摆锤冲击荷载下岩石动态荷载位移全过程曲线的实验技术

本文介绍了摆锤冲击压杆测定岩石动态荷载位移全过程曲线的实验技术。实验中对荷载和位移进行直接测量,其中位移采用非接触式的光电测量方法,经实验验证效果很好。文中给出了在所给装置上获得的部分岩石材料的动态荷载位移全过程曲线。 所有结果均由微型机直接采样进行处理。     

冲击荷载下岩石动态断裂韧度测定的实验技术

本文介绍了一种研究岩石动态断裂特性的实验技术。该方法采用自行设计的杆式冲击试验机,在加载率K1106Nmm-3/2s-1条件下对三点弯曲试件进行冲击加载。实验中,通过一套光电转换装置测量试件切口张开位移随时间的变化。由双通道的瞬态波形存贮器记录荷载和切口张开位移,得到了冲击条件下的荷载-切口张开位移曲线,通过张开位移速率的转折点来确定起裂点并计算动态断裂韧性K1d。本中给出了长宽高为1804040mm的大理岩试件的典型荷载-切口张开位移曲线和示波照片。试验结果可由微型机直接进行处理。     

横向冲击作用下高桥墩的几何非线性动力稳定性

考虑大变形的影响,建立了高桥墩在横向冲击荷载作用下的非线性动力学基本方程式;通过位移形函数假设,采用伽辽金积分方法得到了时间变率的动力学控制方程;对时间变率的非线性微分方程进行数值求解,给出了不同冲击荷载作用下不同柔度高桥墩的位移响应曲线以及其从产生横向振动到失稳的全过程,得到了横向冲击时高桥墩失稳的临界冲击荷载和失稳时刻;通过数值算例比较了三角形和矩形冲击荷载作用下高桥墩的荷载-位移响应曲线;分析了横向冲击力幅值、冲击区域大小、冲击持续时间、高桥墩柔度、桥面质量大小对位移幅值响应曲线、临界冲击荷载、失稳时刻的影响。结果表明:无论是在矩形还是三角形形式横向冲击作用下,随着冲击区域的增大高桥墩的振动幅值变大;桥面简化质量越大,高桥墩失稳的临界冲击载荷越小;柔度越大时,高桥墩失稳的临界冲击荷载幅值越小;对于矩形冲击,当冲击持续时间大于1s后,冲击持续时间的增加对高桥墩的稳定性无明显影响;对于三角形冲击荷载,随着冲击持续时间的增大高桥墩的振动幅值变大。     

基于REPFPA的围岩稳定性数值模拟

为了研究不同巷道截面形状对冲击荷载下围岩稳定性的影响,本文首次采用REPFPA系列软件的岩石类材料非线性分析模块进行了材料非均质性对材料力学性质的影响以及材料动荷载响应的数值模拟。使用REPFPA软件建立了矩形和拱形两种巷道围岩模型,得到了在冲击荷载下顶板围岩的位移响应规律。结果表明:拱形巷道截面的稳定性优于矩形巷道截面;拱形巷道矢跨比小于0.2时位移变化较大,矢跨比大于0.2时位移变化趋于平稳。     

冲击荷载作用下粘土孔隙水压的数值分析

为了分析冲击荷载作用下粘土的孔隙水压力的增长规律，为分析粘土介质的动态响应、动力固结加固提供理论依据，将冲击瞬态荷载简化为三角形荷载，通过编制瞬变动态弹塑性有限元程序，对冲击荷载作用下粘土孔隙水压的动态响应进行了模拟，得出了冲击荷载作用下粘土孔隙水压的增长规律，发现孔隙水压力峰值无论是随水平距离还是随深度的增加均呈指数形式衰减，和实际工程施工中孔隙水压的监测数据相吻合。     

应用高速摄影机对泡沫铝在SHPB实验过程的变形跟踪与分析

SHPB技术虽然能方便地得出材料的动态应力应变关系,但却不能直观地揭示材料在经受冲击荷载时的变形特征,而这恰恰是泡沫金属力学性能研究的重要方面.为此,本文设计了一套SHPB-高速摄影机系统,借此系统对SHPB实验中的泡沫铝试件进行了实时的变形跟踪拍摄,然后应用图像处理软件对泡沫铝试件的动态变形进行分析并提取了位移信息,...     

