光氧化反应研究——Ⅷ.苊酮作为电子给体的电子转移光氧化反应机理

研究了苊酮(ANO)在9,10-二氰蒽(DCA)敏化下的光氧化反应与机理。实验发现,该反应具有逐步氧化模式,依次生成1,8-(3′-羟基)-斗-萘内酯和1,8-萘二甲酸酐。通过循环伏安,荧光淬灭和激基络合物检测,DCA/联苯共敏化反应以及CIDNP效应等研究,证明苊酮可以作为电子给体与单线态DCA发生热力学上有利的电子转移过程。     

9,10-二氰基蒽光敏分解水制氢反应的研究

本文以9、10-二氰基蒽(DCA)为敏化剂,测定了用胺类,单烯类及取代苯类化合物为电子给体时光敏还原甲基紫精(MV²⁺)的量子产率。用三乙醇胺(TEOA)为电子给体,探索了胶体铂存在下DCA光敏分解水制氩的反应条件并研究了用甲苯、对二甲苯为电子给体时DCA光解水制氢的反应。结果表明以DCA为敏化剂时许多化合物(E^ox<2V)均可作为电子给体,在制氢的同时还有可能合成有用化合物等优点。     

香豆素酮类化合物的瞬态研究——Ⅲ.香豆素酮和碘鎓盐间的电子转移

本工作采用激光闪光光解法对香豆素酮类化合物敏化碘鎓盐化合物问题进行了研究。结果表明:碘鎓盐化合物能通过电子转移机理猝灭香豆素酮的激发三重态。工作中还用甲基紫精(PQ²⁺)为模型化物,观察到它也能使香豆素酮的三重态猝灭,同时可看到在位于610nm处的PQ⁺生成。这些结果说明,在发生电子转移的反应中香豆素酮是电子给体,按Weller公式的计算结果也表明它们之间可发生电子转移反应。     

含菲罗啉基α,ω-双香豆素长链化合物光化学行为的研究

α,ω-双香豆素长链化合物的光二聚反应,由于香豆素基受长链的束缚,被限制于一定的活动空间,从而地提高了其光二聚反应的效率,已见诸于过去的报道^[1].同时文献也表明香豆素及其衍生物如呋喃并8-甲氧基香豆素等,由于3,4-双键的缺电子性,因而能够和富电子的烯烃如四甲基乙烯等通过光诱导电子转移生成激基复合物(Exciplex),然后实现(2+2)光加成反应^[2].在Wels等^[3]的研究工作中四甲基乙烯的用量约10倍于香豆素的用量,他们认为四甲基乙烯障碍或干扰了香豆素激基缔合物(Excimer)的生成,使香豆素的二聚反应猝灭而形成烯烃和香豆素的光环加成产物.本工作合成了一新型A,X-双香豆素长链化合物,在其联接链中除联有四甘醇外,还带有一菲罗啉基.同时该分子中菲罗啉和香豆素的摩尔比为1:2.十分显然,这一化合物在光照过程中可能存在两类不同的光环加成反应,即香豆素间或香豆素与菲罗啉间的反应.本文对此问题进行了初步研究.     

光氧化反应的研究——Ⅲ.烷基取代的二苯乙烯的电子转移光氧化反应机理

本文研究了由9,10-二氰蒽(DCA)敏化的2-烷基-1,1-二苯乙烯1a—1b(Ph_2C=CHR,R=Me,Et,Pr)的光氧化反应及其机理。反应给出主要产物二苯酮,次要产物为环氧化物及其氢转移重排产物。产物分布特征、量子收率、氧化电位与热力学分析、荧光猝灭的Stern-Volmer关系等结果均表明该反应是通过DCA敏化循环链的电子转移进行的。自由基负离子中间体DCA的电子自旋共振谱的检测亦为上述电子转移反应机理提供了直接证据。因此,在1,1-二苯乙烯双键上引入烷基时,其光氧化反应仍按电子转移机理进行。     

