物理显影核和介质对银盐扩散转移影像质量的影响

在银盐扩散转移感光材料中,正像的形成是典型的物理显影过程。在这个过程中,物理显影核起着催化剂的作用^[1]。因此核的性质与影像质量有着密切的联系。另外,介质是制备胶态核不可缺少的保护体,不同介质对影像转移密度和色调都有显著影响。所以要提高影像质量,研究物理显影核性质和介质成份是很有必要的。     

彩色照像中的化学（续）

有一种ABX彩色胶片曝光后马上可以从专用照相机中取出,得到一张与实物相同的彩色照片。这种快速成像技术称为彩色一步摄影成像。由于彩色一步摄影是通过染料影像转移而直接获得彩色正像,因此又称丸染料扩散转移成像。     

一步摄影正片银颗粒结构与分布的超高压电子显微研究

本文用超高压电子显微镜直接观察厚度约为2μ的一步摄影正片膜的银颗粒结构与分布。在有调色剂存在的情况下,能清楚地观察到正片膜上微小的银质点成簇的现象。这证实了调色剂具有诱发银质点快速生成及聚集成银质点簇(即银颗粒)的作用。同时还直接观察了不同物理显影核的正片膜、不同密度的正片膜及同一密度不同覆盖力的正片膜等的银颗粒结构与分布,探明它们与色调、覆盖力等的关系。     

直接正像乳剂灰化过程的研究

本文系统地研究了灰化剂用量,pH,pAg对内敏直接正像乳剂灰化过程的影响。从研究中得到,随着灰化剂用量和pH的增加,直接正像乳剂的最大密度、最小密度和反差均增大,而感光度则降低。当pAg=7.3时,最大密度和反差均出现最大值,而感光度则随着pAg的增大而增大。     

高分子介质对银盐扩散转移过程的影响

分散在高分子介质中的物理显影核层作为影像接受层,是CTP版材的重要组成部分.本文采用线阵CCD及银量测定法研究了三种高分子作为物理显影核的介质对物理显影过程及版材性能的影响.结果表明,PVA-Ⅰ、PVA-Ⅱ减慢扩散转移过程并降低版材的反差,而PVP对扩散转移过程有轻微促进作用.此外还用扫描电镜方法观察了物理显影银的表面堆积状态,发现银堆积状态与介质的种类及涂布量有关.     

聚合物固载的聚乙二醇季铵盐型相转移催化剂的合成、表征及相转移催化作用

合成了一系列含有聚乙二醇链和季铵盐两种活性中心的高分子相转移催化剂，并考察了它们在正溴辛烷与固体碘化钠的亲核取代反应中的相转移催化性能。结果表明，催化反应对ｎ—Ｃ８Ｈ１７Ｂｒ浓度为表观一级。温度、溶剂和微量水等反应条件对催化反应有较大影响，从反应动力学、本征反应性和内扩散等方面讨论了实验结果。     

核自旋弛豫研究西洋参皂甙溶液中的分子运动

本文用~(13)C核自旋弛豫方法研究了西洋参皂甙OTS溶液中的分子运动情况,改进了含侧基内旋转运动的分子完全不对称旋转运动模型,导出了甲基内旋转运动为三位置跃迁内旋转运动的分子完全不对称旋转运动模型的谱密度函数,并分别用侧基自由扩散内旋转运动模型、受阻扩散内旋转运动模型和三位置跃迁内旋转运动模型,计算了分子中的侧基内旋转速率和内旋转位垒。     

