核安保典型系统电磁脉冲效应试验研究

高空电磁脉冲(HEMP)是一种能够通过场线或孔缝耦合到各种电子电气设备内部的暂态电磁波,该电磁能量会对正常工作的电子电气设备造成干扰甚至永久性损伤。为了确保关键部门的安保系统能够在电磁脉冲环境下正常工作,有必要针对安保系统进行电磁脉冲效应试验,分析该种类型系统在电磁脉冲环境下的薄弱环节和生存能力。针对核安保典型系统拓扑结构,搭建了电磁脉冲辐照试验和脉冲电流注入试验平台,并通过试验获取了报警分机、门禁主机、报警中心端等核安保典型系统关键部件的电磁脉冲效应阈值和效应现象。进一步结合各部件的电路原理分析了关键部件的失效机理,总结了核安保典型系统的薄弱环节,为后续安保系统的防护加固设计提供数据支撑。     

油气管道数据采集与监视控制系统电磁脉冲效应实验

为研究油气管道数据采集与监视控制(SCADA)系统的电磁脉冲易损性和防护措施,搭建了具有数据采集、数据通信、远程控制等功能的典型油气管道SCADA模拟实验系统,进行了峰值场强最高为50kV/m的典型高功率电磁波形作用下的电磁脉冲效应试验。利用实验数据,对目前油气管道SCADA系统面临强电磁脉冲威胁的机理和规律进行了初步分析,发现电磁脉冲对油气管道SCADA系统具有一定程度的威胁,获得了效应现象和效应阈值结果。     

单片机系统在核电磁脉冲辐照下的效应研究

 核电磁脉冲（NEMP）、雷电电磁脉冲（LEMP）和高功率微波（HPM）等强电磁脉冲对单片机系统具有很强的干扰和破坏作用。为研究它们对单片机系统的各种效应,利用GTEM室产生的核电磁脉冲,对单片机系统进行了辐照效应实验。实验表明,单片机系统在强电磁脉冲作用下,会出现“死机”、重启动、通讯出错等现象。基于实验,讨论了单片机系统的各种效应产生的原因。     

二次电子发射对系统电磁脉冲的影响

系统电磁脉冲难以有效屏蔽,会显著影响低轨航天器等重要装置和基础设施的性能.为了评估二次电子对系统电磁脉冲的影响,本文基于粒子云网格方法,建立了三维非稳态系统电磁脉冲模型,计算并比较了不同电流密度、金属材料等条件下,两种典型结构的电磁脉冲响应.结果表明,在计算模型中忽略二次电子发射会使部分位置的峰值电场强度被低估2—3倍,电场响应持续的时间也会被低估10%以上.在各类二次电子中,背散射电子对系统电磁脉冲的影响占主导,而真二次电子的作用约为背散射电子的1/5.二次电子发射对系统电磁脉冲的影响随着系统所用材料原子序数的增高而加大.空间电荷效应较强时,二次电子才会对腔体外系统电磁脉冲产生影响.本研究有助于更好地通过数值模拟来获得具体装置在强辐射环境下的系统电磁脉冲响应.     

金属壳体和电缆的系统电磁脉冲响应

 研究了金属壳体和电缆遇到高空核爆炸产生的脉冲X射线辐射时的系统电磁脉冲响应，讨论了系统电磁脉冲产生机理、幅值和对系统的耦合途径。通过对计算和试验数据的分析，获得了金属壳体模型和单电缆及双电缆的系统电磁脉冲响应数据，简要分析了壳体的系统电磁脉冲损伤薄弱环节。     

腔体系统电磁脉冲模拟中的电子发射面

对电子发射面设置问题进行了研究,给出了底入射腔体系统电磁脉冲模拟中电子发射面的实现方法,分析了侧入射腔体系统电磁脉冲模拟中电子发射面的特点,并利用虚拟发射面的方法实现了侧入射腔体系统电磁脉冲模拟中电子发射面的设置。结果显示,利用该方法可以较简洁地实现腔体系统电磁脉冲模拟中平面和曲面电子发射面的设置,发射面电子发射参数和时序符合物理规律。     