富电子芳烃的电子转移光氧化反应

9,10-二氰蒽(DCA)敏化的烯烃和某些小环化合物的电子转移光氧化反应近年来研究很活跃。在芳烃光氧化方面,单重态氧反应限于多环芳烃和高度富电子的苯衍生物。一般烷基苯和富电子程度较小的芳烃,对~1O_2为隋性。因而电子转移历程为芳烃光氧化反应提供了新途径。但迄今芳烃的电子转移光氧化仍研究较少,历程看法也存在分歧。本文报道DCA和四氯对苯二醌(TCBQ)敏化的邻、间、对二甲苯(1,2,3),对-甲氧基     

光氧化反应的研究 II: 9-苯甲叉芴的电子转移光氧化反应

芳香族烯烃, 芳烃以及稠环芳烃是光氧化反应中的重要研究对象, 本文以9-苯甲叉芴(BF)作为底物, 发现它在9,11-二氰蒽(DCA)敏化作用下易发生电子转移反应, 反应生成芴酮和BF的相应环氧化物, 用紫外光谱测出BF的电荷转移配合物的络合物稳定常数,用循环伏安法测定BF的氧化电位. 由Rehm-Weller方程计算出DCA敏化的单电子转移过程的自由能变化, 并观察到BF对DCA有明显的荧光猝灭作用.     

缺电子芳烃侧链基的光氧化

研究了9,10-二氰蒽(DCA)和四氯对苯二醌(TCBQ)敏化的甲苯、对氯甲苯、对氰基甲苯和对硝基甲苯的电子转移光氧化反应。DCA和TCBQ均可敏化甲苯和对氯甲苯的光氧化。产物为相应的取代苯甲酸和取代苯甲醛。DCA和TCBQ均不能有效敏化对氰基甲苯和对硝基甲苯的光氧化, 但在反应体系中加入与反应物等摩尔的联苯为共敏化剂后, 两者即可顺利氧化为相应的取代苯甲酸和取代苯甲醛。通过荧光淬灭和共敏化剂联苯、无水盐高氯酸镁、O2捕获剂对苯二醌以及电子给体对二甲氧基苯等外加试剂对光氧化的影响讨论了反应历程。     

缺电子芳烃侧链基的光氧化

研究了9,10-二氰蒽(DCA)和四氯对苯二醌(TCBQ)敏化的甲苯、对氯甲苯、对氰基甲苯和对硝基甲苯的电子转移光氧化反应。DCA和TCBQ均可敏化甲苯和对氯甲苯的光氧化。产物为相应的取代苯甲酸和取代苯甲醛。DCA和TCBQ均不能有效敏化对氰基甲苯和对硝基甲苯的光氧化, 但在反应体系中加入与反应物等摩尔的联苯为共敏化剂后, 两者即可顺利氧化为相应的取代苯甲酸和取代苯甲醛。通过荧光淬灭和共敏化剂联苯、无水盐高氯酸镁、O2捕获剂对苯二醌以及电子给体对二甲氧基苯等外加试剂对光氧化的影响讨论了反应历程。     

利用ESR技术研究二氢吡喃光敏氧化反应机理

利用自旋捕获 电子顺磁共振技术研究证实了二氢吡喃 (DHP)在乙腈、四氯化碳和正己烷溶剂中 9,10 二氰基蒽 (DCA)或四苯基卟啉 (TPP)敏化的光氧化反应机理 .实验证实 ,在四氯化碳中 ,DCA敏化光氧化反应中的单重态氧 ( 1O2 )反应来自DCA的激发三重态 ,而在乙腈中 ,所发生的单重态氧反应来自超氧负离子基 (O-·2 )与反应底物正离子自由基 (D ·)的电荷重组 (CR) ;TPP敏化光氧化反应 ,在乙腈中有O-·2 的反应 ,它来自单重态氧与底物 (D)的电子转移电荷分离 (CS) ;在反应过程中存在着CR与CS动态平衡     