编织复合材料的冲击损伤与断裂行为研究

本文利用冲击加载实验装置对含V型裂纹碳纤维编织复合材料梁的冲击损伤与断裂行为进行了实验研究,记录了冲击载荷的时间历程,梁的动态位移变化以及裂纹尖端损伤的动态应变演化历史,确定了裂纹尖端的应变能密度分布。并利用扫描电镜对其断裂表面进行了微观分析。     

部分预应力混凝土梁抗冲击性能试验研究

通过在跨中施加一落锤冲击荷载的方法,研究了3根无粘结部分预应力混凝土梁的抗冲击性能,给出了典型的实测波形曲线,测得了无粘结部分预应力混凝土试验梁在落锤冲击荷载作用下的动态位移延性和极限承载能力,分析了落锤重力势能对预应力混凝土梁动力性能的影响,并根据相似模拟理论,得出了与试验梁相似的12 m跨度的实际无粘结部分预应力混凝土梁的极限抗冲击承载能力。肯定了无粘结部分预应力混凝土试验梁具有很好的抗冲击性能,不会发生脆性破坏,完全可用于大跨度地下结构。     

网架结构在山体滑坡冲击下的垮塌模拟分析

针对某网架受到山体滑坡作用导致局部垮塌的实际案例,基于Hamilton原理,运用ANSYS/LS-DYNA动力分析软件,建立起网架结构和山体滑坡冲击荷载模型,充分考虑了冲击荷载的动力效应和接触碰撞理论,定义了结构失效的限值和失效模式。通过改变山体滑坡冲击荷载的质量与速度,分析了结构失效部位的能量变化、速度和位移演变、等效应力和塑性应变的开展。结果表明:在冲击荷载下网架杆件所能承受的瞬时应力可以远大于在静力荷载下杆件的屈服应力,网架在被冲击区域绝大部分杆件进入塑性,非冲击区进入塑性的杆件多发生于横向的上弦杆和下弦杆;通过对塑性杆件的加固处理,有效增强了结构的抗倒塌能力。     

冲击荷载下钢化夹层玻璃薄板的动力学响应研究

针对工程材料中的钢化夹层玻璃受风沙冲击问题,利用重三角级数构造了冲击荷载作用下四边简支弹性矩形夹层薄板的挠度函数,依据积分变换方法求解挠度函数系数,并基于薄板小挠度弯曲理论得到四边简支条件下矩形钢化夹层玻璃薄板的应力与应变函数,利用Matlab编程对其分布规律计算,研究钢化夹层玻璃受冲击的动力学特性。结果表明：在不同冲击高度下,冲击力、位移响应均呈先增加后减小的趋势,且由于冲击惯性效应致使位移响应分为接触加载期、接触卸载期、脱离后期;应力波在玻璃内对称向四周传播且不断衰减致使位移场、应变场、应力场均呈对称分布,且冲击荷载对冲击点的影响最大;钢化夹层玻璃薄板冲击点区域下表面受拉而出现拉破坏,边界区域受压出现压破坏,而上表面的破坏情况则恰好相反。该研究结果为研究夹层玻璃受冲击破坏机理提供了重要依据。     

Modeling of vibrational impact motion of mobile-based body

The paper deals with vibrational impact motion of a mobile-based body on an inclined plane, which is a characteristic for vibrational alignment of components subjected to an automated assembly. The alignment model is presented by a two-degree-of-freedom vibro-impact system in which the moving body is impacting the plane obliquely. Properties of the vibrational impact motion under kinematical excitement of the moving body and under the excitement of the plane in two perpendicular directions were investigated by numerical methods. It was determined that impact displacement occurs under transient regimes of motion from static to dynamic state of equilibrium. Dependencies of maximum displacement of the body and average displacement velocity on force of elastic resistance, amplitude of plane vibration in the direction of the displacement, and phase angle between the perpendicular members of vibration components were established. Zones of system and excitement parameter combination when the vibrational impact motion occurs were defined.     

