巯基改性聚乙烯醇为结合相的薄膜扩散梯度技术

利用巯基乙酸改性了聚乙烯醇,制得了巯基聚乙烯醇(PVA-SH).研究了以1.0 mmol/L PVA-SH溶液为结合相的薄膜扩散梯度(DGT)装置(PVA-SH DGT)对Cd2+测量的有效性; 考察了pH值、离子强度对PVA-SH DGT累积Cd2+的影响; 测量了PVA-SH DGT对Cd2+的饱和累积容量.实验表明: 巯基乙酸成功地接枝到PVA上,巯基含量为1.65%(wt%); PVA-SH DGT对Cd2+的饱和累积容量为0.234 mol/L;当pH值在5.5～9.9范围内、离子强度在0.0001～0.7 mol/L内基本不影响PVA-SH DGT对Cd2+的累积; PVA-SH DGT能够定量测定水中的Cd2+,回收率为100.7%,线性相关系数r=0.9812.结果表明: PVA-SH可以作为DGT技术新的液态结合相.     

对氯苯酚印迹聚合物凝胶膜的制备及其在DGT技术中的应用

分子印迹技术的出现直接来源于免疫学的发展.薄膜扩散梯度(DGT)技术是一种原位、被动的采样技术.其核心主要由两部分组成,即扩散相和结合相,其原理依据Fick's扩散定律,扩散相是DGT技术的定量基础,结合相的作用是将经扩散相扩散过来的物质结合.     

环境监测中两种原位被动采样技术——薄膜扩散平衡技术和薄膜扩散梯度技术

介绍了近年来环境监测中两种新的原位被动采样技术.薄膜扩散平衡(DET)技术和薄膜扩散梯度(DGT)技术.综述了DET技术的原理、装置的组成和构造、特点及在环境监测中的应用.关于DGT技术着重论述了对被监测物质有效态的累积原理,总结了扩散相和结合相的发展,并展望了未来的发展方向.     

水热辅助sol-gel法制备冠醚改性硅胶及在DGT技术中的应用

本文采用水热辅助溶胶-凝胶法制备了一种高容量的冠醚改性硅胶,实验采用傅立叶红外光谱、扫描电镜、热重和氮气吸附等方法对其进行表征,并应用薄膜扩散梯度(DGT)技术,采集水环境中有效态Ca~(2+)离子。结果表明,水热辅助溶胶-凝胶法能够显著提高冠醚改性硅胶的吸附容量,与溶胶-凝胶法相比,吸附容量提高了1.5倍;基于该方法所制备的冠醚改性硅胶的DGT装置对Ca~(2+)离子的累积过程完全符合DGT技术的理论方程;应用结果表明,水热辅助溶胶-凝胶法制备的冠醚改性硅胶更适合作为DGT的结合相用于采集环境中的Ca~(2+)离子。     

薄膜梯度扩散-原子吸收光谱法富集测量水中痕量镉

建立了薄膜梯度扩散-原子吸收光谱(DGT-AAS)法富集测量水中痕量镉的分析方法。先以海藻酸钠(SA)溶液为结合相的DGT技术(SA DGT)原位分离富集水中Cd~(2+),再以AAS法测定DGT结合相中镉的含量,最后依据DGT方程计算水中Cd~(2+)浓度。DGT-AAS法测得配制水中Cd~(2+)的回收率为95.6%~102.7%,相对标准偏差(RSD)为1.5%~3.1%;测得河水和人工湖水中加标Cd~(2+)的DGT有效态分数分别为22.46%和15.19%。当采样时间为48h,SA DGT对水中Cd~(2+)的富集倍数为20倍,可显著降低分析方法的检测限,实现水中痕量Cd~(2+)的定量检测。     

新型薄膜扩散梯度装置定量测量水环境中重金属形态

采用以纤维素透析膜为扩散相, 0.05 mol/L羧甲基纤维素钠(CMC)溶液为结合相的薄膜扩散梯度(DGT)装置(CMC-DGT)定量累积和测量水溶液中Cu²⁺, Cd²⁺和Pb²⁺的有效态; 考察了pH值和离子强度对CMC-DGT累积Cu²⁺, Cd²⁺和Pb²⁺的影响以及不同配体(乙二胺四乙酸二钠、 单宁酸和黄腐酸)对重金属有效态的影响; 测量了外加标的天然水和工业废水中重金属的有效态浓度; 并比较了不同结合相DGT装置对同一水体中重金属的有效态浓度. 实验结果表明, 0.05 mol/L CMC溶液对Cu²⁺, Cd²⁺和Pb²⁺累积容量分别为0.24, 0.11和0.45 mg/mL; 定量累积的最佳pH值范围分别为3.7～8.0, 4.7～9.0和4.7～8.0; 随着离子强度的增大, CMC-DGT对Cu²⁺, Cd²⁺和Pb²⁺的累积容量下降; CMC-DGT能够定量地累积配制水中的游离Cu²⁺, Cd²⁺和Pb²⁺, 回收率分别为92.1%, 100.6%和96.4%; 当有配体存在时, 随着配体浓度的增大, CMC-DGT测量的Cu²⁺, Cd²⁺和Pb²⁺有效态的浓度随之下降; 在过滤工业废水、 河水和湖水中, 不同结合相DGT装置对重金属有效态的测量值不同. 结果表明, CMC可作为DGT技术新的液态结合相.     