低频电磁脉冲对复杂电大目标耦合效应

针对复杂电大目标电磁脉冲耦合效应缺乏定量研究的问题,基于时域有限差分方法(FDTD)建立了一套电磁脉冲耦合效应建模与评估分析流程,开展了低频电磁脉冲激励下的仿真试验,获取和分析了特性数据,进而提出了一种表面加载透明导电材料的低频电磁脉冲激励防护方法。试验结果表明:基于功率密度的易损性分析具有良好的工程适用性,而且防护方法对低频电磁脉冲激励具有较好的屏蔽效能。     

激光惯性约束聚变装置靶室内电磁脉冲环境的理论研究

针对靶室内的强电磁脉冲(EMP)环境开展理论研究。按照物理机理的不同,将靶室内的EMP环境分为逃逸超热电子激励的EMP、腔体系统电磁脉冲(SGEMP)和线缆SGEMP三大类。分别建立物理模型和数学模型,采用时域有限差分、粒子模拟以及蒙特卡罗算法进行模拟研究,仿真与实验结果吻合较好,该结果为深入研究激光-靶物理过程的电磁现象,以及提高装置电磁兼容能力提供了技术支撑。     

强电磁脉冲的有效带宽、测量带宽及来自上升时间的影响

 从能量分布和测量有效性的观点出发,提出了强电磁脉冲的能量有效带宽和动态范围有效带宽的概念。针对IEC61000－4－4,MIL－STD－464,IEC61000－4－2,IEC61312－1等标准规定的核电磁脉冲(NEMP)、雷电电磁脉冲(LEMP)、静电放电电磁脉冲(ESDEMP)等强电磁脉冲,分别计算了它们的能量有效带宽和动态范围有效带宽。通过分析,得知在一定的范围内,上述强电磁脉冲上升时间的变化对两种有效带宽的影响并不明显,在此基础上,确定了它们的测量带宽。计算结果为NEMP,ESD EMP及LEMP的60 dB有效带宽分别是371,786,1 233 MHz与96 kHz;99%能量有效带宽分别是46,95,183 MHz与15 kHz;不失真测量所需的带宽分别是152,307,916 MHz和95 kHz。     

《强激光与粒子束》“国家关键基础设施电磁安全”专辑征稿通知

正近年来,电力系统、油气管道、高速铁路、电信设施、互联网、金融系统等国家关键基础设施广泛使用电力电子器件和自动化、网络化、智能化等现代技术,技术水平突飞猛进。与此同时,电磁兼容和电磁安全问题也日益得到重视,特别是强电磁脉冲环境下(高空电磁脉冲、高功率微波、雷电、极端地磁暴等)关键基础设施的电磁安全问题已经成为国内外的关注热点。为了促进强电磁脉冲技术和国家关键基础设施电磁安全领域的学术交流,集中展示国内外的最新研究进展,《强激光与粒子束》编     

电磁脉冲对半导体器件的电流模式破坏

 利用时域有限差分（FDTD）方法,对电磁脉冲引起半导体器件的毁坏过程进行了数值模拟,得到了无负载半导体pn结器件在快前沿（ns量级）电磁脉冲作用下的瞬态行为,及由于电流引起的器件烧毁过程中器件参数的变化情况。     

MRI of normal and abnormal duodenum using Half-Fourier Single-Shot RARE and gadolinium-enhanced spoiled gradient echo sequences.

The objective of this research was two-fold: First, to describe the normal and abnormal MR appearances of the duodenum using combined Half-Fourier Acquisition Single Shot RARE (HASTE) and gadolinium-enhanced standard and fat suppressed spoiled gradient echo (SGE) sequences. The second objective was to assess the ability of these combined sequences to detect and characterize duodenal diseases. MR examinations were performed on fifty consecutive patients with no clinical history of duodenal diseases, who were 1) imaged with HASTE and gadolinium-enhanced standard and fat suppressed SGE sequences and 2) referred to MR examination for reasons other than duodenal diseases, and were reviewed retrospectively to determine the normal MR appearances of the duodenum. A second population of patients with abnormal duodenum who were imaged with the same MR sequences were included in the second part of this study. This population was composed of 20 consecutive patients with subsequently proven duodenal abnormalities, including: malrotation (2), diverticula (4), intussusception (1), sprue (1), polyps (2), neurofibroma (1), lymphoma (1), Zollinger Ellison syndrome (1), metastatic disease (1), Crohn's disease (1), and wall thickening and duodenitis (5). Normal measurements of the duodenum are described. Abnormalities of wall thickness and duodenal masses required combined HASTE and gadolinium-enhanced SGE images to evaluate well. Abnormalities of the bowel lumen (e.g., diverticula and intussusception), and developmental variants (e.g., malrotation), were sufficiently visualized on HASTE images alone. Bowel inflammation was best shown on gadolinium-enhanced fat suppressed SGE images. HASTE and gadolinium-enhanced fat suppressed SGE sequences are complementary techniques for the demonstration of normal and abnormal duodenum. The combined use of both sequences allows evaluation of different aspects of bowel diseases; abnormalities of position, lumen, and contents are well shown on HASTE, while inflammation is best shown on gadolinium enhanced fat suppressed SGE, and wall thickening and masses are best evaluated with the combined use of both techniques.     