振荡流体中离散粒子漂浮现象的初步研究

利用曲柄—连杆机构推动活塞发生对称和不对称的液体振荡,实现了密度1.179/cm³、粒度分别为0.0435、0.0401、0.0334、0.0290cm的湿离子交换树脂颗粒在水中的漂浮,及密度2.80g/cm³、粒度 0.0464cm的玻璃珠在55%甘油水溶液(粘度9.88厘泊)中的漂浮,测定了振幅为1.0、1.5、2.0、2.5cm,不对称性因子为1.0、1.2、1.4、1.6的条件下,离子交换树脂在水中的漂浮频率。在将考虑了流体对流体作用的颗粒扩散方程化简之后,推导出预测颗粒漂浮频率的含有三个待估参数的数学模型,并用水一离子交换树脂体系的实验结果对模型的参数进行了优化。结果表明,该模型能够较好地预测颗粒的漂浮频率,颗粒周围流体压力梯度的作用和流体对颗粒的曳力作用是抵销颗粒重力、导致颗粒漂浮的两个因素。计算结果还表明,在对称振荡情况下,颗粒漂浮时流体的曳力不是促其上浮而是使之下沉,而流体的压力梯度则将颗粒重力及曳力完全抵销。     

葡萄酒、果酒中乙醇含量的测定方法

葡萄酒、果酒中乙醇含量是检测酒类产品的重要指标,国家标准和2000年中国药典(二部)中采用填充柱气相色谱法、密度瓶法、酒精计法测定乙醇含量。密度瓶法和酒精计法因需先将样品溶液蒸馏后再测定,所以较为繁琐。填充柱法由于在运行中存在严重的涡流扩散,传质阻力也较大,影响了柱效的提高,因此逐渐被淘汰。毛细管气相色谱     

柱吸附容量对蔗糖还原糖色谱分离过程产率和回收率的影响

本文采用了能反映流体轴向扩散的大型液相色谱分离过程数学模型,应用计算机模拟分析蔗糖和还原糖的色谱分离过程,从吸附剂吸附容量和柱装填密度两个方面;考察柱吸附容量对大型色谱分离的产率和回收率的影响。研究结果表明：在色谱柱中流体线速度恒定的条件下对多组分分离,回收率是随吸附剂吸附容量以及床层装填密度的增大而增大的;产率先随吸附剂吸附容量的增大而增大,而在出现峰值后下降;随着床层装填密度的增大,产率增加,但与此同时轴向扩散系数也增大,从而降低分离效率,导致在较高装填密度的范围内产率增力。的幅度减少。在相同的吸附剂用量下,采用短柱高装填密度的色谱柱将比长柱低装填密度色谱柱能获得更高的回收率和产率。     

两种不同银源的光敏热成像材料感光性能对比

本文考察了以苯并三氮唑银为银源与以硬脂酸银为银源的水基型PTG材料感光性能的差异,采用了原位法和异位法两种方法来制备不同的PTG材料,并采用了加热显影与湿法显影两种方法显影,结果显示以AgBTA为银源的PTG材料的感光度都比以AgSt为银源的PTG材料的感光度高.通过对乳液pH值和pAg值以及Dember光电压的测定,发现显影过程中以AgSt为银源的PTG材料显影程度要比以AgBTA为银源的PTG材料显影程度高,潜影形成过程中AgBTA体系的潜影形成效率比AgSt体系的潜影形成效率高,导致最终实验结果是以AgBTA为银源的PTG材料的感光度比以AgSt为银源的PTG材料的感光度高.     

Solvent-induced porosity in ultrathin amine plasma polymer coatings

Plasma polymers deposited from n-heptylamine onto silicon wafers have been found to form a porous microstructure when immersed in water and other solvents, with pores of dimensions and densities that vary considerably between coatings deposited under different plasma conditions. This solvent-induced pore formation was found to correlate with the observed percentage of extractable material. With low radio frequency (rf) power inputs, the resultant softer coatings possess considerably more extractable material than coatings deposited at higher applied power levels. The porosity is thus proposed to result from the formation of voids created by the extraction of soluble low-molecular-weight polymeric material, which produces shrinkage stress that the coating, firmly attached to the substrate, cannot relieve by macroscopic contraction. The microscopic contraction of plasma polymer volume creates voids that appear to span the entire film thickness. The effect of aging plasma polymers in air was also investigated. For films deposited at low power it led to reduced extraction of soluble material and different pore morphology, whereas for films deposited at higher rf power levels, the extracted amounts and pore formation were the same for aged coatings. It was also found that the density of surface amine groups was lower for films deposited under the two lowest power settings, in contrast to the commonly held belief that the use of minimal applied rf power aids retention of functional groups. These porous plasma polymer coatings with surface groups suitable for further interfacial chemical immobilization reactions may be useful for various membrane and biotechnology applications.     