薄膜梯度扩散-分光光度法富集测量水中痕量Mo (VI)

建立了薄膜梯度扩散(DGT)- 硫氰酸钾(PT)分光光度法(DGT-PT法)富集测量水中痕量Mo (VI) 的分析方法。本研究先以聚季铵盐(PQAS)溶液为结合相的DGT技术 (PQAS DGT) 原位分离富集水中Mo (VI),再以PT分光光度法测定DGT结合相中Mo (VI)的含量,最后依据DGT方程计算水中Mo (VI)的浓度。DGT-PT法测得配制水中Mo ( VI) 的回收率为96.3% ~ 101.3%,相对标准偏差(RSD)为1.3% ~4.0%;测得工业废水中Mo (VI) 的浓度为27.13 ~ 121.79mg/L,加标回收率为96.0% ~ 101.6%。当采样时间为48h,PQAS DGT对水中Mo (VI) 富集近18倍,可显著降低分析方法的检测限,实现水中痕量Mo (VI) 的定量检测。     

薄膜梯度扩散-分光光度法富集测量水中痕量Cr(Ⅵ)

建立了薄膜梯度扩散(DGT)-二苯碳酰二肼(DPC)分光光度法富集测量水中痕量Cr(Ⅵ)的分析方法.先以聚季铵盐(PQAS)溶液为结合相的DGT技术(PQAS DGT)原位分离富集水中Cr(Ⅵ),再以DPC分光光度法测定DGT结合相中Cr(Ⅵ)的含量,最后依据DGT方程计算水中Cr(Ⅵ)的浓度.DGT-DPC法测得配制水中Cr(Ⅵ)的回收率为95.1％～101.3％,相对标准偏差为1.60％～3.58％;测得工业废水中Cr(Ⅵ)的浓度为18.54 ～ 137.61μg/L,加标回收率为94.3％～101.8％.当采样时间为48h,PQAS DGT对水中Cr(Ⅵ)富集近10倍,可显著降低分析方法的检测限,实现水中痕量Cr(Ⅵ)的定量检测.     

薄膜梯度扩散-分光光度法富集测量水中痕量Cr(VI)

建立了薄膜梯度扩散(DGT)-二苯碳酰二肼(DPC)分光光度法富集测量水中痕量Cr(VI)的分析方法。先以聚季铵盐(PQAS)溶液为结合相的DGT技术(PQAS DGT)原位分离富集水中Cr(VI),再以DPC分光光度法测定DGT结合相中Cr(VI)的含量,最后依据DGT方程计算水中Cr(VI)的浓度。DGT-DPC法测得配制水中Cr(VI)的回收率为95.1%~101.3%,相对标准偏差为1.60%~3.58%;测得工业废水中Cr(VI)的浓度为18.54~137.61μg/L,加标回收率为94.3%~101.8%。当采样时间为48h,PQAS DGT对水中Cr(VI)富集近10倍,可显著降低分析方法的检测限,实现水中痕量Cr(VI)的定量检测。     

薄膜梯度扩散-硫氰酸钾分光光度法富集测量水中痕量Mo(VI)

建立了薄膜梯度扩散(DGT)-硫氰酸钾(PT)分光光度法(DGT-PT法)富集测量水中痕量Mo(VI)的分析方法。先以聚季铵盐(PQAS)溶液为结合相的DGT技术(PQAS DGT)原位分离富集水中Mo(VI),再以PT分光光度法测定DGT结合相中Mo(VI)的含量,最后依据DGT方程计算水中Mo(VI)的浓度。DGT-PT法测得配制水中Mo(VI)的回收率为96.3%~101.3%,相对标准偏差(RSD)为1.3%~4.0%;测得工业废水中Mo(VI)的浓度为27.13~121.79μg/L,加标回收率为96.0%~101.6%。当采样时间为48h,PQAS DGT对水中Mo(VI)富集近18倍,可显著降低分析方法的检测限,实现水中痕量Mo(VI)的定量检测。     

