A theoretical study of free convection in turbulent film boiling on a horizontal elliptical tube

The present theoretical study investigates turbulent film boiling on an isothermal elliptical tube under quiescent liquid. The effect of radiation is included in the present analysis. The results of the boiling heat transfer under the turbulent vapor show both the temperature and velocity present the non-linear distribution. Besides, under the free convection turbulent film boiling with higher Rayleigh values, the elliptical tube can get a better heat transfer efficiency than a circular tube. However, when Rayleigh values are low, the eccentricity of an elliptical tube seldom influences the heat transfer. Finally, a comparison between the results of the present study and those reported in a previous theoretical and experimental data is provided.     

Laminar film boiling on a vertical fin

Laminar film boiling on a vertical fin is formulated as a conjugate phenomenon and investigated for no slip and zero shear conditions at the vapor-liquid interface. The results indicate that the combined effects of thermal leakage at the ends of the fin and radiation from its lateral face have profound influence on the average Nusselt number. Further, from the formulation it can be shown that the isothermal condition can be deduced by suitably changing the boundary conditions of the fin at its extremities. The results of the investigation are rendered into dimensionless functional relationships between the average Nusselt numberNu _m, fin parameterM, radiation parameterN _R and temperature ratio term Ψ. The proposed equation can be made use of in design calculations.     

Disturbance convection velocity in turbulent jets under aeroacoustic excitation

The velocity of propagation of toroidal and oblique vortices formed in subsonic and supersonic turbulent jets under longitudinal internal and transverse external excitation by finite-amplitude saw-tooth acoustic waves is studied experimentally. It is demonstrated that the convection velocity of vortices is not constant, and the character of its variation depends on the vortex shape. __________ Translated from Prikladnaya Mekhanika i Tekhnicheskaya Fizika, Vol. 48, No. 5, pp. 21–25, September–October, 2007.     

Subcooled forced convection film boiling over a vertical flat plate embedded in a fluid-saturated porous medium

The problem of subcooled forced convection film boiling on a vertical flat plate embedded in a porous medium was attacked exploiting similarity transformations on the governing equations and boundary conditions in both vapor and liquid layers. Similarity solutions were obtained to investigate the effects of the vapor super-heating and liquid subcooling. The heat transfer groupingNu _x /Ra _x ^1/2 is expressed in terms of a function of three parameters associated with the degree of liquid subcooling (Sub), the degree of vapor superheating (Sup) and the vapor buoyancy effect relative to the liquid forced convection effect (R). It is found that the level ofNu _x /Ra _x ^1/2 increases asSup orR decreases and asSub increases. Furthermore, asymptotic expressions were reduced considering the physical limiting conditions, namely, thin and thick vapor films.     

An advanced study of forced turbulent-flow film boiling for subcooled liquid with high velocity in a circular tube

A further advanced semi-empirical theory for the turbulent film boiling heat transfer of subcooled liquid flowing with high velocity in a circular tube is presented in this paper. A new analytical expression has been obtained theoretically and it is found that the exponent ofRe _D in the expression can be predicted analytically with an universal constant value of 4/5 for different fluids. Meanwhile, it is revealed that the coefficientk is correlated withk′, and thatk determined for flowing along plate can be extended to the case for flowing in a circular tube. The analyses show that new analytical expression concides really with the results presented before [5].     

Mixed convection row on vertical surface

Mixed convective heat transfer on a vertical surface has been investigated for uniform free stream velocity and for several values of Prandtl number. An exact similarity solution is obtained for the case of a wall temperature that is inversely proportional to the distance from the leading edge. The non-dimensional temperature distribution suggests that over large η the boundary layer temperature is less than the free stream temperature.     

