matrix. In particular, exact expressions for the Coulomb, Yukawa and long-range Ewald two-body operators are evaluated in a band-limited (Sinc function) basis. The resultant exact, full-basis, SOP representations for these interaction potentials – acting in conjunction with an external harmonic confining field – are validated via comparison with energy eigenstate solutions obtained via an independent calculation based on separation of variables. The new two-body matrix representations may have substantial impact in any of the many disciplines in which pair-wise central force interactions are relevant – especially, electronic structure and dynamics.     

Two-body collisions and time dependent Hartree-Fock theory

The time-dependent Hartree-Fock (TDHF) theory is generalized in order to include the effect of two-body collisions (i.e. the residual interaction). This is achieved by adding a collision integral into the TDHF equations, similar to the one ordinarily used in the Boltzmann equation. It is shown, that two-body collisions arise from the imaginary part of the effective interaction between two nucleons whereas the Hartree-Fock field is associated to the real part of the same interaction. There is thus no double counting when the collisions are added to a single particle field. Various approximations for the collision integral are discussed and their accuracy evaluated. Special effort is made in order to obtain conserving approximations. It is shown that for discrete fields, energy as well as momentum conservation is achieved by off-shell scattering processes. In the light of a previous paper, it is argued that two-body collisions should dominate the irreversible processes above some critical energy (roughly 200 MeV per nucleon). Below this energy the irreversible effects due to the single particle field and the collisions are expected to be of the same order of magnitude.     

Test of three-body contact Skyrme forces with spin excitations in deformed nuclei

Experimental data on spin M1 strength distributions in even-even rare-earth nuclei are compared to theoretical results of selfconsistent HF+RPA calculations with separable spin-spin residual interactions derived from the two alternative versions (two-body density-dependent and three-body contact terms) of the Skyrme force Sk3. It is shown that the two versions produce quite different spin M1 strength distributions, though they generate the same HF mean field. The experimental data favour the two-body over the three-body version of the Skyrme interactions Sk1–Sk6.     

Spin-correlated crystal fields: A study of two-body and relativistic effects for Gd3+ in lanthanum ethylsulphate

Matrix elements of a spin-correlated crystal field (SCCF) operator have been evaluated using exact calculations for two-body double tensor operators and compared with earlier approximate calculations for Gd³⁺ in lanthanum ethylsulphate. In this latter case reductions to products of matrix elements of one-body operators were used. These approximations are shown to be accurate for the determination of zero-field splittings (ZFS) only to within 40%. Nonstandard rank combinations resulting from relativistic effects have also been incorporated which are shown to yield negligible contributions to the ZFS. The two-body form of the SCCF has been made relativistic as well in order to investigate the importance of new tensorial terms for the calculations of the ZFS. Again, their contribution has been shown to be very small.     

Three-body model for neutron-halo nuclei

The neutron-halo nuclei,11Li,14Be,and 17B,are studied in the three-body model.The Yukawa interaction is used to describe the interaction of the two-body subsystem.For given parameters of the two-body interaction,the properties of these neutron-halo nuclei are calculated with the Faddeev equations and the results are compared with those in the variational method.It is shown that the method of the Faddeev equations is more accurate.Then the dependencies of the two-and three-body energies on the parameters are studied. We find numerically that two-and three-body correlations differ greatly from each other with the variation of the intrinsic force range.     

A new parametrization method for hyperfine interactions. Determination of nuclear quadrupole moments almost free of Sternheimer corrections

A method of simultaneous parametrization of one- and two-body interactions in atomic hyperfine structure (HFS) of the configurations (3d+4s)^N+2 is proposed. It is shown that the HFS of these configurations can be parametrized by the use of sixteen adjustable radial parameters for the magnetic dipole interaction and twelve radial parameters for the electric quadrupole interaction. From these one- and two-body parameters nuclear quadrupole moments can be evaluated which are almost free of Sternheimer corrections.     

Simple separable expansions for calculating matrix elements of two-body local interactions with harmonic oscillator functions

A simple method is proposed to calculate the matrix elements of two-body local interactions using a harmonic oscillator basis (HOF). Using the properties of HOF, it is shown that any local potential can be replaced by a simple series for the purpose of calculating matrix elements. This series can be reduced to a finite sum when evaluating a matrix element. Its terms are separable functions of the coordinates of the two particles; hence the advantage of the method. In the present article we treat the most important components of the two-body interaction, namely central, two-body spin-orbit, and tensor forces. As a representation we have chosen spherical harmonic oscillator functions expressed with spherical coordinates. This technique appears to be very well adapted to and efficient for Hartree-Fock calculations in any representation of the HOF. A very interesting feature of this formulation is that it can be easily extended to calculations employing generalized HOF as defined by Wong.     

