A three-dimensional time-dependent theory for helix traveling wave tubes in beam-wave interaction

This paper presents a three-dimensional time-dependent nonlinear theory of helix traveling wave tubes for beamwave interaction.The radio frequency electromagnetic fields are represented as the superposition of azimuthally symmetric waves in a vacuum sheath helix.Coupling impedance is introduced to the electromagnetic field equations’ stimulating sources,which makes the theory easier and more flexible to realize.The space charge fields are calculated by electron beam space-charge waves expressed as the superposition solutions of Helmholtz equations.The focusing forces due to either a solenoidal field or a periodic permanent magnetic field is also included.The dynamical equations of electrons are Lorentz equations associating with electromagnetic fields,focusing fields and space-charge fields.The numerically simulated results of a tube are presented.     

Effects of inhomogeneous magnetic fields on the electron transport through a quantum-wire system

The electron transport through a quantum-wire system in the presence of inhomogeneous magnetic fields is investigated theoretically. The system consists of two parallel quantum wires coupled by two ballistic windows, while the magnetic fields applied are uniform and equal in the two wires but vanishing in the two coupling windows and everywhere between the wires. Various transmissions of the system are calculated. It is found that the inhomogeneous magnetic fields induce irregular transmission oscillations in the low and moderate magnetic-field regions, and regular ones in the high field region. These transmission oscillations are due to interference between the electron waves traveling through different coupling windows and can be interpreted in terms of a semiclassical model. The Hall resistance of the system is also calculated and is found to show similar regular oscillations at high magnetic fields.     

Bifurcation and stability of dynamical structures at a current instability

We investigate bifurcation and stability of nonuniform current states at a voltage-controlled current instability. We consider a model which exhibits bulk negative differential conductivity due to Bragg scattering of hot electrons. The system is described by balance equations for momentum and energy densities of the carriers. These transport fields are coupled to Maxwell's equations. The uniform stationary current state is unstable against long-wavelength dielectric relaxation modes at a critical field. We find that the softening of these modes gives rise to a family of periodic travelling waves and to a solitary solution (dipole domain). We show that the periodic travelling waves are unstable, wheras the dipole domain can be stabilized by coupling the sample to a suitable external circuit, if the static impedance of the sample in the domain state is negative. The model describes therefore a discontinuous nonequilibrium transition to a large amplitude domain state.Work Supported by the Swiss National Science Foundation     

Theoretical study of two-element array of equilateral triangular patch microstrip antenna on ferrite substrate

The radiation characteristics of a two-element array of equilateral triangular patch microstrip antenna on a ferrite substrate are studied theoretically by considering the presence of bias magnetic field in the direction of propagation of electromagnetic waves. It is found that the natural modes of propagation in the direction of magnetic field are left- and right-circularly polarized waves and these modes have different propagation constants. In loss-less isotropic warm plasma, this array antenna geometry excites both electromagnetic (EM) and electroacoustic plasma (P) waves in addition to a nonradiating surface wave. In the absence of an external magnetic field, the EM- and P-waves can be decoupled into two independent modes, the electroacoustic mode is longitudinal while the electromagnetic mode is transverse. The far-zone EM-mode and P-mode radiation fields are derived using vector wave function techniques and pattern multiplication approaches. The results are obtained in both plasma medium and free space. Some important antenna parameters such as radiation conductance, directivity and quality factor are plotted for different values of plasma-to-source frequency.     

Aqueous flat cells perpendicular to the electric field for use in electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy

An analytic solution of the Maxwell equations for aqueous flat cells in rectangular TE(102) cavities has led to the prediction of significant (3-6 times) X-band EPR signal improvement over the standard flat cell for a new sample configuration consisting of many flat cells oriented perpendicular to the electric field nodal plane. Analytic full wave solutions in the presence of sample and wall losses have been obtained and numerically evaluated. Observation of the predicted fields led to a classification of three distinct types of sample loss mechanisms, which, in turn inspired sample designs that minimize each loss type. The resulting EPR signal enhancement is due to the presence and centering of a tangential electric field node within each individual sample region. Samples that saturate with the available RF magnetic field and those that do not are considered. Signal enhancement appears in both types. These observations, done for the TE(102) mode, carry over to the uniform field (UF) modes, a relatively new class of microwave cavities for use in EPR spectroscopy developed in this laboratory. Rectangular UF modes have an RF magnetic field magnitude that is uniform in a plane. Based on this analysis, a practical multiple flat-cell design is proposed.     

螺旋线行波管注波互作用时域理论

研究了螺旋线行波管中电子注与高频场互作用的时域理论.电子对场的作用由高频场方程和空间电荷场方程模拟,场对电子注的作用由运动方程模拟.在螺旋导电面模型下利用安培环路定理和法拉第电磁感应定律得到了时域高频场方程.利用空间电荷波模型处理空间电荷场,得到了空间电荷场方程.将高频场和空间电荷场代入洛伦兹力方程,得到了运动方程.利用耦合阻抗处理高频场方程的激励源,使得高频场方程的求解能够借助诸如HFSS或HFCS等高频模拟软件来实现,增强了时域理论的灵活性.基于上述理论,编写软件数值模拟某螺旋线行波管,验证了时域理论的可行性.     