Self-induced thermocapillary convection in film boiling heat transfer from a vertical surface in saturated conditions and viscous regimen

Self-induced thermocapillary convection and its significance with regard to film boiling heat transfer from a vertical saturated surface is discussed. Utilizing a simplified geometrical model, an analytical expression (multiplier factor) for the vapor film thickness and heat transfer coefficient corrected by thermocapillary phenomena was derived. The above equation is a new theoretical viewpoint for the enhancement in the heat transfer coefficient observed in the experimental data in the viscous regime and agree qualitatively with available experimental measurements made on R113 coolant.     

Temperature and velocity field characteristics of turbulent natural convection in a vertical parallel-plate channel with asymmetric heating

Turbulent natural convection in an asymmetrically heated vertical parallel-plate channel has been studied experimentally and numerically using LDA and CFD. Simultaneous velocity and temperature measurements across the channel at different elevations have been carried out. Three different Ra(b/h) values of 1.91 × 10⁷, 2.74 × 10⁷ and 3.19 × 10⁷ are considered with the channel aspect ratio of b/h = 1/20. Experimental and numerical data are presented in the form of streamwise direction heated wall surface temperature, mean velocity, mean temperature, Reynolds shear stress and turbulent kinetic energy profiles along the channel for one case. These profiles exhibit the flow field development along the channel emphatically. The numerical technique used predicts temperature field fairly well, considerably over-estimating velocity field in the core region.     

Effect of thermo-physical properties on turbulent film boiling

Turbulent film boiling from a vertical surface is theoretically investigated considering the properties as functions of the temperature. The proposed analytical model is tested making use of the experimental data available in the literature for liquid nitrogen. It is observed that a satisfactory agreement is found between the theory and the experimental data. A new correlation for the prediction of heat transfer coefficients under film boiling conditions is presented.Das turbulente Filmsieden an einer senkrechten Fläche wird unter Berücksichtigung temperaturabhängiger Stoffwerte theoretisch untersucht. Eine Überprüfung des vorgeschlagenen analytischen Modells erfolgt mit Hilfe von in der Literatur greifbaren experimentellen Daten für flüssigen Stickstoff, wobei befriedigende Übereinstimmung zwischen Theorie und Versuchsdaten festgestellt werden konnte. Ferner wird eine neue Korrelationsbeziehung für die Vorausberechnung der Wärmeübergangskoeffizienten unter Filmsiedebedingungen angegeben.     

Heat transfer in turbulent natural convection on a vertical permeable surface

A theoretical and experimental study is presented for heat transfer in turbulent natural convection on vertical surfaces with uniform and homogeneous air injection and withdrawal.     

Turbulent film boiling from a vertical non-isothermal surface

The turbulent film boiling from a vertical non-isothermal surface is formulated with due consideration to thermal radiation from its lateral face. It is observed that the application of Reynolds analogy together with thermal conduction in the test surface has yielded a conjugate solution from which the case of an isothermal condition can be generated as a special case. The analysis has further paved the way in establishing a functional relation between the Nusselt numberNu, radiation parameterN _R , fin parameterM, temperature ratio termT _s /(T _w,0?T _s ), and a product of characteristic modified Grashof, Prandtl and superheating parameter defined as (Gr ² Pr S). In a fully developed turbulent film boiling i.e., modified Grashof number being greater than 10¹⁰, the temperature ratio term accounts for the non-linearities arising due to the inclusion of radiation from the lateral face of the fin. The results are in good agreement with experimental data over a wide range of system conditions.     

Mixed convection flow in narrow vertical ducts

The mixed convection flow in a vertical duct is analysed under the assumption that , the ratio of the duct width to the length over which the wall is heated, is small. It is assumed that a fully developed Poiseuille flow has already been set up in the duct before heat from the wall causes this to be changed by the action of the buoyancy forces, as measured by a buoyancy parameter . An analytical solution is derived for the case when the Reynolds numberRe, based on the duct width, is of 0 (1). This is extended to the case whenRe is 0 (^–1) by numerical integrations of the governing equations for a range of values of representing both aiding and opposing flows. The limiting cases, || 1 andR=Re of 0 (1), andR and both large, with of 0 (R ^1/3) are considered further. Finally, the free convection limit, large with R of 0 (1), is discussed.