Determination of impact parameters by optical measurement of the impactor displacement

In dynamic materials research, high precision impact displacement, velocity and force measurements are often required. In lower velocity testing apparatus, impact force histories are most often obtained through strain gage, piezoelectric force transducer or accelerometer signals. Velocity and displacement histories are then obtained by integration. Non-contact measurement systems have a number of advantages over these more common mechanical contact methods, and can generally be used at higher impact speeds. In this paper a relatively simple optical technique is presented for recording the impactor displacement history, from which the impact velocity and force histories can be readily obtained for a (quasi-) rigid impactor. The technique is based on the relative displacement of two moiré line gratings: one grating attached to the impacting body and the other serving as stationary reference grating. The technique has proven to be useful for impact speeds of a few m/s to well over 200 m/s. Results of transverse impact experiments on composite laminates are presented.     

钢骨混凝土构件抗冲击性能试验研究

利用超重型落锤试验机对钢骨混凝土构件进行了侧向冲击试验,研究了落锤冲击钢骨混凝土构件的冲击全过程和最终的破坏形态;分析了钢骨混凝土构件冲击力、位移和轴力时程曲线的特性;对比了不同冲击速度、冲击能量、轴压和边界条件等因素对钢骨混凝土构件的动力响应的影响。结果表明:钢骨混凝土构件在落锤冲击作用下外侧混凝土破坏严重,且冲击能量越大,外侧混凝土越易出现剪切破坏,但内部钢筋和钢骨只发生了一定的弯曲变形,表明钢骨混凝土构件抗冲击性能整体良好。本次试验参数范围内,钢骨混凝土构件的冲击力和跨中位移随冲击速度增加而增大;轴压力增大使钢骨混凝土构件的冲力峰值增大,冲击持时和跨中位移减小;相对于固简支和两端简支的边界条件,两端固支的边界对于钢骨混凝土构件的抗冲击性能提升最好。     

基于元胞自动机的变厚度薄壁梁侧向耐撞性优化设计方法

薄壁结构是汽车等运载工具的重要防护装置,除了其轴向防撞能力外,侧向耐撞性能分析与提升方式也非常重要。研究基于薄壁结构厚度合理分布的侧向耐撞性能提升方式和建立基于元胞自动机的变厚度薄壁梁侧向耐撞性优化方法。以汽车B柱受力环境和性能要求为设计需求,首先利用所建立的方法给出了连续变厚度的薄壁梁厚度分布设计,其性能较常规的等厚度薄壁梁最大侵入位移大幅下降(下降82%),验证了变厚度设计的有效性;然后,考虑单向变厚度便于柔性轧制工艺制成TRB,给出了轴向连续变厚度薄壁梁的厚度分布设计,该设计较等厚度梁最大侵入位移下降73%;与连续变厚度梁相比,在侵入位移降低量略小的情况下,实现了可制造性。设计实例表明本文提出的连续变厚度设计能够有效提高侧向耐撞性能,所建立的方法能够获得合理的厚度分布设计,是有效的耐撞性优化设计方法。     

圆板在物体撞击下的非线性动力响应

本文在Von Kármán大位移的意义上,利用虚位移原理伽辽金方法建立了圆板在物体撞击下的非线性动力响应的控制微分方程,在研究响应问题时,考虑了冲击载荷与圆板位移响应之间的耦合影响,文中使用时间增量法和奇异摄动理论求解问题的控制方程,获得了固支圆板非线性动力响应的近似解,并且求解了具体算例,绘出了圆板位移、应力响应曲线以及冲击力随时间的变化曲线。     