Mode mixing of Alfvén waves in bismuth

We have investigated the propagation of Alfvén waves in bismuth at 4.2 K using a microwave interferometer at 34.45 GHz and applying magnetic fields up to 1 Tesla. At certain angles between the external magnetic field and the direction of propagation of the Alfvén waves in the crystal, we have observed intense oscillations of the amplitude and the phase of the interferometer curves. We explain these oscillations as due to a superposition of the two Alfvén wave modes. The phase velocities of the two modes are calculated from the measurements. Comparing them with a general dispersion relation we find good agreement between the theoretical phase velocities and the experimental values.     

Nonsymmetric Whistler Waves Guided by Cylindrical Ducts with Enhanced Plasma Density

We study the guided propagation of whistler waves whose fields depend on the azimuthal angle in cylindrical plasma-waveguide channels (density ducts) aligned with an external magnetic field and surrounded by a uniform magnetoplasma. The main attention is paid to ducts with enhanced plasma density. It is shown that, under certain conditions, such ducts are capable of guiding proper (eigen) modes and improper leaky modes. We present the results of analysis of the dispersion properties and field structures of nonsymmetric modes guided by cylindrical ducts in the whistler frequency range.     

Dispersion in beam-plasma systems: II. External magnetic field

A treatment is given of linear waves in an homogeneous and infinite beam-plasma system in the presence of a uniform external magnetic field. A scalar pressure hypothesis is used to close the set of equations and enables the explicit derivation of the general dispersion formula. We emphasize the conclusion that even with scalar pressures the dispersion relation shows a general coupling between all waves present in the system. This coupling is due, in principal, more to the external magnetic field than to the presence of stream velocities, because part of that coupling disappears if and only if the external magnetic field vanishes or parallels the wavevector.     

Nonlinear dielectric response and thermodynamic heterogeneity in liquids

If large amplitude time-dependent fields (e.g., dielectric, magnetic, mechanical) are applied to a sample that displays relaxational modes, some energy of the external field is absorbed by the slow degrees of freedom. The weak coupling of these modes to the phonon bath leads to long persistence times of the resulting higher fictive temperature. Assuming heterogeneities regarding dielectric and thermal relaxation times, extremely strong nonlinear dielectric effects are predicted and experimentally verified. For glycerol at T = 213 K, the dielectric loss measured at 280 kV/cm increases by more than 6% over its low-field value. This nonlinearity shows a characteristic frequency dependence and implies that dielectric and thermal time constants are locally correlated in viscous liquids.     

Transverse or off-axis localization of electromagnetic waves in random one- and two-dimensional dielectric systems which are periodic on average

We study the transverse or off-axis localization of electromagnetic waves for several different random dielectric systems which are periodic on average. Unlike previous scalar wave treatments of transverse localization, in the present work we present results based on a full vector treatment of the electromagnetic fields based on Maxwell's equations. In a first system, we consider a random semi-infinite array of slabs with plane waves or finite beams of electromagnetic waves obliquely incident on the slab surfaces. The localization of the fields in a region near the surface of illumination is studied as a function of the oblique angle of incidence. In a second system, an array of semi-infinite slabs with random thickness is considered with an incident finite beam of electromagnetic waves initially directed parallel to the slab surfaces. The spreading of the beam width is computed as it propagates through the array of semi-infinite slabs. In a final system, we consider a semi-infinite array of random dielectric rods (2D system) with obliquely incident plane waves. The localization length of the plane-wave fields is computed as a function of the oblique angle of incidence and as a function of the strength of the disorder of the dielectric medium. All the random media we consider, when averaged over their randomness, are periodic on average. The above systems are studied for both p- and s-polarizations of incident electromagnetic waves, and the difference in the transverse localization of the electromagnetic field for these two polarizations is determined.     

On Coherent States of Relativistic Particles

Some general properties of coherent states of a particle in quantum mechanics are discussed and examples of relativistics coherent states of an electron moving in a steady and homogeneous field and in a non-stationary external field of special kind are presented. In particular cases this field may be a plane wave, a Redmond field (a superposition of plane wave and homogenous magnetic field), a superposition of a Redmond field and a longitudinal electric field or other physically interesting fields.     

基于磁光子晶体的低损耗窄带THz滤波器

本文提出一种采用石榴石型铁氧体磁性材料的太赫兹滤波器,利用波导线缺陷和腔内点缺陷的耦合特性,通过改变腔内介质柱半径及分布,实现对某个波长的耦合,达到了高效率滤波的功能;改变外磁场的大小,影响铁氧体材料的磁导率变化,使谐振频率发生改变,从而对THz波进行滤波.应用平面波展开法(PWM)和时域差分有限法(FDTD)进行仿真分析,研究结果表明,该滤波器其插入损耗为0.0997 d B,3 d B带宽为8.22 GHz,实现了低损耗窄带滤波.     