---

Mischkonvektion in engen senkrechten Rohren

Zusammenfassung Mischkonvektion in einem senkrechten Rohr wird unter der Voraussetzung untersucht, daß das Verhältnis der Rohrbreite zur Länge, über welche die Wand beheizt wird, klein ist. Es wird angenommen, daß sich bereits eine voll entwickelte Poiseuille-Strömung in dem Rohr eingestellt hat, bevor Antriebskräfte, gemessen mit dem Auftriebsparameter , aufgrund der Wandbeheizung die Strömung verändern. Es wird eine analytische Lösung für den Fall erhalten, daß die mit der Rohrbreite als charakteristische Länge gebildete Reynolds-ZahlRe konstant ist. Dies wird mittels einer numerischen Integration der wichtigsten Gleichungen auf den FallRe =f (^–1) sowohl für Gleich- als auch für Gegenstrom ausgedehnt. Weiterhin werden die beiden Grenzfälle betrachtet, wenn || 1 undR=Re konstant ist, sowieR und beide groß mit proportionalR ^1/3. Schließlich wird der Grenzfall der freien Konvektion, großes mit konstantem R, diskutiert.

---

Nomenclature g acceleration due to gravity - Gr Grashof number - G modified Grashof number - h duct width - l length of the heated section of the duct wall - p pressure - Pr Prandtl number - Q flow rate through the duct - Q ₀ heat transfer on the wally=0 - Q ₁ heat transfer on the wally=1 - Re Reynolds number - R modified Reynolds number - T temperature of the fluid - T ₀ ambient temperature - T applied temperature difference - u, velocity component in thex-direction - v, velocity component in they-direction - x, co-ordinate measuring distance along the duct - y, co-ordinate measuring distance across the duct - buoyancy parameter - ₀ modified buoyancy parameter, ₀=R ^–1/3 - coefficient of thermal expansion - ratio of duct width to heated length, =h/l - (non-dimensional) temperature - _w applied temperature on the wally=0 - kinematic viscosity - density of the fluid - ₀ shear stress on the wally=0 - ₁ shear stress on the wally=1 - stream function     

Integral treatment of subcooled forced convection film boiling on a flat plate

Subcooled forced convection film boiling on a flat plate has been analysed by means of an integral method. Following the two phase boundary layer theory, the momentum and energy equations for both liquid and vapor layers are considered along with the compatibility conditions on the liquid-vapor interface. Subsequently, the governing equations are reduced to a set of algebraic equations which can readily be solved for given parameters. Comparison of the present solution with the Cess and Sparrow solution reveals an excellent performance of the present solution procedure. The effects of superheating, subcooling and liquid Prandtl number on the hydrodynamic and heat transfer characteristics are fully discussed. Furthermore, the asymptotic formulas are derived for the local Nusselt number and skin friction coefficient through a careful examination of the physical limiting conditions.     

Numerical modeling of the turbulent convection mode in a vertical layer

An approach to the numerical modeling of turbulent natural convection modes on the basis of two-dimensional nonstationary Navier-Stokes equations without the use of additional empirical information is elucidated.Translated from Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, Mekhanika Zhidkostii Gaza, No. 5, pp. 8–15, September–October, 1977.The authors are grateful to A. G. Kirdyashkin for consultations on the method and results of the experiments to G. S. Glushko for useful remarks, and to K. G. Dubovik for aid in performing the computations.     

Mixed convection in vertical channels with a discrete heat source

Two dimensional laminar mixed convection flow in vertical channels with a discrete heat source was numerically analyzed. An isoflux discrete heating element was located on the left wall, while the isothermal conditions were imposed on the other wall. The governing equations were solved using a finite difference method based on the control volume approach. The mean Nusselt number was calculated and the maximum component temperature was determined. The computations were carried out for different Grashof number, Reynolds number, heater locations and the channel width. It was observed that the location of the heating element does not play a considerable role on the flow. At low Reynolds numbers (Re<50), the mean Nusselt number and the maximum temperature are mainly controlled by the Grashof number. However, at higher Reynolds numbers, the Reynold number plays an important role on the flow. It was also found that at low Reynolds numbers, cooling is more effective when the channel width is large (W/H>1). However, at high Reynolds numbers more effective cooling is obtained in narrow channels.