Evaluation of Crohn's disease using half-fourier RARE and gadolinium-enhanced SGE sequences: initial results

To assess the bowel changes in Crohn's disease, 11 consecutive patients underwent magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) study using T(2)-weighted half-Fourier rapid acquisition with relaxation enhancement (RARE) and gadolinium-enhanced standard and fat suppressed spoiled gradient echo (SGE) sequences. Comparison was made between MR findings of disease extent, severity, and complications and clinical data, endoscopic findings and/or surgical specimens in all patients. We found that the half-Fourier RARE images showed bowel wall thickening, dilatation of bowel and bowel obstruction well in all patients, however severity of bowel disease could not be determined as the signal intensity of diseased bowel was comparable to normal bowel in 10/11 patients. Gadolinium-enhanced fat suppressed SGE demonstrated variations of mural enhancement that correlated well with extent of disease severity in 10/11 patients. Complications such as intraperitoneal (i. p.) abscess (2 patients), gastric outlet obstruction (1 patient), bowel obstruction (2 patients), and fistula formation (3 patient), were accurately shown. We conclude that T(2)-weighted half-Fourier RARE and gadolinium-enhanced fat suppressed SGE sequences are complementary techniques that possess different imaging features that are of value for assessing bowel changes in Crohn's disease.     

An explicit one-soliton solution of the (2+1)-dimensional generalized sine-gordon equations

The (n+1)-dimensional differential geometric generalization of the sine-Gordon equation (SGE) given by Tenenblat and Terng is solved explicitly in the casen=2 to obtain a one-soliton solution. The solution yields the soliton solution of the (1+1)-dimensional SGE in the limit as one of the three independent variables approaches infinity. However, more than one variable plays the role of time in these limits.     

In Search of Alternatives to Higgs Fields

Field equations of the S² sigma model (“the A3 model”) with spontaneously broken Z(2) symmetry are presented for (D+1)-dimensional space–time. The A3 model is an extension of the sine-Gordon equation (SGE) and supports kink-like U(1) charged solitons which are a generalization of neutral solitons of the SGE. The natural question arises — is the A3 model completely integrable in (1+1)-dimensional space–time? The Lorentz-invariant scalar A3 field can be viewed as a promising alternative to the Higgs field.     

Magnetic resonance imaging of the abdominal aorta and iliac vessels using combined 3-D gadolinium-enhanced MRA and gadolinium-enhanced fat-suppressed spoiled gradient echo sequences.