Three-body mechanisms in coherent meson production by pd capture

Meson double scattering is shown to be the good candidate for accounting for the discrepancies left out by the conventional analysis of pd mesonic capture in terms of one-and two-body mechanisms.     

Borromean three-body heteroatomic resonances

We present an approach to analyze recent experimental evidences of Efimov resonant states in mixtures of ultracold gases, by considering two-species three-body atomic systems bound in a Borromean configuration, where all the two-body interactions are unbound. For such Borromean three-body systems, it is shown that a continuum three-body s-wave resonance emerges from an Efimov state as a scattering length or a three-body scale is moved. The energy and width of the resonant state are determined from a scaling function with arguments given by dimension-less energy ratios relating the two-body virtual state subsystem energies with the shallowest three-body bound state. The peculiar behavior of such resonances is that their peaks are expected to move to lower values of the scattering length, with increasing width, as one raises the temperature. For Borromean systems, two resonant peaks are expected in ultralow-temperature regimes, which will disappear at higher energies. It is shown how a Borromean-Efimov excited bound state turns out to a resonant state by tuning the virtual two-body subsystem energies or scattering lengths, with all energies written in units of the next deeper shallowest Efimov state energy. The resonance position and width for the decay into the continuum are obtained as universal scaling functions (limit cycle) of the dimensionless ratios of the two and three-body scales, which are calculated numerically within a zero-range renormalized three-body model.     

Comparative atomistic and coarse-grained study of water: What do we lose by coarse-graining?

We employ the inverse Boltzmann method to coarse-grain three commonly used three-site water models (TIP3P, SPC and SPC/E) where one molecule is replaced with one coarse-grained particle with isotropic two-body interactions only. The shape of the coarse-grained potentials is dominated by the ratio of two lengths, which can be rationalized by the geometric constraints of the water clusters. It is shown that for simple two-body potentials either the radial distribution function or the geometrical packing can be optimized. In a similar way, as needed for multiscale methods, either the pressure or the compressibility can be fitted to the all atom liquid. In total, a speed-up by a factor of about 50 in computational time can be reached by this coarse-graining procedure.     

推广t-J模型的坐标Bethe Ansatz方法

利用坐标Bethe Ansatz方法,研究了推广的t—J模型的精确解,导出了两组Bethe Ansatz方程;同时证明了在两体散射问题中的散射矩阵正是三角型的非对称六顶角R矩阵.     

Equations of state of noble gases and their mixtures with allowance for three-body interaction in molecular dynamics

Equations of state of noble gases and mixtures of them are obtained with allowance for three-body interaction by means of molecular dynamics (MD). It is shown that the difference between the critical temperature and pressure when compared to two-body interaction is observed only for heavy noble gases with high degrees of polarizability.     

Study of the validity of the Gaussian approximation for the nuclear spectral distributions in a solvable model

It is shown in a two-level model using either a pairing or monopole-monopole interaction that the predominance of the one-body part of the Hamiltonian over the two-body one is responsible for the occurence of Gaussian distributions.     

Mapping properties of wave and scattering operators for two-body Schrödinger operators

The modified wave and scattering operators are shown to be bounded between weighted L ²-spaces for two-body Schrödinger operators with long range potentials.     

Truncation scheme of time-dependent density-matrix approach

A truncation scheme of the Bogoliubov-Born-Green-Kirkwood-Yvon hierarchy for reduced density matrices, where a three-body density matrix is approximated by the antisymmetrized products of two-body density matrices, is proposed. This truncation scheme is tested for three model Hamiltonians. It is shown that the obtained results are in good agreement with the exact solutions.     

The Gell-Mann-Goldberger formula for long-range potential scattering

A derivation of the Gell-Mann-Goldberger (GG) formula and cut-off versions of this formula for the T-matrix involving long-range potentials is given. The derivation is based on the time-dependent and recently developed stationary formalisms for scattering via long-range potentials. A stationary S-operator expression for two-body Coulomb-like scattering is derived. Using the well-known expression for the off-energy-shell “T-matrix” for a pure Coulomb potential the energy-shell limit of this stationary expression is shown to yield the pure Coulomb scattering amplitude. A proof of the convergence of the perturbation series corresponding to the Gell-Mann-Goldberger formula for the two-body Coulomb-like T-matrix is given.