Mechanical analysis of C/C composite grids in ion optical system

The ion thruster is an engine with high specific impulse for satellites and spacecrafts, which uses electric energy to boost the spacecraft. The ion optical system,also known as gate assemblies which consist of acceleration and screen grids, is the key component of the ion thruster. In this paper, the static mechanical properties of the C/C composite grids are evaluated based on the structural design. Representative volume element(RVE) is adopted to simplify the braded composite structure as a continuum material. The dynamical behavior of the 100 mm ion thruster optics in the launch environment(1 000 gshock-load) is numerically modeled and simulated with the half-sine pulse method. The impact response of the C/C and molybdenum gate assemblies on the stress distribution and deformation is investigated. The simulated results indicate that the magnitudes of the normal displacement of the composite grids subject to the uniformly distributed load are on the same level as molybdenum grids although the normal stiffness of the composite grids is much smaller. When sub ject to impact loading,the stress distribution in the C/C composite grids is similar to molybdenum grids while the stress magnitude is much smaller. This finding shows that the C/C gate assemblies outperform molybdenum grids and meet the requirement of long lifetime service in space travel.     

三维冲击荷载弹塑性弯曲裂纹张开位移

主要研究冲击载荷作用下的三维弹塑性弯曲裂纹尖端的张开位移问题．综合考虑了冲击作用应力,三维塑性区域边界上正应力与剪应力,利用二阶摄动方法计算了三维弹塑性弯曲裂纹尖端的张开位移．用数值解法计算出三维弹塑性弯曲裂纹尖端张开位移,作图分析了三维弹塑性弯曲裂纹尖端张开位移与三维裂纹体几何尺寸之间的变化关系．三维弹塑性弯曲裂纹尖端张开位移随着三维裂纹体厚度的增大而减小,随着三维裂纹体厚度的均匀增大,三维弹塑性弯曲裂纹尖端张开位移尺寸不断减小,减小的幅度越来越小,最终趋于平面应变状态下的弹塑性弯曲裂纹尖端张开位移尺寸．当三维裂纹体几何尺寸相同时,三维弯曲裂纹尖端动态张开位移随外部冲击载荷的不断增大而逐渐增大,三维弯曲裂纹尖端动态张开位移随动荷系数的增大而迅速增大,建立了一个计算三维弹塑性弯曲裂纹尖端动态张开位移的崭新理论模型．     

Self-similar solutions of problems of two-phase flow through porous media with allowance for the compressibility of one of the phases

Self-similar problems of mutual displacement are solved with allowance for the compressibility of one of the phases. It is found that when an incompressible liquid is displaced by a gas the extent of displacement increases. The mutual displacement of gas-liquid mixtures results in the formation of not one but several saturation jumps, i.e., the structure of the displacement zone is much more complex.Translated from Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, Mekhanika Zhidkosti i Gaza, No. 1, pp. 71–80, January–February, 1990.The authors are grateful to V. I. Maron for useful discussions.     

压剪炮的激光测速系统的研究

压剪炮试验是获取材料超高应变率下本构关系的最常用手段,其中普遍采用的测试方法是利用激光干涉技术同时测量靶板背面一点的纵向和横向速度。但传统的横向位移干涉仪抵抗靶板撞击过程中的运动而引起的光路偏移能力很有限,因而压剪试验成功率很低。本文讨论了撞击过程中靶板运动对横向位移干涉仪试验信号的影响,为提高横向位移干涉仪特别是非理想撞靶情况下的测量能力,对几种不同干涉光路进行详细分析。通过改进传统横向位移干涉光路,研制了一种新干涉光路,并通过试验证明:相对于传统光路,新光路更简单并更可靠。     

Investigation of Impact Response of Composites with Projection Moiré Enhancement

As a method for measuring full-field out-of-plane displacement, projection moiré provides high measuring quality with simple experimental setup. Based on an image processing program developed by Heredia and Patterson, this article presents the implementation of projection moiré in low-velocity impact testing. Results from projection moiré agree reasonably well with those obtained from the commonly used load cell method. In an attempt to better document composite response to impact loading, the possibility of correlating the external out-of-plane displacement measurement with the internal delamination is discussed. The technique is further applied to composites with various microstructures, including laminated, two-dimensional woven and quasi-three-dimensional (Q3D) woven composites. Projection moiré is able to provide some insights of the delamination propagation of the composites under impact loading.