This study evaluates a combined protocol consisting of breath hold immediate post gadolinium 3-D gradient echo MR angiography and blood pool phase gadolinium-enhanced breath hold 2-D fat-suppressed spoiled gradient echo (SGE) sequences in the examination of diseases of the abdominal aorta and iliac vessels. Thirty-two patients with suspected disease of the abdominal aorta, major aortic branches, or iliac vessels underwent MR angiographic study from January 1996 to January 1997. Examinations were performed on a 1.5 T MR imager using 2-D axial SGE, coronal 3-D fast imaging in steady state precession (3-D FISP) following bolus administration of 40 mL of gadolinium, and axial and coronal blood pool phase gadolinium-enhanced fat-suppressed SGE. Post-processed data, including 3-D reconstructions using maximum intensity projection (MIP), targeted MIP, and multiplanar reconstruction (MPR) were evaluated. MR findings in all patients were correlated as follows: surgery (13 patients), angiography (11 patients), contrast enhanced CT (3 patients), non-contrast enhanced CT (1 patient), color doppler US (2 patients), and previous MR study (2 patients). MR findings correlated closely with findings at surgery or other imaging studies in 31 of 32 patients. One patient had renal artery occlusion that was misinterpreted as mild stenosis. The following vascular diseases were present: aneurysm disease [10 patients: aortic aneurysm (8 patients), inflammatory aneurysm (2 patients)], thoracoabdominal aortic dissection (2 patients), arteriovenous fistula (1 patient), stenoses and/or occlusion of the abdominal aorta, major aortic branches and iliac vessels [12 patients: stenoses and/or occlusion of the abdominal aorta with stenoses of the iliac vessels (9 patients), renal artery stenosis (2 patients), occlusion of the abdominal aorta (1 patient)], and occluded artery to pancreatic transplant artery (1 patient). Five patients had normal studies. The 3-D FISP technique accurately defined the luminal contours of vessels, allowing precise depiction of vessel stenosis (i.e., renal artery stenosis or common iliac artery stenosis) and clear demonstration of relationship of aortic branch vessels (i.e., renal arteries) to underlying aortic pathology (i.e., aortic aneurysm or dissection). Blood pool phase gadolinium-enhanced fat-suppressed SGE images were useful in the evaluation of the external surface of vessel walls, and providing accurate measurement of aneurysm diameter and other associated vascular entities (i.e., inflammatory aneurysm, left-sided IVC). Targeted MIP or MPR reconstruction were important for assessing stenoses of medium sized vessels such as renal arteries and branches of the iliac arteries, and for identifying accessory arteries. The combination of immediate post gadolinium 3-D FISP and blood pool phase gadolinium-enhanced fat-suppressed SGE is useful in the evaluation of the abdominal aorta, major aortic branches and iliac vessels. Immediate post gadolinium 3-D FISP images provides diagnostically useful information regarding vessel luminal contour, while blood pool phase gadolinium-enhanced fat-suppressed SGE provides ancillary information on the vessel wall and surrounding tissue.     

MR imaging findings of infectious cholangitis

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the appearance of infectious cholangitis on MRI. The MR images of 13 patients (9 women, 4 men; age range, 14-79 years) with clinically confirmed infectious cholangitis, who represent our complete 9.5 year experience with this entity, were retrospectively evaluated. All MR studies were performed at 1.5 T and included: in-phase and out-of-phase T(1)-weighted spoiled gradient echo (SGE), T(2)-weighted fat-suppressed echo train spin echo, single shot T(2)-weighted sequences, and serial postgadolinium T(1)-weighted SGE sequences without and with fat-suppression. The biliary ductal system was evaluated regarding presence of dilatation, stenosis, wall irregularities, wall thickening, and gadolinium enhancement of duct walls. The liver parenchyma was evaluated regarding focal signal abnormalities on precontrast and serial postgadolinium images. Biliary ductal dilatation was observed in 100% of patients. Mild to moderate thickening of bile duct walls combined with increased enhancement on postgadolinium images was observed in 92% of patients. The liver parenchyma showed periportal or wedge-shaped areas of hyperintense signal on T(2)-weighted images in 69% of patients. On T(1)-weighted images, 54% of patients showed areas of hypointense signal and 15% of patients showed wedge-shaped hyperintense areas. Areas with increased enhancement on immediate postgadolinium SGE were observed in 58% of patients, and in 42% of patients increased enhancement persisted on 2 min postgadolinium fat-suppressed images. Distinctive MRI findings on pre- and postgadolinium images are appreciated for infectious cholangitis.     

几何尺寸对圆对称环域Josephson结的准通量子激发的影响

本文研究几何尺寸对圆对称环域Josephson结的扰动SGE的环形准孤子波解的影响.数值计算结果表明,当圆对称环域结的内半径,r₀=7.5λ_J时,已出现对应于环域结准通量子激发的环形准孤子波解,同时在I-V特性曲线上出现第一零场台阶.零场台阶的范围剧烈地依赖于环域结的内半径r₀和结宽度(αr₀-r₀);然而几何尺寸对环形准孤子波解特性的影响则比较复杂. 关键词：     

基于电磁兼容设计的光电设备接地问题浅析

接地设计是光电设备电磁兼容设计的重要组成部分,好的接地能够保护设备和人身的安全,保证光电设备正常可靠工作。地线造成电磁干扰的主要原因是它具有阻抗和感抗特性,这些特性在某些情况下会导致地环路干扰和公共阻抗耦合等电磁骚扰。从地线的特性出发分析地线干扰的成因,提出抑制地线干扰,提高电路电磁兼容性的方法。