Regiospecifity of acetylene photocycloadditions to fluorosubstituted benzenes

Irradiation of a cyclohexane solution of hexafluorobenzene and 1-phenyl-2-alkylsubstituted acetylenes resulted in the formation of bicyclo ( 4.2.0) octatriene derivatives, the quantum yield of (2+2) photoaddition depending on the structure of the acetylene, the con- centration of hexafluorobenzene, and the solvent polarity. Reaction with phenylacetylene resulted in the formation of two isomeric cyclo- octatetraene derivatives. Regiospecific (2+2) photoaddition of 1- phenyl-2-tert-butylacetylene to position C-3 and C-4 in alkoxysubsti- tuted pentafluorobenzene derivatives was observed. (2+2) photoaddition of 1-phenylpropyne-1 to alkoxysubstituted pentafluorobenzenes resulted in 3-phenyl-4-methyl-7-alkoxy-1,2,5,6,8-pentafluorobicyclo (4.2.0) octa- triene derivatives. Replacement of the fluorine atom in hexafluoro- benzene with alkoxy substituents diminished quantum yields of (2+2) photocycloadditions.     

3He NMR as a sensitive probe of fullerene reactivity: [2 + 2] photocycloaddition of 3-methyl-2-cyclohexenone to C70

The [2 + 2] photoadditions of 3-methyl-2-cyclohexenone to C70 and 3He@C70 have been studied by a combination of HPLC chromatography and FAB-MS, as well as IR and 1H and 3He NMR spectroscopies. The total yield of the mixture of monoadducts was 55% (67% on the basis of the recovered C70). The use of 3He NMR was especially powerful in determining the regioselectivity of the photoaddition reaction of enone to C70. Results of the 3He NMR experiments conducted on the product mixture implicate the two [6,6] bonds closest to the poles of the fullerene (C1-C2 and C5-C6) in the photoaddition process. This reaction mode is analogous to that of most thermal addition reactions to C70. Separation and characterization of the product mixture shows that eight distinct monoadducts are formed in the photoaddition, namely, the four diastereomeric adducts to the C1-C2 and C5-C6 bonds of the C70 cage, each consisting of cis- and trans-fused isomers in a ratio of 2:3. The major mode of photoaddition, accounting for 65% of the product mixture, involves addition to the C1-C2 bond of the ovoid fullerene. Mechanistic implications of these findings are discussed.     

The photochemical behaviour of cyclic oxa-enones

Photodimerization of the title compounds 1 and 2, as well as photoaddition to polarized olefins, proceed in a regiospecific manner. Product analysis by NMR is facilitated because of the simple spectra of the oxa-enones. A reaction pathway for the photoaddition of 1 to 2-butene is suggested.     

Asymmetric Photocatalyzed Addition of Cyclic Ammes to the Chiral 5-(l)-Menthyloxy-2(5H)-furanone

Inrecentyears,considerableattentionhasbeenfocusedonthesynthesisandpropertiesofchiralbutenolidesbecauseoftheirmultifunctionalnatureandversatilityonenantioselectivetransformationreactionsl'2.Despiteextensivestudiesofthisresearchworkonasymmetricreactionsbutlittleefforthasbeendevotedtowardsphotochemicalsynthesisofsomechiraly-substituted2-(SH)-furanones'.Amongthepreviouswork,thetertiaryammesusedinthephotocatalysedconjugateadditionsto5-substituted2(5H)foranoneswerethefirstexamples",andthesecondaryc…     

Radical additions to fluoroolefins. Photochemical fluoroalkylation of alkanols and alkane diols with perfluoro vinyl ethers; photo-supported O-alkylation of butane-1,4-diol with hexafluoropropene

Butane-1,4-diol was fluoroalkylated by its photoaddition reactions with hexafluoropropene and perfluoro (propyl vinyl) ether under atmospheric pressure, by which monofluoroalkylated and bis-fluoroalkylated products were obtained. 1,3-Diols were completely unreactive under the conditions. 2,2,2-Trifluoroethanol, tert.butyl alcohol and methyl tert.butyl ether appeared to be inert solvents for the additions while acetonitrile quenched the reactions. The reactivity of perfluoro vinyl ethers was studied (tested) in their photoaddition reactions with alkanols that were less regioselective (up to 7% rel.of regioisomer) in comparison with hexafluoropropene. Surprisingly, photo-supported base-induced nucleophilic monoand bis-addition of butane-1,4-diol onto hexafluoropropene was observed in acetonitrile.     