染料影像的遮盖效率与吸光特性

本工作测定了油溶性内偶成色剂形成的染料影像的遮盖效率和吸收光谱,并研究了染料影像的遮盖效率和密度之间的关系,发现遮盖效率随密度的增大而减小,吸收谱带随密度的增大而变宽。这些结果同Gledhill和Julian的理论是相符的。实验结果表明,成色剂的分散度对染料影像的吸收谱带有一些影响,而对遮盖效率几乎没有影响。     

新型中空卤化银颗粒乳剂的制备和性能研究 Ⅲ.中空卤化银颗粒乳剂感光性能的研究

本文应用表面显影、Dember效应、化学成熟、光谱增感等方法,对照实心立方体溴化银乳剂研究了中空卤化银微晶的结构与光物理性质及感光性能的关系。实验结果表明:(1)中空卤化银的潜影在孔洞处优先形成;(2)中空卤化银微晶中位错、缺陷较多,其填隙银离子浓度较大,电子陷阱较多;(3)中空颗粒表面反应活性高,感光度高,光谱增感效果好;(4)中空颗粒乳剂其反差较大,最大密度较高;(5)上述结果均可归因于中空卤化银微晶所特有的孔洞结构。     

电泳沉积制备氧化石墨烯-银电极及其氧还原催化性能

通过在1-甲基-2-吡咯烷酮（NMP）中超声剥离氧化石墨制备出稳定的氧化石墨烯（GO）分散液,添加AgNO₃使氧化石墨烯吸附Ag+而带正电荷。采用电泳沉积法使GO沉积到阴极的玻璃碳电极上,Ag+被电化学还原为单质银,均匀的分散在GO片层当中。通过AFM、SEM、Raman、XRD及元素面扫分析对制备电极的形貌、结构进行表征。在碱性环境中进行氧还原测试,结果表明GO+Ag电极的氧还原起始电位较玻璃碳电极最大正移228mV,还原电流密度最大为7.564mA·cm^-2,是玻璃碳电极的3.4倍。通过不同转速下的线性扫描曲线绘制Koutechy-Levich图,计算氧还原反应的电子转移数为3.3。     

电泳沉积制备氧化石墨烯-银电极及其氧还原催化性能

通过在1-甲基-2-吡咯烷酮(NMP)中超声剥离氧化石墨制备出稳定的氧化石墨烯(GO)分散液,添加AgNO3使氧化石墨烯吸附Ag+而带正电荷。采用电泳沉积法使GO沉积到阴极的玻璃碳电极上,Ag+被电化学还原为单质银,均匀的分散在GO片层当中。通过AFM、SEM、Raman、XRD及元素面扫分析对制备电极的形貌、结构进行表征。在碱性环境中进行氧还原测试,结果表明GO+Ag电极的氧还原起始电位较玻璃碳电极最大正移228 mV,还原电流密度最大为7.564 mA·cm-2,是玻璃碳电极的3.4倍。通过不同转速下的线性扫描曲线绘制Koutechy-Levich图,计算氧还原反应的电子转移数为3.3。     

Silver Coated Platinum Core–Shell Nanostructures on Etched Si Nanowires: Atomic Layer Deposition (ALD) Processing and Application in SERS