---

Mischkonvektion in vertikalen Kanälen mit einer lokalen Wärmequelle

Zusammenfassung Die zweidimensionale laminare Mischkonvektion in vertikalen Kanälen mit einer lokalen Wärmequelle wird numerisch untersucht. Ein Heizelement konstanter Wärmeleistung befindet sich auf der linken Kanalwand, die rechte hat konstante Temperatur. Die Lösung der Grundgleichung erfolgte mit Hilfe der auf dem Kontrollvolumenprinzip basierenden Finitdifferenzenmethode. Die mittlere Nusselt-Zahl sowie die Maximaltemperatur des Heizelementes wurden berechnet, und zwar unter Variation der Grashof-Zahl, der Reynolds-Zahl, der Lage des Heizelements und der Kanalbreite. Letztere hatte nur geringen Einfluß auf den Strömungsverlauf. Bei kleinen Reynolds-Zahlen (Re<50) werden Nusselt-Zahl und Maximaltemperatur vorrangig durch die Grashof-Zahl bestimmt, während bei hohen Reynolds-Zahlen letztere den Strömungsvorgang beherrscht. Ferner zeigte sich, daß bei niedrigen Reynolds-Zahlen die Kühlung für große Kanalbreite (W/H>1) effektiver wird und bei hohen Reynolds-Zahlen die Verhältnisse gerade umgekehrt liegen.

---

Nomenclature g gravitational acceleration - Gr Grashof number (Gr=gqH ⁴/v²k) - H heater hight - k thermal conductivity of fluid - L height of the channel - Nu Nusselt number - P pressure - Pr Prandtl number - Re Reynolds number (Re=V ₀H/v) - S position of heater center - T temperature - T _c cold wall temperature - T ₀ inlet temperature - u velocity component inx-direction - U dimensionless velocity component inx-direction (U=u/V ₀) - x horizontal axis - X dimensionless horizontal axis (x/H) - v velocity component iny-direction - V dimensionless velocity component iny-direction (V=v/V ₀) - V ₀ inlet velocity - W width of the channel - y vertical axis - Y dimensionless vertical axis (y/H) Greek symbols a thermal diffusivity - thermal expansion coefficient - density of fluid - kinematic viscosity - dimensionless temperature (=(T–T _c)/[qH/k])     

Mixed convection about a non-isothermal vertical surface in a porous medium

The problem of mixed convection about non-isothermal vertical surfaces in a saturated porous medium is analysed using boundary layer approximations. The analysis is made assuming that the surface temperature varies as an arbitrary function of the distance from the origin. A perturbation technique has been applied to obtain the solutions. Using the differentials of the wall temperature, which are functions of distance along the surface, as perturbation elements, universal functions are derived for various values of the governing parameter Gr/Re. Both aiding and opposing flows are considered. The universal functions obtained can be used to estimate the heat transfer and fluid velocity inside the boundary layer for any type of wall temperature variation. As a demonstration of the method, heat transfer results have been presented for the case of the wall temperature varying as a power function of the distance from the origin. The results have been studied for various combinations of the parameters Gr/Re and the power index m, taking both aiding and opposing flows into consideration. On comparing these results with those obtained by a similarity analysis, the agreement is found to be good.     

Inhomogenous vertical turbulent convection in the planetary boundary type

The inhomogeneous vertical turbulent convection in the planetary boundary layer has been analysed. The governing equation is the three dimensional advection equation. With the help of a model of the temperature-velocity correlation the advection equation is transformed into a solvable equation. Numerical solution has been obtained for some particular conditions.