Application of a cellulose phosphate ion exchange membrane as a binding phase in the diffusive gradients in thin films technique for measurement of trace metals

The technique of diffusive gradients in thin films (DGT) is a newly developed analytical technique capable of measuring in situ concentrations of trace metals in the environment. The technique employs a thin film diffusive hydrogel (with well-defined diffusion properties) in contact with a binding phase capable of binding metal ions of interest. In this work, we demonstrate, for the first time, the use of a commercially available solid ion exchange membrane (Whatman P81) as the binding phase in DGT analysis. The cellulose phosphate-based Whatman P81 membrane is a strong cation exchange membrane. Its performance characteristics as a new binding phase in DGT measurement of Cu²⁺ and Cd²⁺ were systematically investigated. Several advantages over the conventional ion exchange resin-embedded hydrogel binding phases used in DGT were observed including simple preparation, ease of handling, and reusability. The binding capacities of the material to various metal ions were examined both collectively and individually. The binding phase preferentially binds to transition metal ions rather than matrix ions such as potassium, sodium, calcium and magnesium, which are competitive species in natural waters. Within the optimum pH range (pH 4.0-9.0), the maximum non-competitive binding capacities of the membrane for Cu²⁺ and Cd²⁺ were 3.22 and 3.07 μmol cm⁻², respectively. The suitability of the new membrane-based binding phase for DGT applications was validated experimentally. The experimental results demonstrated excellent agreement with theoretically predicted trends. The measurement was not degraded after four consecutive reuses of the cellulose phosphate binding phase.     

Diffusive gradients in thin films technique for uranium measurements in river water

The diffusive gradients in thin films technique (DGT) was used for uranium measurements in water. DGT devices with Dowex resin binding phase (Dow DGT) were tested in synthetic river water, which gave 84% response to total uranium concentration. The devices were also deployed in natural river water and compared to devices with other types of binding phases, Chelex 100 resin beads imbedded in polyacrylamide hydrogel (Chelex DGT) and DE 81 anion exchange membrane (DE DGT), deployed in the same location at the same time. The measurement by Dow DGT was the lowest among the different types of the DGT devices, 45% of total uranium, while measurement by DE DGT was the highest, 98% of total uranium. The results achieved by the three types of DGT devices were explained by three DGT working mechanisms, equilibrium between complexes of resin/uranyl carbonates and complexes of resin/competitive ligands in water, effective reduction of uranyl carbonate concentration by the binding phase and dissociation of UO₂(CO₃)₂²⁻ and UO₂(CO₃)₃⁴⁻ within the diffusive layer in a DGT device. It is hoped that by deploying the DGT devices with different binding phases in natural waters, additional information on uranium speciation could be obtained.     

碱式碳酸镁为新结合相的薄膜梯度扩散技术原位富集测定富营养水体中的磷

薄膜扩散梯度技术(Diffusive gradients in thin films technique, DGT)是近年来应用于自然水体、沉积物和土壤中活性磷原位测定的一种新技术。利用含碱式碳酸镁的聚丙烯酰胺凝胶膜为 DGT 新结合相,探讨了初始浓度、放置时间、pH 值及离子强度对组装后 DGT 吸附性能的影响。用10 mL 0.25 mol/ L H2 SO4对结合相进行洗脱,洗脱率为85%±5%。组装后 DGT 对磷的测定不受溶液 pH 值(4.10~9.15)和离子强度(0.001~0.05 mol/ L)的影响。在温度25℃,pH 7.00,磷初始浓度为2 mg/ L 时, DGT 对磷的最大吸附容量为20.4μg。初始磷浓度为0.001~20 mg/ L 时,新 DGT 测定值与磷钼蓝比色法测定值一致。本方法对磷的检出限为102.4 ng/ L。将碱式碳酸镁-DGT 和商品化的 Ferrihydrite-DGT 应用于合成海水、厦门近岸海水、易海、巢湖水和南淝河中的对比检测,结果表明,碱式碳酸镁-DGT 能更准确测定不同水体中磷浓度。     

Metal speciation measurement by diffusive gradients in thin films technique with different binding phases

Since its invention in the mid-1990s, the diffusive gradients in thin films (DGT) technique has rapidly become one of the most promising in situ sampling techniques for trace metal measurement in natural waters. We investigated here the possibility of using DGT devices with different binding phases to determine different DGT labile fractions of Cd and Cu in laboratory solutions and in natural waters. Several binding phases were studied, including conventional Chelex 100 resin imbedded polyacrylamide hydrogel (Chelex) and several recently developed binding phases, poly(acrylamide-co-acrylic acid) (PAM-PAA) gel, poly(acrylamidoglycolic acid-co-acrylamide) (PAAG-PAM) gel, Whatman P81 cellulose phosphate ion-exchange membrane (P81), and poly(4-styrenesulfonate) (PSS) aqueous solution. Laboratory testing in metal solutions spiked with EDTA or humic acid suggested that all the DGT devices measured only free metal ions and inorganic metal complexes. Upon field testing at both freshwater and seawater sites it was found that the DGT labile metal concentrations measured by different binding phases can be significantly different, suggesting that the DGT labile metal fractions were dependent on binding strength of the binding phase. By designing binding phases that can compete with different natural water complexing ligands to varying extents, it is possible to use these different DGT devices to measure metal speciation in natural waters.     