Observation of anomalous transmission modes in nickel at microwave frequencies

A study has been made of the transmission of energy through nickel crystals in magnetic fields up to 13 kG using incident microwave power at 9.37 GHz. The transmission spectrum has been studied as a function of temperature and magnetic field orientation relative to the sample surface. A new set of anomalous transmission modes has been observed with the field perpendicular to the sample plane; these modes cannot be explained within the framework of existing theoretical models describing the resonance excitation of sound in ferromagnetic metals by electromagnetic waves.     

Enhanced magnetic response in a gold nanowire pair array through coupling with Bloch surface waves

We numerically study the coupling of magnetic plasmon polaritons (MPPs) with Bloch surface waves (BSWs) in a system composed of a one-dimensional gold nanowire pair array lying on a periodic dielectric multilayer. At an appropriate period of the dielectric multilayer, maximum coupling takes place between the MPP and the BSW. It results in two branches of hybridized MPPs with a Rabi-type splitting as large as 125 meV. The maximal magnetic field intensity achieved in the center of nanowire pairs is enhanced greatly and an enhancement factor >1.5 is observed compared with that achieved by a nanowire pair array lying directly on a substrate. This has potential applications in nonlinear optics and near-field enhanced spectroscopy.     

Electrical characteristics of helicon wave plasmas

The external electrical characteristics of helicon wave plasmas have been studied over a wide range of magnetic fields, radio frequency (RF) power, frequencies, and Ar gas pressures. External parameters, such as antenna voltage, current, and phase shifts, and internal parameters, such as electron density, are measured. The equivalent discharge resistance, reactance, and power transfer efficiency are calculated through these measurements. The characteristics of helicon mode is compared with inductively coupled plasma (ICP) and low mode. The power efficiency of the helicon mode is better than that of other modes. Consequently, electron density of helicon mode is much higher than that of other modes. This means the existence of a mechanism where electrons are very efficiently accelerated by the electric field of the antenna in the helicon mode. The power efficiency of helicon mode is higher at lower RF frequency and at optimum gas pressure than that of other modes     

基于超精细结构下的激光光泵铯磁力仪的理论研究

激光光泵碱金属磁力仪具有很高的灵敏度,测量范围可以从地球磁场到生物磁场。给出了铯（Cs）光泵磁力仪的理论分析和系统设计以及磁场梯度测量原理,铯原子能级在I—J耦合时形成超精细结构,在外磁场的作用下超精细结构进一步产生塞曼分裂形成塞曼子能级,利用激光泵浦和射频磁场能够使电子在超精细结构中进行能级跃迁,产生光磁双共振的结果,最终通过共振频率就能够达到精确测量外磁场的目的。     

Simulated Output Images of Near-Field Optics by Volume Integral Equation: Object Placed on the Dielectric Substrate

We investigated near-field optical (NFO) imaging characteristics of a small object placed on a dielectric slab by a computer-code using a three-dimensional volume integral equation with an effective iteration technique called the generalized minimal residual method. A simplified three-dimensional NFO microscope that consists of a small dielectric object placed on the dielectric substrate and a small dielectric sphere as a scanning probe-tip was considered. Calculating two-dimensional output images obtained from scattered far fields, we studied the effect of the substrate on NFO output images, the comparison of NFO output images with electrostatic field around the small object, the dependence of output image characteristics on the wavelength and the difference of imaging characteristics between incident plane waves and incident evanescent waves.     

Electromagnetic waves in dielectrics with memory

We analyse electromagnetic wave propagation in a dielectric with memory of the Maxwell-Hopkinson type. We show that the components of the electric and magnetic fields satisfy two different scalar wave equations and we first look for their harmonic plane wave solutions. Then we prove that dielectrics with memory can also support approximate Courant-Hilbert waves. We discuss the equations to be solved to get all the components of the electromagnetic field from a scalar solution from each wave equation and TE, TM harmonic plane waves are explicitly given.     

Magnetic dimer motion effects in a rotating magnetic field (A qualitative model of magnetoviscosity and permittivity in magnetorheological suspensions)

The motion of a pair of uniform interacting spherical mesoscopic particles situated in a viscous fluid under the influence of a rotating magnetic field was studied. The coupling interactions between the particles were chosen as a superposition of steric and dipolar pair potentials (for the dipoles parallel to the external field). The model dynamics consisting of particular rotation and vibration modes is the result of the interplay of viscous and interaction forces. The transition from the synchronous to the asynchronous regime of dimer rotation has been found. The results were discussed from a synergetic point of view. A qualitative picture of behaviour of the effective magnetoviscosity and permittivity for dimerized magnetorheological suspension has been given.