Asymmetric induction in mixed [2 + 2] photoadditions employing a chiral auxiliary in the alkene component

Asymmetric induction was achieved in the photoaddition of 3-methyl-2-cyclohexenone to optically active enoates 1a–c and the absolute configuration of the major adduct was determined.     

Solid state photoreactions occurring at the interface between crystallites of two different organic compounds

This paper deals with the solid state bimolecular photoreactions occurring at the interface between crystallites of two different organic compounds prepared as a polycrystalline mixture by melting-resolidification. The photoreactions include the photoaddition of NH compounds to aromatic and olefinic double bonds, hydrogen abstraction, condensation reaction via photoelectron transfer and [2+2] photoaddition. Particular attention is focused on the characterization of the polycrystalline mixture, the selectivity of the photoreactions in the solid state compared with those in the solution phase and the factors controlling the photoreactions.     

PHOTOCHEMICAL REACTIONS OF PYRIMIDINE DERIVATIVES WITH ACRYLONITRILE IN AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS

Abstract— Ultraviolet excitation of pyrimidine derivatives in aqueous solutions containing acrylonitrile can lead to polymerisation of acrylonitrile and/or photoaddition reactions of acrylonitrile and the pyrimidine. Polymerisation of acrylonitrile induced by excitation of orotic acid occurs even in aerated solutions and is very likely due to radicals derived from excited orotic acid molecuies. Using ¹⁴C-labelied orotic acid, the polymer is shown to contain the pyrimidine. With other pyrimidine derivatives, polymerisation is observed only in deaerated solutions and its low yield did not allow us to determine whether the polymerisation is induced by radicals or by photosensitisation. The role of the lowest excited singlet and triplet states of the pyrimidine derivatives in the photoaddition reaction is discussed. In the case of orotic acid, photoaddition is shown to proceed entirely by way of the triplet state.     

Photoaddition of thienocoumarin derivatives to DNA: stoichiometry and kinetics of binding

Photoreaction of the 6,9-dimethyl-4-methoxymethyl-2H-thieno[3,2-g]-1-benzopyran-2-one (compound I) and 4-acetoxymethyl-6,9-dimethyl-2H-thieno[3,2-g]-1-benzopyran-2-one (compound II) to DNA was studied. The quantitative evaluation of the photobound molecules was performed by means of inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES), exploiting the presence of the sulphur atom inside the tricyclic chromophore. The concurrent estimation of the phosphorus atom, present exclusively in the macromolecule, allowed possible intercalation sites to be identified and their involvement in the photoaddition reaction to be determined. The development of a kinetic model made it possible to discriminate and evaluate the single kinetic events that constitute the overall photoaddition process of I and II to DNA.     

Photochemistry of iminium salts : Electron transfer mechanisms for singlet quenching and photoaddition of n-electron donating alcohols and ethers

Several aspects of past and current studies in the area of iminium salt photochemistry are discussed. Investigations of olefin-iminium salt photoaddition and photocyclization reactions are reviewed and conclusions about electron-transfer pathways for fluorescence quenching and reaction are discussed. The results of recent studies of alcohol and ether photoaddition to 2-phenyl-1-pyrrolinium salts are presented. These C-C bond forming processes occur in moderate yields to produce β-amino alcohol or ether products. In addition, alcohols and ethers serve as efficient quenchers of pyrrolinium salt fluorescence. Rate constants for quenching appear to be dependent upon both the oxidation potential of the alcohols and ethers and the availability of C-H bond α to oxygen. This data along with deuterium isotope effects on quenching combine to suggest a common mechanism for both fluorescence quenching and photoaddition. The nature of this mechanism is tested using the comparative quenching effeciencies of the tertiary alcohols t-butyl alcohol and 1,2,2-trimethyl-1-cyclopropanol. The latter alcohol having a weak C-C bond adjacent to the hydroxyl function quenches the fluorescence of 2-phenyl-1-pyrrolium salts at a rate two orders of magnitude greater than for t-butyl alcohol. The observations made are interpreted in terms of a sequential electron-proton transfer mechanism for quenching and photoaddition. Lastly, the relationship of iminium salt photochemical studies to other investigations of electron-transfer photochemistry is discussed.