A new method to prepare plasmonically active noble metal nanostructures on large surface area silicon nanowires (SiNWs) mediated by atomic layer deposition (ALD) technology has successfully been demonstrated for applications of surface‐enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS)‐based sensing. As host material for the plasmonically active nanostructures we use dense single‐crystalline SiNWs with diameters of less than 100 nm as obtained by a wet chemical etching method based on silver nitrate and hydrofluoric acid solutions. The SERS active metal nanoparticles/islands are made from silver (Ag) shells as deposited by autometallography on the core nanoislands made from platinum (Pt) that can easily be deposited by ALD in the form of nanoislands covering the SiNW surfaces in a controlled way. The density of the plasmonically inactive Pt islands as well as the thickness of noble metal Ag shell are two key factors determining the magnitude of the SERS signal enhancement and sensitivity of detection. The optimized Ag coated Pt islands on SiNWs exhibit great potential for ultrasensitive molecular sensing in terms of high SERS signal enhancement ability, good stability and reproducibility. The plasmonic activity of the core‐shell Pt//Ag system that will be experimentally realized in this paper as an example was demonstrated in numerical finite element simulations as well as experimentally in Raman measurements of SERS activity of a highly diluted model dye molecule. The morphology and structure of the core‐shell Pt//Ag nanoparticles on SiNW surfaces were investigated by scanning‐ and transmission electron microscopy. Optimized core–shell nanoparticle geometries for maximum Raman signal enhancement is discussed essentially based on the finite element modeling.     

Enhanced energy density of asymmetric supercapacitors via optimizing negative electrode material and mass ratio of negative/positive electrodes

An asymmetric supercapacitor based on manganese dioxide/Au/nickel foam (MANF) electrode as positive electrode and graphene or commercial activated carbons (AC) as negative electrode was fabricated. The effect of different negative electrode materials and mass ratios of negative/positive electrodes on the electrochemical properties of the asymmetric supercapacitor was carefully investigated. The results suggest that the mass ratio of negative/positive electrode has a significant impact on the specific capacitance of the asymmetric supercapacitor. Especially, it is found that the optimal mass ratio of the negative/positive electrode is slightly lower than that calculated according to charge balance. On the other hand, the asymmetric supercapacitor with commercialized AC as negative electrode possesses higher specific capacitance and better rate capability than that of the asymmetric supercapacitor with graphene as negative electrode. The negative material has slight impact on the cycle stability of the asymmetric supercapacitor. In addition, the optimized asymmetric supercapacitor with MANF composite as positive electrode and AC as negative electrode can obtain an energy density as high as 65.9 Wh?kg^?1 at a power density of 180 W?kg^?1 and a cell voltage of 1.8 V in the neutral Na₂SO₄ aqueous solution.     

碘和氧修饰银(110)表面对甲醇吸附的影响: 密度 泛函理论的计算研究

用密度泛函理论(DFT)的B3-LYP方法和原子簇模型研究了碘和修饰银(110)表面对甲醇吸附的影响。结果表明,甲醇分子在干净的银表面吸附很弱甚至不吸附,但在氧或碘修饰过的银表面上,由于预吸附导致吸附能的增加而变得容易吸附。并进一步采用目前较新的映像电荷模型计算验证了在甲醇部分氧化制甲醛反应中氧或碘对银催化剂表面修饰的本质是电荷修饰这一推论,为实验中如何筛选修饰提供了良好的判据。     

Electron scattering cross section on the surface of thin ag and au films induced by atomic deuterium adsorption

The electron scattering cross section on the surface of thin silver and gold films induced by adsorption of atomic deuterium under conditions when a single adsorption state is formed was determined. Adsorption of atomic deuterium carried out at 78 K on sintered thin silver (gold) films deposited on Pyrex glass under ultrahigh vacuum conditions was studied measuring the resistance changes DeltaR "in situ". The adsorption runs performed at various exposures were followed by thermal desorption. This allowed establishment of a correlation between DeltaR and the uptake of the adsorbate. BET measurements were performed to determine the real area of the thin films and calculate the density of the adsorbate on their surface. It was found that in agreement with Wissmann's equation1 a linear dependence of DeltaR on the density of the adsorbate nads exists within a large interval of the population (nads < or = 1 x 10(15) D adatoms/cm2 on silver and 7 x 10(14) D adatoms/cm2 on gold) available under our experimental conditions. On the basis of this equation the electron scattering cross section Aads induced by adsorption of atomic deuterium on sintered thin silver and gold films was calculated as reaching 4.75 x 10(-16) and 4.46 x 10(-16) cm2, respectively. A small isotope effect in the electron scattering cross section for adsorption of hydrogen on silver was observed: Aads = 5.48 x 10(-16) cm2.