Assessment of trace metal binding kinetics in the resin phase of diffusive gradients in thin films

The dynamic technique of diffusive gradients in thin films (DGT), that measures metal speciation in situ, has found wide environmental application. Simple interpretation of the metal accumulation in terms of a solution concentration has assumed that trace metals do not penetrate beyond the surface of the binding layer, but penetration, although theoretically discussed has not yet been directly measured. Multiple binding layers were used to enable analysis of different depths of a DGT binding phase (Chelex-100 or iminodiacetate resins). In simple metal solution (no ligand) at pH 7, metal penetration to the back layer was low and similar for all metals. However, at lower pH up to 42% of an individual metal accumulated in the back resin layer. This was most noticeable for Mn at pH 4 and 5, but Cd and Co were also affected at pH 4. These results were consistent with rate limited binding, particularly for Mn. A kinetic model successfully fitted the data and allowed derivation of a binding rate constant and the mean distance that metals penetrate into a resin gel (λ_M). Only for Mn, Co and Cd were experimentally derived λ_M values greater than the diameter of a Chelex-100 resin bead. For most situations, then, the penetration into the binding layer is negligible and binding of trace metal ions can be regarded as instantaneous, validating the simple use and interpretation of DGT. For weakly binding metals at low pH the slower binding allows penetration, which may affect the DGT measurement.     

Investigation of DGT as a metal speciation tool in artificial human gastrointestinal fluids

This paper reports the results of an investigation on the performance of the diffusive gradient in thin film technique (DGT) as a speciation tool for trace elements (TEs) in artificial human gastrointestinal fluids. The validity of Cd, Pb, and Zn sampling by DGT in digestive fluids was checked. The TE bioaccessibility in highly contaminated soils was determined using the in vitro Unified Barge Method (UBM) test. DGT devices were deployed in the gastrointestinal solutions obtained after carrying out the UBM test. The computer speciation code JESS (Joint Expert Speciation System) was used to predict the metal speciation of Cd, Pb, and Zn. Combining the in vitro test with the DGT technique and JESS provided an approach to the TE species available for transport across the intestinal epithelium. The gastrointestinal absorption of ingested TE ranged from 8 to 30% for Cd, 0.6 to 11% for Pb, and 0.8 to 7% for Zn and was influenced by TE speciation. In this original approach, the DGT technique was found to be simple and reliable in the investigation of TE chemical speciation in digestive fluids. Extrapolation to the in vivo situation should be undertaken very cautiously and requires further investigation.     

Speciation measurements of uranium in alkaline waters using diffusive gradients in thin films technique

This work investigated the application of diffusive gradients in thin films technique (DGT) to uranium speciation measurements in natural water. Two binding phases were examined, a commercially available affinity membrane, Whatman DE 81 (DE 81), with amino binding functional groups and the conventionally used Chelex 100 beads imbedded polyacrylamide hydrogel (Chelex) with iminodiacetate functional groups. The DGT devices assembled with the binding phases of DE 81 (DE 81 DGT) and Chelex gel (Chelex DGT) were tested both in synthetic river water solutions and in local river water. DE 81 DGT and Chelex DGT measured 80% and 75% of the total uranium in synthetic river water solution, respectively, and measured 73% and 60% of the total uranium in St. Lawrence River, Canada, respectively. The binding properties of the DE 81 membrane and Chelex gel for uranium, and the diffusion of uranyl complexes in the polyacrylamide gel (PAM) were also studied.     

Large Molecular Weight poly (4-styrenesulfonate) as Binding Phase of Diffusive Gradients in Thin-films for Measurement of Heavy Metals

The technique of diffusive gradients in thin-films (DGT) has been used for the in situ measurement of trace metals in natural waters~([1,2]).A new liquid-type DGT device employing poly(4-styrenesulfonate)(PSS) with a molecular weight of 7×10~4 (PSS-7E4) aqueous solution as a binding phase (PSS-7E4 DGT)was reported recently with excellent contact between the binding phase and the diffusive layer,good reproducibility and no need for elution corrections~([3]).However the high depletion rate of PSS-7E4 in the process of pretreatment prevents it from its practical application.